Effect of palm oil fuel ash fineness on the microstructure of blended cement paste

This paper presents the effect of palm oil fuel ash fineness on the microstructure of blended cement paste. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was ground to two different finenesses. Coarse and high fineness palm oil fuel ash, with median particle sizes of 15.6 and 2.1 μm, respectively, were used to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) at 0%, 20% and 40% by binder weight. A water to binder (W/B) ratio of 0.35 was used for all blended cement pastes. The amorphous ground palm oil fuel ash was characterized by the Rietveld method. The compressive strength, thermogravimetric analysis and pore size distribution of the blended cement pastes were investigated. The test results indicate that the ground palm oil fuel ash was an amorphous silica material. The compressive strengths of the blended cement pastes containing coarse POFA were as high as that of OPC cement paste. Blended cement paste with high fineness POFA had a higher compressive strength than that with coarse POFA. The blended cement pastes containing 20% of POFA with high fineness had the lowest total porosity. The Ca(OH)₂ contents of blended cement paste containing POFA decreased with increasing replacement of POFA and were lower than those of the OPC cement paste. In addition, the POFA fineness had an effect on the reduction rate of Ca(OH)₂. Furthermore, the critical pore size and average pore size of blended cement paste containing POFA were lower than those of the OPC cement paste. The incorporation of high fineness POFA decreased the critical pore size and the average pore size of blended cement paste as compared to that with coarse POFA.     

组成及龄期对复合粉煤灰/水泥浆Cl~-结合性能的影响

研究了组成和龄期对粉煤灰/水泥浆体系硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合能力的影响。首先研究了组成和龄期对粉煤灰和水泥二组分体系硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合性能的影响,并且确定了Cl~-结合量最大的组成比。在该硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合量的组成比例下继续以钠钙硅玻璃粉和Ca(OH)_2混合组成取代水泥,并采用正交试验设计,探讨了玻璃粉掺量、细度和Ca(OH)_2掺量对Cl~-结合性能的影响。结果表明,14d和28d龄期时,粉煤灰对水泥取代量为50wt%的硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合能力达到极大值。正交试验结果表明,在10wt%、20wt%、30wt%的三个水平中,玻璃粉的掺量对硬化水泥浆的Cl~-结合量的影响最大,有使硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合能力降低的作用,而Ca(OH)_2具有使Cl~-结合能力增大的作用。但掺加了玻璃粉和Ca(OH)_2的粉煤灰-水泥浆体系硬化水泥浆Cl~-结合量随龄期的延长而下降。从正交试验的结果来看,少量玻璃粉的掺入并配合使用Ca(OH)_2,有望对掺粉煤灰硬化水泥浆的氯离子结合起到促进作用。     

几种化学物质对粉煤灰水泥活性激发效果

借助于水泥砂浆试样的抗压强度跟踪测试,考察了几种无机化学物质对粉煤灰水泥的活性激发效果,同时借助于对水泥硬化体样品的XRD测试和SEM观察,深入通探讨了添加激发剂的粉煤灰水泥硬化体的水化产物和微观结构特征。试验结果表明:激发剂显著促进了粉煤灰水泥的活性激发,尤其是早期活性,水泥强度显著提高;XRD测试和SEM观察也表明,与空白样品相比,掺加激发剂的粉煤灰水泥硬化体明显表现出致密化的结构特征,粉煤灰颗粒表面趋向于粗糙化;Ca(OH)2衍射峰和石英衍射峰明显减弱,表明在激发剂作用下粉煤灰中的活性成分与水泥水化放出的Ca(OH)2之间化学反应得到了加剧。     

The relationship between autogenous shrinkage and pore structure of cement paste with mineral admixtures

In this paper, the combination of fly ash and silica fume, or fly ash and blast furnace slag were used as the composite mineral admixtures in cement paste. The autogenous shrinkage and the pore structure of the hardened cement paste with mineral admixtures were tested, and the relationship of the autogenous shrinkage and pore structure also was discussed. The results indicate that fly ash can reduce the autogenous shrinkage, and silica fume can increase the autogenous shrinkage, and the effect of blast furnace slag is between the two above; although both silica fume and blast furnace slag can weaken the porosity and the mean diameter of cement paste, and increase the volumetric percentage of pores whose diameter is between 5 and 50 nm and pore specific surface, silica fume is better than blast furnace slag in changing the pore structure. The relationship between the autogenous shrinkage and volumetric percentage of pores whose diameter is between 5 and 50 nm is obviously proportional.     

蒸养条件下水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化性能研究

通过测定不同龄期净浆的化学结合水量和抗压强度,并结合SEM,研究在蒸养条件下粉煤灰掺量、细度对水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响。试验结果表明:蒸养条件提高了水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化速度,同时也提高了粉煤灰的活性;蒸养条件下,粉煤灰的细度对水泥粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的早期水化没有显著影响,其后期水化速度随粉煤灰细度的增加而增加;粉煤灰掺量的增加,降低了其早期水化速度,掺入适量的粉煤灰其后期水化程度可以超过纯水泥的水化程度;粉煤灰的掺入有利于水泥的水化,且水泥的水化速度随粉煤灰掺量的增加而增加。     

水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化性能研究

通过测定不同龄期净浆的化学结合水量和抗压强度，探讨了低水胶比条件下粉煤灰细度、掺量对水泥－粉煤灰笔合胶凝材料水性能的影响，试验结果表明：粉煤灰掺量的增加虽然促进了水泥的早期水经，但仍然降低了硬化浆体中化学结合水总量，同时，随粉煤灰掺量的增加，硬化浆体的早期强度下降；粉煤灰细工的增加并没有提高水泥－粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化程度，而超细粉煤灰的密实填充和微休料效应对硬化浆体后期抗压强度的增加起到了重要的作用。     

Chemical sulfate attack performance of partially exposed cement and cement + fly ash paste

When concrete elements are partially exposed to sulfate rich environment, the upper part of concrete in contact with air will be deteriorated more severely than the underground part. Fly ash additions seem to accelerate the collapse of concrete in such an environment. Although concrete technologists attribute concrete damage mainly to salt crystallization or physical sulfate attack, the influence of chemical sulfate attack cannot be neglected and should also be studied.The objective of this paper is twofold. First, pore solution expression test was conducted to squeeze pore solution of different parts of cement paste partially exposed to Na₂SO₄ solution. The sulfate concentration and pH value of pore solution were measured. Results showed that the sulfate concentration of the pore solution in the upper part of paste in contact with air was much higher than in the lower submerged part. Fly ash additions could draw more sulfates into the paste in a shorter time, forming a higher concentration sulfate pore solution than in normal concrete.The second test was designed to simulate the effect of severe exposure condition on reactive products of cement paste. Pure cement and cement + fly ash (25% dosage) pastes were immersed in 5%, 15% and 30% at 30 °C and 15% at 40 °C Na₂SO₄ solutions. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to analyze the reaction products of the paste. The results indicate that more ettringite and gypsum were formed in cement + fly ash paste than pure cement paste.     

Utilization of beet molasses as a grinding aid in blended cements

This paper investigates the viability of using beet molasses as a grinding aid for blended cements with high volumes of mineral admixtures. Different ratios of beet molasses (0.01–0.05% by weight of cement) were added into a blended cement containing 41% of fly ash and GBFS. The influence of beet molasses on performances of blended cement was studied by comparing with one commercially available, triethanolamine-based grinding aid (TA). The results show that when comparing with the blank cement mixture, the cement containing 0.02–0.03% molasses shows a higher compressive strength at 3 days and 28 days, even exceeding the TA mixture. The improved microstructure of the molasses modified cement paste was also demonstrated by the pore structure and SEM measurements. These improvements are attributed to the better particle size distribution induced by the addition of molasses, indicating the potential application of beet molasses as a good grinding aid.     

Role of Fly Ash on Strength and Microstructure Development in Blended Cement Stabilized Silty Clay

This paper presents the role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay. Its strength was examined by unconfined compression test and its microstructure (fabric and cementation bond) by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and thermal gravity (TG) analysis. The flocculation of clay particles due to the cation exchange process is controlled by cement content, regardless of fly ash content. It increases dry unit weight of the stabilized clay with insignificant change in liquid limit. This results in irrelevant difference in optimum water content (OWC) for the unstabilized and the stabilized clay since OWC of low swelling silty clay is mainly controlled by liquid limit. It is found from the microstructural and the strength test results that the reactivity of fly ash (pozzolanic reaction) is minimal, which is different from concrete technology. This is possibly due to less amount of Ca(OH)₂ to be consumed. The role of fly ash in cement stabilization is to disperse the large clay-cement clusters into smaller clusters. Consequently, the reactive surfaces to be interacted with water increase, and hence the cementitious products (inter-cluster cementation bond). To conclude, the strength development in the blended cement stabilized clay is controlled by cementitious products due to combined effect: hydration and dispersion. Cementitious products due to hydration are governed by cement content, while cementitious products due to dispersion by fly ash content and fineness. Water content of 1.2OWC and 10% replacement ratio are regarded as the effective mixing condition for the stabilization, exhibiting the highest cementitious products.     

蒸汽养护条件下水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的水化性能研究

通过测定不同龄期净浆的化学结合水量和抗压强度。研究了在蒸汽养护条件下粉煤灰掺量、细度对水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料水化性能的影响。试验结果表明：蒸汽养护条件提高了水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的早期水化速度，并且提高了硬化浆体抗压强度。在蒸汽养护条件下，细度不同的粉煤灰对水泥-粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的化学结合水量影响不大，而超细粉煤灰的密实填充和微集料效应增加了硬化浆体的抗压强度；粉煤灰掺量的增加，降低了水泥一粉煤灰复合胶凝材料的化学结合水量和硬化浆体的抗压强度，但促进了水泥的早期水化。     

Sulfate resistance of blended cements containing fly ash and rice husk ash

In this paper, the sulfate resistance of mortars made from ordinary Portland cement containing available pozzolans viz., fly ash and ground rice husk ash (RHA) was studied. Class F lignite fly ash and RHA were used at replacement dosages of 20 and 40% by weight of cement. Expansion of mortar prisms immersed in 5% sodium sulfate solution and the change in the pH values of the solution were monitored. The incorporation of fly ash and RHA reduced the expansion of the mortar bars and the pH values of the solutions. RHA was found to be more effective than fly ash. Examination of the fractured surface of mortar prisms, after a period of immersion, by scanning electron microscopy confirmed that sulfate attack of blended cement mortars was restricted owing to the reductions in calcium hydroxide and C/S ratio of the C–S–H gel in the blended cement mortar. In comparison to Portland cement mortar, less calcium sulfate and much less ettringite formations were found in the mortars made from blended cement containing RHA. The amounts of calcium sulfate and ettringite found in the blended cement mortar containing fly ash were also small but were slightly more than those of RHA mortar. Up to 40% of Portland cement could be replaced with these pozzolans in making blended cement with good sulfate resistance.     

低场核磁共振低温测孔技术表征硬化水泥浆体孔结构

采用低场核磁共振低温测孔技术表征了硬化水泥浆体的孔结构,探讨了水灰比、龄期及掺和料对其孔结构的影响.结果 表明:随着水灰比的增大,硬化水泥浆体的毛细孔含量增大,凝胶孔占比逐渐降低,加权平均孔径逐渐增大;龄期延长使凝胶孔占比逐渐增大,加权平均孔径逐渐降低;纳米CaCO3主要增加40 nm左右毛细孔的量,粉煤灰则主要增加60 nm左右毛细孔的量,活性更强的硅灰则有更强的细化孔径的作用.     

Ⅲ级粉煤灰与水泥浆体的微界面改性

采用电石渣对Ⅲ级粉煤灰进行高温煅烧改性,利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和纳米划痕仪对改性Ⅲ级粉煤灰的矿物组成和表面形貌进行表征,研究了改性Ⅲ级粉煤灰的水化性能,对比分析了未改性和改性Ⅲ级粉煤灰与水泥浆体的微界面形貌和力学性能.结果表明:改性Ⅲ级粉煤灰表面生成了水化活性较好的β-C2S,其水化生成的C-S-H凝胶改善了Ⅲ级粉煤灰颗粒与水泥浆体的微界面,减少了微界面区的孔隙,提高了微界面的力学性能.     

Self-compacting concrete with different levels of pulverized fuel ash

This research investigated self-compacting concrete (SCC) with levels of up to 80% cement replacement by fly ash in mixes adjusted to give constant fresh concrete properties. The hardened concrete and the relationships between hardened properties were then studied.The results show that SCC with up 80% cement replaced by fly ash is possible. To keep the filling ability constant, replacement of cement with fly ash would require an increase in water/powder (W/P) ratio and a reduction in superplasticiser dosage. They also show fly ash have negative effects on passing ability, consistence retention and hardened concrete properties such as strength. The comparison between SCC and normally vibrated concrete (NVC) shows that their material properties of are similar. The successful completion of this project can lead to the use of higher volume fly ash in SCC.     

粉煤灰在硅酸盐水泥浆体中的化学反应

定量测试1~360d纯硅酸盐水泥及掺粉煤灰水泥浆体中胶凝组分的反应程度、生成的氢氧化钙(CH)量及化学结合水(Wn)量;确定单位质量水泥及粉煤灰完全反应生成(或吸收)的CH或Wn量,并以此验证粉煤灰化学反应模型的精确性.结果表明:1g水泥完全水化生成0.242 5g的CH和0.235 1g的Wn,1g粉煤灰完全反应吸收0.508 9g的CH和0.183 9g的Wn,试验结果与现有的粉煤灰化学反应模型计算值差别较大;经修正,获得计算值与试验值较吻合的粉煤灰化学反应模型,该模型更能真实反映粉煤灰在水泥浆体中的化学反应.     

Properties of fly ash concrete modified with hydrated lime and silica fume

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation on the properties of fly ash concrete incorporating either hydrated lime or silica fume to improve the early strength of concrete. Test results indicated that the addition of lime and silica fume improved the early age compressive strength of fly ash concrete. The inclusion of silica fume was also found to increase the 28 days strength significantly. The air permeability of concrete containing lime and silica fume either decreased or remained almost the same when compared to the concrete without these. The addition of lime and silica fume also improved the sorptivity of concrete.Through the use of differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis (DSC/TG), it was demonstrated that the addition of hydrated lime increased the Ca(OH)₂ content; whereas the addition of silica fume decreased the Ca(OH)₂ content in the cement paste. The mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) data confirmed the beneficial action of hydrated lime and silica fume, towards decreasing the total pore volume of fly ash cement paste.     

高掺量粉煤灰水泥浆体长期水化碱环境的变化

通过测试2组水胶比和5种粉煤灰掺量水泥浆体不同龄期的粉煤灰水化反应程度、Ca(OH)2含量、孔隙液的pH值和碱金属离子的变化,探讨了高掺量粉煤灰水泥浆体长期水化碱环境的稳定性.结果显示:粉煤灰长龄期的水化反应程度较低,其掺量(质量分数)小于60%时,不能完全消耗水泥水化所产生的Ca(OH)2,而Ca(OH)2对水泥浆体孔隙液碱度起维持作用,在整个碱环境稳定时,水泥浆体中未溶解的Ca(OH)2对碱环境无直接影响.     

高钙粉煤灰混合水泥体积稳定性的研究

通过试验研究了高钙粉煤灰混合水泥硬化水泥浆体的体积安定性和自由线膨胀率,探讨了高钙粉煤灰中游离氧化钙对混合水泥体积稳定性的影响规律及作用机理。结果表明,无论是掺加原状高钙粉煤灰还是经机械力化学改性后的高钙粉煤灰,混合水泥的雷氏夹膨胀值均随高钙粉煤灰掺量的增加而增大,不同类别高钙粉煤灰对混合水泥净浆自由线膨胀率的影响规律也与其相似。混合水泥中由高钙粉煤灰引入的游离氧化钙量超过一定限度时,水泥的体积安定性会产生突变,混合养护条件下高钙粉煤灰混合水泥净浆能否补偿收缩取决于由高钙粉煤灰引入的游离氧化钙量。     

粉煤灰、矿粉对水泥浆体变形性能的影响

以高性能混凝土用胶凝材料为研究对象,研究了粉煤灰、矿粉在不同养护湿度和温度下对水泥浆体变形性能的影响规律.结果表明:饱水养护时,粉煤灰的掺入降低了水泥浆体的水养膨胀变形;养护温度升高、粉煤灰掺量增加,水泥浆体水养膨胀变形降低幅度增大,但不同水养温度下掺入矿粉对水泥浆体膨胀变形无明显影响;密封养护时,掺入粉煤灰可有效抑制...     

轻烧氧化镁膨胀剂对水泥浆体干缩性能的影响

研究了轻烧氧化镁膨胀剂和粉煤灰用于水泥浆体的干缩变形;探讨了轻烧氧化镁膨胀剂和粉煤灰复合作用下对水泥浆体的抗干缩能力.结果表明:轻烧氧化镁和粉煤灰单掺时均能减小浆体的干燥收缩,二者复合双掺后对水泥浆体的干燥收缩减小的幅度更大,表现出更好的抗干缩能力.