乌鲁木齐市某社区人群血清25(OH)D水平与血脂的相关性分析

目的 探讨乌鲁木齐市某社区维吾尔（维）、汉族血清25 - 羟维生素D[25(OH)D]水平与血脂的关系。方法 本研究共纳入1 871例,年龄18～82岁,维族859人、汉族1 012人。测量身高、体重、腰围（WC）、颈围,计算体重指数（BMI）,测定血清25(OH)D、总胆固醇（TC）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL - C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL - C）及甘油三酯（TG）水平。应用偏相关分析血清25(OH)D水平与血脂指标的相关性。结果 (1)血清25(OH)D平均水平为（16.11±8.20）ng/ml,血清维生素D充足、不足、缺乏、严重缺乏分别占6.5%、21.0%、52.5%、20.0%;血脂正常、异常分别占48.3%、51.2%;（2）按血清25(OH)D水平分为4组,按民族、性别分层,在维族女性中,不同血清25(OH)D组间TC、HDL - C、LDL - C差异有统计学意义,有随着25(OH)D水平的升高而升高的趋势;在汉族女性中,不同血清25(OH)D组间TC差异有统计学意义。校正年龄、BMI、WC后,仅在维族女性中血清25(OH)D与TC、HDL - C、LDL - C呈正相关。结论 乌鲁木齐市某社区人群存在普遍血清25(OH)D缺乏及血脂异常,血清25(OH)D可能与血脂代谢异常相关,且在维族女性中尤为显著。     

0～7岁儿童维生素D营养状况与骨密度的关系

目的探讨0～7岁儿童维生素D营养状况与骨密度的关系。方法选取浙江大学附属第一医院2018年1月-2018年10月体检的390例0～7岁儿童为研究对象,采用电化学发光法测定儿童血清25-羟维生素D [25-(OH) D]水平以评估维生素D营养状况,根据评估结果分为25-(OH) D充足组和25-(OH) D不足/缺乏组,采用定量超声仪测定儿童骨密度,分析维生素D营养状况与骨密度的关系。结果研究中所有儿童的血清25-(OH) D平均浓度为(28. 93±3. 40) ng/ml,25-(OH) D不足/缺乏发生率为43. 3%(169/390),25-(OH) D充足组和25-(OH) D不足/缺乏组不同年龄段儿童的血清25-(OH) D水平差异均有统计学意义(均P<0. 05),并且两组不同年龄段儿童的骨密度Z值差异均有统计学意义(均P<0. 05)、骨密度不足检出率也存在显著性差异(P<0. 05),相关分析显示儿童血清25-(OH) D不足/缺乏时血清25-(OH) D水平与骨密度呈正相关,差异无统计学意义(P<0. 05),而血清25-(OH) D充足时血清25-(OH) D水平与骨密度无明显相关(P>0. 05)。结论 0～7岁儿童维生素D营养状况不佳,25-(OH) D不足/缺乏时儿童的血清25-(OH) D水平与骨密度呈正相关,临床工作中可以通过合理补充维生素D改善儿童骨骼健康状况。     

北京市郊区儿童维生素D营养状况与骨量的关系

目的了解北京市怀柔区儿童维生素D营养状况与骨量的关系,为改善我国儿童骨骼健康提供基础资料。方法采用横断面研究的方法 ,随机选取北京市怀柔区（北纬40.3°）381名7-11岁儿童,采集静脉血,用酶联免疫吸附法测定血清25-羟维生素D[25（OH）D]浓度,双能X线吸收仪测定前臂及全身骨矿物含量（BMC）、骨矿物密度（BMD）和骨面积（BA）。结果研究对象血清25（OH）D浓度平均为（44.4±12.5）nmol/L。血清25（OH）D浓度与身高、体重及全身和前臂的BMC、BMD和BA呈显著正相关（r=0.10~0.17;P〈0.05）;调整年龄、性别、身高和体重后,仅全身分部位中的左上肢BMC和左上肢及右上肢BA与血清25（OH）D浓度呈正相关（r=0.11-0.14;P〈0.05）,其余部位显著性消失。维生素D营养状况适宜儿童[25（OH）D〉50 nmol/L]的全身BMC比维生素D不足儿童[25（OH）D≤50 nmol/L]平均高4.2%（P〈0.05）,但调整混杂因素后差异消失。结论维生素D营养状况与北京郊区儿童体格发育正相关,从而对儿童骨量增加起到间接促进作用。     

1～6岁460名学龄前儿童血清25-羟基维生素D水平及其与体格发育的关系分析

目的探讨1~6岁学龄前儿童血清25-羟基维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平及其与体格发育的关系。方法回顾性分析2014年4月—2015年5月于本院体检的460名1~6岁学龄前儿童临床资料,检测所有受试儿血清25-(OH)D水平,记录不同年龄患儿(1~3岁幼儿和4~6岁学龄前期儿童)血清25-(OH)D水平及维生素D缺乏率差异。将460名儿童分为维生素D缺乏组(n=248)和正常组(n=212),比较两组儿童平均身高、体重的差异;血清25-(OH)D水平与身高、体重等体格发育指标的关系采用Pearson线性相关分析法评估。结果 1~3岁的幼儿血清25-(OH)D水平为(78.65±13.38)nmol/L,显著高于4~6岁学龄前期儿童的(54.27±12.95)nmol/L,且维生素D缺乏率(11.17%,21/188)显著低于学龄前期儿童(18.38%,50/272),差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。维生素D缺乏组儿童平均身高、体重等体格发育指标检测结果 [(98.67±3.83)cm、(15.63±1.96)kg]均明显低于正常组儿童[(106.83±4.15)cm、(18.35±2.05)kg],差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。Pearson线性相关分析结果显示,1~6岁学龄前儿童血清25-(OH)D水平检测结果与身高、体重等体格发育指标均呈正相关(均P0.05)。结论 1~6岁学龄前儿童血清25-(OH)D水平同其体格发育关系密切,需引起重视。     

广州地区儿童维生素D营养状况及其与超重肥胖关系的研究

目的 了解广州地区儿童维生素D(Vit D)营养状况,分析儿童超重肥胖与Vit D营养状况的关系,为儿童Vit D的合理补充、预防Vit D缺乏性疾病提供科学依据。方法 采用横断面研究,收集广东省妇幼保健院健康体检儿童的年龄、性别,测量身高、体重,计算体质指数(BMI),采集空腹静脉血,用化学发光法检测血清中25-羟维生素D[25-(OH)D]水平。结果 共收集7 578名儿童,血清25-(OH)D平均水平为(98.57±39.96)nmol/L,其中男童为(98.58±39.64)nmol/L,女童为(98.56±40.38)nmol/L,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);658名儿童Vit D缺乏 (8.68%)、1 602名儿童Vit D不足 (21.14%),不同性别儿童Vit D缺乏率及不足率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。不同年龄儿童血清25-(OH)D水平差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),血清25-(OH)D水平随年龄增加逐渐下降;不同年龄儿童Vit D营养状况差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),Vit D缺乏率及不足率随年龄增加而升高(χ²_趋势=275.266,P<0.05)。超重、肥胖儿童血清25-(OH)D水平低于正常儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);超重、肥胖儿童Vit D缺乏率及不足率均高于正常儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。血清25-(OH)D水平与BMI呈负相关(P<0.001)。结论 广州地区学龄儿童和超重肥胖儿童Vit D营养状况均较差,应重视儿童尤其是学龄儿童、超重、肥胖儿童Vit D的合理补充。     

昆明主城区夏季小学生维生素D与体格生长的相关性分析研究

目的 研究昆明主城区夏季小学生维生素D与体格生长的相关性,为预防儿童身材矮小及发生肥胖提供临床数据依据。方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,选取2018年6-8月在昆明市4个区591名研究对象,对研究对象进行体格测量、血清25-(OH)D测定及超声骨密度检测。比较不同年级组的血清25-(OH)D、体重指数(BMI)及骨强度Z值,不同年级段男、女儿童维生素D营养状况,分析25-(OH)D水平与BMI、骨强度Z值及身高的相关性。结果 相同年级儿童男女在身高、体重和BMI值上有显著差异,随着年级的增长,儿童血清25-(OH)D水平呈降低趋势(F＝37.646,P<0.001),BMI呈上升趋势(F＝1 343.002,P＝0.001),骨强度Z值呈下降趋势(F＝34.489,P<0.001);随着年级的增长,不同性别研究对象的维生素D不足与缺乏者占比呈略升高趋势(P>0.05);总体上,男童维生素D充足的比例为48.38%,女童为48.06%,25-(OH)D水平与BMI呈负相关性(r=-0.673,P<0.01),与骨强度Z值呈正相关性(r=0.514,P<0.01),与身高呈正相关性(r=0.561,P<0.01)。结论 本研究中的小学生仍有一半以上存在25-(OH)D水平不足或缺乏,儿童需增加户外锻炼,口服维生素D制剂,以减少儿童矮小症、肥胖等疾病发生。     

儿童维生素D营养状况与乙肝疫苗免疫反应相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童维生素D营养状况对乙型肝炎疫苗免疫反应的影响。方法 选取2016年1月至2018年12月在厦门大学附属妇女儿童医院健康体检的1844例6月~12岁儿童,对25羟维生素D及抗-HBs浓度的检测结果进行分析,并对不同年龄段儿童的25(OH)VD水平与其抗-HBs抗体浓度的相关性进行探讨。结果 该研究人群中维生素D缺乏占7.7%,不足占37.5%,正常占54.8%;乙肝疫苗免疫无应答占40.3%,低应答占32.7%,正常应答占27%。儿童维生素D充足组抗-HBs浓度中位数为26.1（4.5,159.3）mIU/mL,高于维生素D缺乏组及不足组的抗体浓度,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。在维生素D缺乏,不足及合适三组中乙肝疫苗免疫呈正常应答反应的人数构成比分别是24.6%,21.9%,30.8%,差异有统计学意义（x2=16.96,P<0.001）。从6月龄~12岁,儿童血清25-羟维生素D浓度与抗-HBs浓度均随年龄增长呈下降趋势,血清25-羟维生素D浓度与抗-HBs浓度呈正相关,相关系数为0.196(P<0.001)。结论 血清维生素D缺乏相关的危险因素可能对儿童乙肝疫苗的免疫应答和抗体的持续存在产生负面影响。     

北京市怀柔区儿童维生素D营养状况及其与体成分的关系

目的 分析儿童维生素D的营养状况及其与体成分的关系.方法 选取北京市怀柔区(北纬40.3°)7～11岁学龄儿童381名,于2008年3月采集静脉血并采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA,英国IDS公司)测定血清中25-羟维生素D[25(OH)D]的浓度,双能X线吸收仪(DEXA,美国Norland公司)测定前臂及全身的体成分,分析维生素D与体成分的相关性.结果研究对象血清25(OH)D的平均浓度为(44.4±12.5)nmol/L,维生素D缺乏和不足率[血清25(OH)D≤50 nmol/L]达68.5%.男生血清25(OH)D浓度(46.3±13.3)nmol/L高于女生(42.0±11.1)nmol/L,差异有统计学意义(t=3.38,P<0.01).血清25(OH)D浓度与前臂近端、远端、全身及分部位中四肢的瘦体重呈正相关(r=0.13～O.19,P<0.05),与前臂近端、远端的体脂百分比呈负相关(r=-0.14,P<0.05;r=-0.11,P<0.05),均有统计学意义.调整年龄、性别、身高、体重等混杂因素后,与前臂近端、全身分部位中双下肢的瘦体重相关性仍有统计学意义(r=0.12～0.14,P<0.05).血清25(OH)D浓度与各部位体脂的相关性均无统计学意义.结论 维生素D缺乏在北京市郊区儿童中较为普遍,而维生素D营养状况对体成分,尤其对瘦体重有促进作用.     

儿童户外活动及体质指数与维生素D营养状况的关系

目的探讨儿童户外活动及体质指数与维生素D(Vit D)营养状况的关系。方法选取我院2016年4月—2017年4月间来我院进行常规体检的4178名儿童作为主要研究对象,测量其体重、身高,并计算其体质指数(BMI),检测其血清中25-羟维生素D 25(OH) D浓度,并进行户外活动有关问卷调查。结果所有研究对象中,血清25(OH) D平均水平(67. 60±31. 28) nmol/L,其中Vit D缺乏和不足儿童共3 496名(83. 7%),充足682名(16. 3%),未发现过量及中毒儿童; 0～2岁的婴幼儿Vit D水平明显优于3～6岁的儿童;户外活动时间不同的儿童,血清中25(OH) D水平不同,其中时间在4 h以上的儿童25(OH) D水平最高; BMI不同的儿童,血清中25(OH) D水平不同,其中BMI <15的儿童25(OH) D水平较低,BMI>18的儿童25(OH) D水平较高。结论在避免日光曝晒的前提下,多鼓励儿童进行户外活动,利于吸收Vit D;儿童BMI与Vit D正相关,应合理补充Vit D,预防儿童营养不良或是肥胖的发生。     

0～9岁儿童维生素D水平的调查

目的了解儿童维生素D的营养状况。方法对绍兴市妇幼保健院儿童保健科门诊进行体检的0~9岁952名儿童,进行血清25-(OH)维生素D水平检测,分析不同性别、年龄和季节儿童维生素D水平。结果 0~9岁儿童25-(OH)维生素D的平均测定值为(29.78±12.08)ng/L;其中25-(OH)维生素D严重缺乏占2.63%;缺乏占18.80%;不足占32.77%。不同年龄组儿童的25-(OH)维生素D水平不同(P0.01),男、女童血清25-(OH)维生素D水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。夏秋季体检儿童的血清25-(OH)维生素D水平高于春冬季体检儿童(P0.05)。结论绍兴市城区0~9岁儿童25-(OH)维生素D水平低下,应增加儿童的维生素D摄入量及加强户外活动,尤需重视4~9岁的儿童及冬春季节维生素D的补充。     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.