热脱附-气相色谱/质谱法检测食品接触材料中有机残留物

目的 建立适用于食品接触材料中有机残留物的气相色谱/质谱检测方法。方法 采用热脱附仪结合气相色谱/质谱法对食品接触材料中的多种类型有机残留物进行检测, 采用质谱检测器、保留时间定性, 外标法定量。结果 对于醇、酯、苯系物等残留有机物检测回收率达到92.7%~112.5%, 相对标准偏差<3.2%, R2>0.9890, 检测限为0.06~0.11 mg/L。结论 本方法便捷、重现性好, 适用于各种材料中有机残留物的检测。     

Analyses of selected non-authorized insecticides in peppers by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry

Two methods based on gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry analyzers are described for the identification, confirmation and quantitation of two EU-banned insecticides: isocarbophos and isofenphos-methyl, detected in recent monitoring programmes in pepper samples. The proposed methodologies involved a liquid–liquid extraction with acetonitrile followed by a cleanup step by dispersive solid-phase extraction using primary–secondary amine as sorbent material. Recovery studies performed on peppers spiked at different fortification levels (10 and 50 μg kg⁻¹) yielded average recoveries in the range 85–98% with RSD values below 8%. Identification, confirmation and quantitation were carried out by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC–MS) in selected ion monitoring mode and gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) using an ion trap operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) were in the range 0.1–0.3 μg kg⁻¹, depending on the technique. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of suspected pepper samples.     

Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry in food allergen detection

Food allergy is an important issue in the field of food safety because of the hazards for affected persons and the hygiene requirements and legal regulations imposed on the food industry. Consumer protection and law enforcement require suitable analytical techniques for the detection of allergens in foods. Immunological methods are currently preferred; however, confirmatory alternatives are needed. The determination of allergenic proteins by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry has greatly advanced in recent years, and gel-free allergenomics is becoming a routinely used approach for the identification and quantitation of food allergens. The present review provides a brief overview of the principles of proteomic procedures, various chromatographic set ups, and mass spectrometry instrumentation used in allergenomics. A compendium of published liquid chromatography methods, proteomic analyses, typical marker peptides, and quantitative assays for 14 main allergy-causing foods is also included.     

Determination of selected mycotoxins in mould cheeses with liquid chromatography coupled to tandem with mass spectrometry

A simple and feasible method is described for analysing nine mycotoxins in cheese matrix. The method involves liquid extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of the analytes, and allows the determination of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 and M1, ochratoxin A, mycophenolic acid, penicillic acid and roquefortine C simultaneously. Average recoveries of the mycotoxins from spiked samples at concentration levels of 5-200 µg kg^-1 ranged from 96-143%. Within-day relative standard deviations at these concentration levels varied from 2.3-12.1%. The limit of quantification for aflatoxin M1 was 0.6 µg kg^-1 and for the other compounds 5 µg kg^-1. The method developed was applied for analysing these mycotoxins in blue and white mould cheeses purchased from Finnish supermarkets. Roquefortine C was detected in all of the blue mould cheese samples in concentrations of 0.8-12 mg kg^-1. One blue cheese contained also 0.3 mg kg^-1 mycophenolic acid. The other investigated mycotoxins were absent in the samples.     

Influence of technological processing on apple aroma analysed by high resolution gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and on-line gas chromatography-combustion/pyrolysis-isotope ratio mass spectrometry

Extracts obtained by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) from industrial raw materials, namely single strength apple juices, and concentrates and aromas made thereof (each n = 31, from one production line; origin Poland, Germany, Turkey, Romania and China), as well as commercially available juices (n = 27), were analysed by standard controlled capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HRGC–MS). During the technological processing from juice to the aroma, no qualitative changes in the apple aroma profile were observed. Major constituents of the juices and aromas under study were found to be 1-hexanol (juice, 0.06–5.9 mg/l; aroma, 47–685 mg/l), 1-butanol (juice, 0.1–4.7 mg/l; aroma, 17–370 mg/l); E-2-hexenol (juice, 0.01–3.4 mg/l; aroma, 12–300 mg/l); E-2-hexenal (juice, 0–3.0 mg/l; aroma 0–470 mg/l), and butyl acetate (juice, 0–1.7 mg/l; aroma, 0–165 mg/l). By far the major component of the apple juice concentrates under study was furfural (2.4–56 mg/kg). The observed occurrence of 3-methyl-1-butanol (juice, 0.01–2.1 mg/l; aroma, 1.5–134 mg/l) and, in part, its acetate (juice, 0–0.3 mg/l; aroma, 0–3.3 mg/l), both known not to be genuine apple constituents, was obviously caused by fermentative effects in the course of industrial juice production. In addition, on-line capillary gas chromatography–isotope ratio mass spectrometry was used in the combustion (C) and the pyrolysis (P) modes (HRGC–C/P–IRMS) for the determination of δ¹³C_V-PDB and δ²H_V-SMOW values of selected apple flavour constituents to check potential isotope discrimination during distillative aroma production. As shown by means of the representative examples of E-2-hexenal, 1-hexanol and E-2-hexenol, their δ²H_V-SMOW values were slightly depleted. However, authenticity assessment by stable IRMS will not be influenced by this effect.     

色谱质谱技术在食品安全分析检测中的应用

食品安全是关系国计民生的重要议题。准确、深入、高效的食品安全分析检测技术是防控食品安全事件发生及处理相关贸易纠纷、立法追责的基础和保障。色谱质谱技术作为高效的分离和检测手段是目前食品安全分析领域最重要、最主流的技术手段。近年来,色谱质谱领域的新发展也推动了食品安全分析检测向更快速,更有效,更可靠,更安全的目标迈进,本综述就其中最重要并有望代表未来食品安全分析发展趋势的色谱质谱技术做了总结和点评。如用于食品样品预处理的固相微萃取技术;气相色谱及气相色谱质谱联用技术中的快速气相色谱方法及其与质谱联用方法,二维气相色谱方法及其与质谱联用方法;液相色谱及液相色谱质谱联用技术中的超高效液相色谱及其与质谱联用方法,毛细管液相色谱和纳流液相色谱及其与质谱联用方法,超临界色谱及其与质谱联用方法,二维液相色谱及其与质谱联用方法;质谱分析技术中的超高分辨率质谱方法,常压敞开式离子源质谱技术等。     

Thermodynamic analysis of the thermal stability of sulphonamides in milk using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry detection

The present study investigates the kinetics of the degradation of eight sulphonamides in skimmed milk when heated at 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 °C using an LC–MS/MS methodology. To determine the thermal stability of these compounds, the first-order kinetic model was applied and the activation energies, half-lives and degradation percentages were calculated. Application of kinetic equations to the different heat treatments used in dairy processing indicates that sulphonamides are very stable during pasteurisation (63 °C; 30 min and 72 °C; 15 s) as well as UHT sterilisation (140 °C; 4 s). In contrast, the calculations performed with the kinetic model estimated losses in concentrations between 6.5% (sulfadimethoxine) and 85.1% (sulfamethazine) for the sterilisation at 120 °C for 20 min. The existence of thermodynamic compensation was also tested for sulphonamide degradation. Results show that enthalpy and entropy values displayed a good linear relationship, and thermodynamically we can establish that the thermal degradation of sulphonamides in skimmed milk exhibits enthalpy–entropy compensation.     

通过式固相萃取与液相色谱串联质谱和气相色谱串联质谱结合测定加热卷烟中多种农药残留

[目的]实现加热卷烟中多种农药残留的测定.[方法]样品经乙腈提取,以PRiME HLB通过式固相萃取柱净化后,分别以液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)和气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)分析.[结果]①PRiME HLB通过式固相萃取净化效率高,操作简便.②在高、中、低三个不同添加浓度水平下,所有分析物的回收率...     

Acrylamide levels in Finnish foodstuffs analysed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Sample clean-up and HPLC with tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS) was validated for the routine analysis of acrylamide in various foodstuffs. The method used proved to be reliable and the detection limit for routine monitoring was sensitive enough for foods and drinks (38 microg/kg for foods and 5 microg/L for drinks). The RSDs for repeatability and day-to-day variation were below 15% in all food matrices. Two hundred and one samples which included more than 30 different types of food and foods manufactured and prepared in various ways were analysed. The main types of food analysed were potato and cereal-based foods, processed foods (pizza, minced beef meat, meat balls, chicken nuggets, potato-ham casserole and fried bacon) and coffee. Acrylamide was detected at levels, ranging from nondetectable to 1480 microg/kg level in solid food, with crisp bread exhibiting the highest levels. In drinks, the highest value (29 microg/L) was found in regular coffee drinks.     

Determination of malachite green residues in rainbow trout muscle with liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the determination of malachite green and its major metabolite leucomalachite green in rainbow trout muscle is reported with limits of detection of 0.8 and 0.6 μg kg^-1, respectively. Residues were extracted with an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mixture and partitioned into methylene chloride. Clean-up of the extracts was performed on alumina and propylsulfonic acid solid-phase extraction columns using the automated solid-phase extraction system. The chromatographic separation of malachite green and leucomalachite green was achieved on a Chromspher 5B column using an acetonitrile-acetate buffer mobile phase. Leucomalachite green was converted to malachite green by post-column oxidation before spectrophotometric detection at 600 nm. The mean recoveries of malachite green and leucomalachite green from control rainbow trout muscle spiked at 2-50 μg kg^-1 were 65% (range 63.4-65.9%, relative standard deviation 3.9-16.1%) and 74% (range 58.3-82.6%, relative standard deviation 3.3-11.4%), respectively. Qualitative confirmation of the determined residues was performed with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry detection with limits of detection of 2.5 and 1 μg kg^-1 for malachite green and leucomalachite green, respectively.     

Characterization of rum using solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Headspace solid-phase microextraction was used to extract and analyze volatile compounds in different aged rums. The interference of ethanol was resolved with a dilution of the sample at 12% v/v. The extraction procedure, using a 100 μm PDMS fibre with 35 min at 30 °C, permitted the isolation of a large quantity of volatile compounds. One hundred and eighty-four volatile compounds were identified, including 64 esters, 47 benzenic compounds, 16 terpenoids, 14 alcohols, 10 acetals, 9 aldehydes, 6 phenols, 6 ketones, 6 furans, 3 acids and 3 benzopyrans.     

Studies on structures and activities of initial Maillard reaction products by electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry combined with liquid chromatography in processing of red ginseng

Electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was applied to analyse the water-soluble extract of red ginseng (RG). Several new compounds were produced from the Maillard reaction during the steaming and drying process for preparing RG. Both the tandem electrospray ionisation (ESI-MS(n)) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonant mass spectrometric (FT-ICR-MS) data of these products proved that they were the initial Maillard reaction products (MRPs) of maltose with glutamic acid/aspartic acid, which were specific components in RG. In addition, their anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities were examined in vitro. The anti-diabetic activities were evaluated by studying the α-glucosidase inhibition using ultrafiltration LC-MS/MS techniques, while the antioxidant activities were investigated by UPLC-ESI-MS method. The results demonstrated that four initial MRPs in RG were identified as α-glucosidase inhibitors, and showed marked scavenging effect on the hydroxyl radical ((·)OH). Based on these studies, the processing method of RG was improved to generate more active compounds.     

Analysis of fumonisins in corn-based food by liquid chromatography with fluorescence and mass spectrometry detectors

The presented procedure involves an extraction with methanol–water, centrifugation and cleanup with immunoaffinity columns. A comparison study between fluorescence detector, mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole (QqQ) analyzer using an electrospray ionisation interface for the determination of fumonisin B₁ and B₂ in corn-based products has been performed.     

Online-GPC-GC-MS测定调味品中对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物

建立了调味品中8种对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物的在线凝胶渗透色谱(Online-GPC)-气相色谱(GC)-质谱联用技术(MS)的测定方法。目标化合物包括对羟基苯甲酸甲酯(MeP)、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯(EtP)、对羟基苯甲酸异丙酯(Iso-PrP)、对羟基苯甲酸丙酯(PrP)、对羟基苯甲酸异丁酯(Iso-BuP)、对羟基苯甲酸丁酯(BuP)、对羟基苯甲酸庚酯(HeP)、对羟基苯甲酸苄酯(BzP)。将添加了氘代同位素内标样品经丙酮∶环己烷(3∶7,v/v)溶剂超声提取后,提取液不经浓缩直接用Online-GPC-GC-MS进行测定。8种对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物中,MeP在0.050~5 mg/L,BzP在0.025~5 mg/L,余下的对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物在0.010~5 mg/L范围内呈良好线性,相关系数的平方均不小于0.999,8种化合物的检出限为0.05~0.20 mg/kg之间,定量限为0.15~0.50 mg/kg。以空白酱油样品为代表性基质加标的三个水平(1、5、10 mg/kg),加标回收率和相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别为88.4%~116.6%(RSD=2.34%~6.87%)、94.0%~109.4%(RSD=2.09%~7.11%)和93.2%~116.8%(RSD=2.61%~8.41%)。该方法应用到实际样品中,能够获得较为满意的结果,证明该方法快速、简单、有效、准确和灵敏。     

Application of supercritical fluid chromatography/mass spectrometry to lipid profiling of soybean

A metabolomics technology for lipid profiling based on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) was applied to analyze lipids of soybean. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to discriminate twelve soybean cultivars according to their suitability for different processed foods such as natto, tofu, edamame, and nimame. By PCA assay, triacylglycerol (TAG) was found as the main variable for discrimination of soybean cultivars. Therefore, a high-throughput and high-resolution TAG profiling method by SFC/MS was developed to more effective discrimination. By investigating several columns, three Chromolith Performance RP-18e columns connected in series were chosen as the most effective column for TAG profiling. Diverse TAGs were separated effectively for 8 min without purification. Additionally, each TAG was identified successfully by the programmed cone voltage fragmentation even without MS/MS analysis and any standard sample.     

Simultaneous determination of fuel oxygenates and BTEX using direct aqueous injection gas chromatography mass spectrometry (DAI-GC/MS)

A direct aqueous injection-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (DAI-GC/MS) method for trace analysis of gasoline components in water is presented. The method allows for the simultaneous quantification of the following solutes: methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), its major degradation products (tert-butyl formate, tert-butyl alcohol (TBA), methyl acetate, and acetone), and possible substitutes of MTBE as an octane enhancer in gasoline (tert-amyl methyl ether, ethyl tert-butyl ether) as well as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p-xylene, m-xylene, and o-xylene (BTEX). No enrichment or pretreatment steps are required, and sample volumes of only 50 microL are needed for analysis. The detection limits in two different matrixes (spiked lake water and contaminated groundwater) are < or = 2 microg/L for most analytes and < 0.2 microg/L for MTBE, benzene, and toluene. The accuracy of the DAI-GC/MS method was excellent as determined from comparison with headspace-GC/MS and purge-and-trap-GC/MS. The DAI-GC/MS method has been applied to various environmental studies, which demonstrated its versatility. The applications comprised both laboratory (MTBE degradation in water treatment, quantification of polar gasoline components) and field (MTBE degradation ata gasoline spill site) investigations.     

Multi-targeted screening of botanicals in food supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

Safety, quality and composition assessments of food supplements based on botanical ingredients are of major concern, as they have usually not been through a rigorous testing process as required for the approval of therapeutic phytopreparations. Therefore, an efficient multi-targeted method was developed to screen selected botanicals of interest in herbal food supplements. Liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap was used for this purpose. Botanicals were characterised by means of appropriate biomarkers, which were unambiguously identified by mass spectrometry using an information dependent acquisition experiment which combined a multiple reaction monitoring survey with dependent enhanced product ion scans. During this procedure, product ion scans of targeted analytes were generated at three collision energies and compared with an in-house library of MS/MS spectra acquired from reference standards of all biomarkers. This generic method enables detection, identification and quantification of 98 biomarkers intended to characterise 79 selected plants.