压水堆核电厂LOFW始发严重事故下堆腔注水措施影响因素分析

针对900 MW级压水堆核电厂,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对主给水丧失(LOFW)始发事件叠加辅助给水失效严重事故下,采取堆腔注水(ERVC)缓解措施的事故进程进行模拟,对该措施缓解堆芯熔化进程、保持压力容器完整性的有效性进行分析验证,并对注水速率、注水高度和注水时间对该措施的影响进行了分析.结果表明:在充足的水源条件下,保证一定的注水速率和水位高度,LOFW始发严重事故下采取堆腔注水的缓解措施可为下封头提供有效的冷却,保持压力容器的完整性;在事故进程不同时间点进行注水,分析表明,只要保证一定的注水速率,注水入口时间延迟同样可保持压力容器完整性.     

压水堆核电厂严重事故下堆腔注水措施研究

针对百万千瓦级压水堆核电厂,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对一回路冷段大破口冷却剂丧失（LB-LOCA）始发严重事故下,采取堆腔注水（ERVC）缓解措施的事故进程进行模拟,对该措施缓解堆芯熔化进程、保持压力容器完整性的有效性进行分析验证,并对影响该措施的因素进行研究。分析结果表明,在充足的水源条件下,保证一定的注水速率和水位高度,LB-LOCA始发严重事故下采取堆腔注水的缓解措施可为下封头提供有效的冷却,保持压力容器的完整性。     

基于SCDAP/RELAP5耦合堆腔注水的非能动压水堆熔融池冷却分析

采取堆腔注水策略冷却熔融池对缓解严重事故后果、降低安全壳的失效概率具有十分重要的作用。本文采用SCDAP/RELAP5程序,首先以韩国APR1400相关实验结果对堆腔外部注水自然对流冷却能力进行比对分析,然后建立了耦合堆腔注水措施的融熔池冷却的核电厂模型,以非能动压水堆为研究对象,针对冷段大破口失水事故(LBLOCA)始发严重事故序列,分析堆芯熔融进展过程中实施堆腔注水策略后融熔池的冷却特性及堆腔外部注水的自然循环能力。分析结果表明,LBLOCA下,当堆芯出口温度达到923K时,实施堆腔注水后能有效冷却下封头内的熔融池,从而保持压力容器的完整性。     

严重事故下氢气风险及氢气控制系统的初步分析

采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对600MWe压水堆核电厂严重事故下氢气风险及拟定的氢气控制系统进行分析。结果表明：相对于小破口失水始发事故和全厂断电始发事故工况,大破口失水始发严重事故堆芯快速熔化,在考虑100%锆 水反应产氢量的条件下,大破口失水始发事故氢气风险较大,有可能发生氢气快速燃烧;在氢气控制系统作用下,发生大破口失水始发严重事故时,安全壳内平均氢气浓度和隔间内氢气浓度低于10%,未达到氢气快速燃烧和爆炸的条件,满足美国联邦法规10CFR中关于氢气控制和风险分析的准则,认为该氢气控制系统是可行、有效的。     

百万千瓦级压水堆严重事故后再注水的有效性评价

根据现有的设计资料,使用一体化严重事故分析程序MELCOR1.8.6建立了核电厂一、二回路系统,非能动堆芯冷却系统和安全壳系统的模型,并模拟冷段2英寸(5.08cm)小破口叠加重力注入失效的严重事故发生后,将冷却剂注入堆芯的情形,分析其对严重事故进程的缓解能力。本文选取3个严重事故的不同阶段,将冷却剂分别以小流量(10kg/s)、中流量(50kg/s)和大流量(200kg/s)的速率注入堆芯,通过比较氢气产生量、堆芯放射性产生量及堆芯温度等数据来评估在严重事故不同阶段再注水的可行性。结果表明:在堆芯损伤初期,可认为10kg/s以上的流量足以冷却百万千瓦级事故安全。而当严重事故发展到堆芯开始坍塌阶段,200kg/s的注水流量可认为是基本可行的,而小于此流量的注水应慎重考虑。     

一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆发生假定事故的初步分析

采用RELAP5/MOD3.2系统程序建立一体化小型反应堆的事故分析模型,包括反应堆冷却剂系统(RCS)、简化的二回路系统和专设安全设施。一体化多用途的非能动小型压水反应堆(SIMPLE)热功率为660 MWt(电功率大于200 MWe)。针对SIMPLE的直接安注管线(DVI)双端断裂事故和DVI2英寸(50.8mm)小破口失水事故(SBLOCA)进行分析。计算结果表明:对于直接安注管线双端断裂事故,破口和自动降压系统(ADS)能有效地使反应堆冷却系统降压,安注箱(ACC)和安全壳内置换料水箱(IRWST)能实现堆芯补水,确保堆芯冷却;对于DVI的SBLOCA,非能动专设安全设施能有效对RCS进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热。     

SB-LOCA始发严重事故下压力容器内氢气源项分析

针对大亚湾核电站900 MW压水堆,采用一体化严重事故分析工具,对小破口冷却剂丧失(SB-LOCA)始发严重事故进行模拟,分析了不同破口尺寸和破口位置对事故进程及压力容器内氢气产生量的影响.结果表明,压力容器内氢气的大量产生集中在堆芯开始熔化阶段;压力容器内氢气产生量与破口尺寸有关,但没有明显规律,且分布较为集中,氢气平均产生量约为500kg;破口位置对氢气的产生影响较小.     

AP1000核电厂直接注射管线双端断裂小破口失水事故计算

基于压水堆最佳估算程序RELAP5/MOD3.3,对AP1000核电厂冷却剂系统和非能动堆芯冷却系统进行建模分析,得到在直接注入管线发生双端断裂事故下,系统压力、破口流量、系统水装量等关键参数的瞬态变化,计算结果与西屋公司采用NOTRUMP程序的计算结果基本一致。分析表明:AP1000的非能动专设安全设施能有效对一回路进行冷却和降压,防止堆芯过热,验证了AP1000发生DVI双端断裂事故后的安全性。     

DVI 管线中小破口叠加 IRWST 失效引发严重事故的 ERVC 研究

以AP1000核电厂为参考对象,采用SCDAP/RELAP5/MOD3.4程序,用确定论方法计算直接注入(DVI)管线中、小破口初因叠加内置换料水箱(IRWST)失效严重事故和采取压力容器外部冷却(ERVC)后的效果,重点分析了主要非能动注入系统的响应,熔池和下封头行为。计算结果表明,DVI管线发生破口导致堆芯熔化比热段同等尺寸破口要早,ERVC可以有效防止下封头熔穿。     

大型非能动压水堆核电厂安全注射系统旋启式止回阀阻力变化对长期堆芯冷却影响分析

大型非能动压水堆核电厂在发生失水事故(LOCA)后的长期堆芯冷却阶段依靠重力向堆芯注入应急冷却水,其注射管线上设置的旋启式止回阀的阻力可随流量变化,管线的阻力可能将非预期地增加。根据旋启式止回阀阻力特性,为失水事故最佳估算系统分析程序添加相应的计算功能,对压力容器直接注射(DVI)管线双端断裂事故后长期堆芯冷却工况进行了计算分析。结果表明:安全注射管线上旋启式止回阀阻力变化对大型非能动压水堆核电厂LOCA后长期冷却的影响较小;在安全裕量不足的情况下,旋启式止回阀的阻力特性将影响到非能动注射管线的安全注射功能的执行。     

高压安全注射系统对压水堆全厂断电事故的缓解能力分析

选择一个典型的3环路压水堆作为参考对象,采用最佳估算程序RELAP/SCDAPSIM/MOD3.2建立了一个典型的3环路压水堆严重事故计算模型。分析了全厂断电(SBO)事故引发的堆芯熔化基准事故后,高压安全注射系统对该事故的缓解能力。敏感性分析表明,堆芯出口温度达到920 K时,采用卸压充水缓解措施可以有效地阻止堆芯熔化,维持堆芯长期处于稳定、安全状态。     

反应堆主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响分析

本工作耦合建立了600 MW压水堆核电厂热工水力、裂变产物行为和放射性后果评价的分析模型,选取SB-LOCA、SGTR、SBO和LOFW等4个高压熔堆事故序列,研究了主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的影响,包括主回路卸压对压力容器外裂变产物释放的缓解效应和其他负面影响。分析表明：实施主回路卸压可缓解高压熔堆事故序列下压力容器外的释放,但卸压工况下事故早期安全壳内的气载放射性活度较基准工况下的大。相关分析结论可作为严重事故管理导则制定的技术基础。     

Analysis on hydrogen risk mitigation in severe accidents for Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

Hydrogen source term and hydrogen mitigation under severe accidents is evaluated for most nuclear power plants (NPPs) after Fukushima Daiichi accident. Two units of Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWR) are under operating in China, and hydrogen risk control should be evaluated in detail for the existing design. The distinguish feature of PHWR, compared with PWR, is the horizontal reactor core surrounded by moderator in calandria vessel (CV), which may influence the hydrogen source term. Based on integral system analysis code of PHWR, the plant model including primary heat transfer system (PHTS), calandria, end shield system, reactor cavity and containment has been developed. Two severe accident sequences have been selected to study hydrogen generation characteristic and the effectiveness of hydrogen mitigation with igniters. The one is Station Blackout (SBO) which represents high-pressure core melt accident, and the other is Large Break Loss of Coolant Accident (LLOCA) at reactor outlet header (ROH) which represents low-pressure core melt accident. Results show that under severe accident sequences, core oxidation of zirconium–steam reaction will produce hydrogen with deterioration of core cooling and the water in CV and reactor cavity can inhibits hydrogen generation for a relatively long time. However, as the water dries out, creep failure happens on CV. As a result, molten core falls into cavity and molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) occurs, releasing a large mass of hydrogen. When hydrogen igniters fail, volume fraction of hydrogen in the containment is more than 15% while equivalent amount of hydrogen generate from a 100% fuel clad-coolant reaction. As a result, hydrogen risk lies in the deflagration–detonation transition area. When igniters start at the beginning of large hydrogen generation, hydrogen mixtures ignite at low concentration in the compartments and the combustion mode locates at the edge of flammable area. However, the power supply to igniters should be ensured.     

DVI管小破口失水事故实验研究

在模块化小型反应堆非能动安全系统综合模拟实验装置上进行了压力容器直接注入（DVI）管小破口失水事故实验,研究了DVI管小破口失水事故过程中的热工水力现象和非能动安全系统运行特性。研究结果表明：模块化小型反应堆DVI管小破口失水事故中,非能动安全系统可对堆芯进行注水,有效导出堆芯衰变热量,保护堆芯安全。     

Accident management following loss of residual heat removal during mid-loop operation in a Westinghouse two-loop PWR

The possibility of an accident or component failure during mid-loop operation has been identified in probabilistic studies as a major contributor to core melt frequency and source term risk during shutdown conditions. The wide range of plant states encountered and the unavailability of certain safety features make it difficult to guarantee that safety systems operation will always be sufficient to terminate the accident evolution. In this context analyses are performed using MELCOR 1.8.5 for loss of residual heat removal (RHR) at various times during mid-loop operation of a Westinghouse two-loop PWR. In the absence of recovery of RHR or other accident management (AM) measures, the sequences necessarily lead to a long term core uncovery, heat-up and degradation, loss of geometry and eventual failure of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV). The results show an extensive time window before uncovery and additionally before core damage, which increase progressively with increasing time after shutdown at which loss of RHR occurs. Significant oxidation of the cladding may result in concentrations of hydrogen sufficient for deflagration. The slow evolution implies an opportunity for the plant operators to initiate AM measures even after core uncovery has started. The analyses indicate a substantial time window during the uncovery within which the injection can recover the core without damage. The upper end of the window is determined by the temperature at which heat from cladding oxidation becomes a dominant factor, marking a critical point for the effectiveness of this recovery mode. The results provide confidence in the inherent robustness of the plant with respect to accident sequences of this type.     

基于氢气风险分析的ADS手动卸压策略研究

先进非能动压水堆设计采用自动卸压系统(ADS)对一回路进行卸压,严重事故下主控室可手动开启ADS,缓解高压熔堆风险。然而ADS的设计特点可能导致氢气在局部隔间积聚,带来局部氢气风险。本文基于氢气负面效应考虑,对利用ADS进行一回路卸压的策略进行研究,为严重事故管理提供技术支持。选取全厂断电始发的典型高压熔堆严重事故序列,利用一体化事故分析程序,评估手动开启第1~4级ADS、手动开启第1~3级ADS、手动开启第4级ADS 3种方案的卸压效果,并分析一回路卸压对安全壳局部隔间的氢气负面影响。研究结果表明,3种卸压方案均能有效降低一回路压力。但在氢气点火器不可用时,开启第1~3级ADS以及开启第1~4级ADS卸压会引起内置换料水箱隔间氢气浓度迅速增加,可能导致局部氢气燃爆。因此,基于氢气风险考虑,建议在实施严重事故管理导则一回路卸压策略时优先考虑采用第4级ADS进行一回路卸压。     

HPR1000非能动堆腔注水冷却系统事故缓解能力评估

华龙一号（HPR1000）设计了堆腔注水冷却系统（CIS）以实现严重事故期间熔融物的堆内滞留（IVR）,该系统分为能动与非能动两列子系统,其中非能动CIS应对的是全厂断电（SBO）始发的严重事故工况。本文对非能动CIS的事故缓解能力进行评估。首先开发了下封头熔池换热计算程序并予以验证,使用MAAP程序对SBO严重事故序列及SBO叠加不同尺寸一回路破口始发的严重事故序列进行计算,并结合熔池换热计算程序得到不同事故序列下的压力容器外壁面最大热流密度,进而评估不同事故序列下非能动CIS的有效性。评估结果表明,非能动CIS可有效应对SBO始发的严重事故序列以及SBO叠加一回路破口尺寸小于60 mm始发的严重事故序列,实现IVR策略。评估结果可应用于HPR1000的严重事故管理。     

增强IVR有效性的堆内注水策略研究

熔融物堆内滞留（IVR）是一项核电厂重要的严重事故管理措施,通过将熔融物滞留在压力容器内,以保证压力容器完整性,并防止某些可能危及安全壳完整性的堆外现象。对于高功率和熔池中金属量相对不足的反应堆,若下封头形成3层熔池结构,则其顶部薄金属层导致的聚焦效应可能对压力容器完整性带来更大的威胁。本文考虑通过破口倒灌及其他工程措施实现严重事故下熔池顶部水冷却,建立熔池传热模型,分析顶部注水的带热能力,建立事件树,分析顶部注水措施的成功概率及IVR的有效性。结果表明,通过压力容器内外同时水冷熔融物,能显著增强IVR措施的有效性。     

Analysis on containment depressurization under severe accidents for a Chinese 1000 MWe NPP

Containment depressurization has been implemented for many nuclear power plants (NPPs) to mitigate the risk of containment overpressurization induced by steam and gases released in LOCA accidents or generated in molten core concrete interaction (MCCI) during severe accidents. Two accident sequences of large break loss of coolant accident (LB-LOCA) and station blackout (SBO) are selected to evaluate the effectiveness of the containment venting strategy for a Chinese 1000 MWe NPP, including the containment pressure behaviors, which are analyzed with the integral safety analyses code for the selected sequences. Different open/close pressures for the venting system are also investigated to evaluate CsI mass fraction released to the environment for different cases with filtered venting or without filtered venting. The analytical results show that when the containment sprays can't be initiated, the depressurization strategy by using the Containment Filtered Venting System (CFVS) can prevent the containment failure and reduce the amount of CsI released to the environment, and if CFVS is closed at higher pressure, the operation interval is smaller and the radioactive released to the environment is less, and if CFVS open pressure is increased, the radioactive released to the environment can be delayed. Considering the risk of high pressure core melt sequence, RCS depressurization makes the CFVS to be initiated 7 h earlier than the base case to initiate the containment venting due to more coolant flowing into the containment.     

ACME台架全厂断电事故试验研究

为研究AP型非能动核电厂全厂断电事故下的运行特性,利用大型非能动堆芯冷却系统整体试验（ACME）台架开展了试验研究,分析了主要的试验进程和关键参数的变化特点。研究结果表明：ACME台架全厂断电试验的事故序列及试验现象与已有分析一致,符合预期,试验再现了AP型非能动核电厂全厂断电的事故进程;在整个事故过程中,稳压器水位升高,但未发生满溢,非能动余热排出（PRHR）系统换热功率可与衰变功率达到平衡,堆芯余热可有效载出;堆芯补水箱（CMT）和安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）初始条件对非能动余热排出阶段的事故进程具有重要影响,在1列CMT投入失效或IRWST异常等不利初始条件下,模化后的非能动堆芯冷却系统(PXS)仍可满足事故验收准则。