大型核电厚壁结构X射线衍射法残余应力测试

采用X射线衍射法（ XRD）对大型核电厚壁结构堆芯板端面、堆芯板与吊篮筒体环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力进行无损测量。研究堆芯板端面、环焊缝焊前焊后残余应力的分布情况及变化规律。结果表明：堆芯板焊前残余应力主要是机加工应力,且焊接过程对其残余应力影响不大;1＃和2＃堆芯板环焊缝轴向残余应力分布趋势明显,呈现焊缝为压应力,母材为拉应力;测试的环向应力在各区域分布不一致;焊接对远离焊缝区域的应力没有影响,远离焊缝区域呈现较大的加工应力。     

Flexural fatigue behavior of butt-welded circular concrete-filled double skin steel tube (CFDST)：Experimental study and numerical modeling

Detailed understandings on the fatigue behavior of the concrete-filled double skin steel tubes (CFDSTs) under multiaxial stress states are essential to promote their applications in marine structures. A systematical investigation consisting both the experimental study and the according numerical modeling has been conducted. Physical tests were carried out to investigate the flexural fatigue behavior of the butt-welded hollow steel tubes (HSTs), concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) and CFDSTs, in which the development of fatigue cracks and the fatigue life were captured. The feasibility of applying the existing S–N curves originally obtained from the HSTs to the constitutive steel tubes within the CFDSTs has been consequently verified. A two-stages simulation method was developed to analyze the full range development of fatigue cracks based on both the damage mechanics and the extended finite element method (XFEM). The influence of the multiaxial stress states on the fatigue behavior for the constitutive steel tubes was studied quantitatively, considering the offshore application scenarios where the steel tubes within the CFDSTs were subjected to larger external hydrostatic pressure or internal transmitted content pressure. The results show that the existence of the infilled concrete can effectively improve the fatigue behavior of the steel tubes. The life prediction models for both the fatigue crack initiation stage and propagation stage have been proposed, where the crack initiation life of the steel tube may reduce by 30% when its stress triaxiality increases from 0.36 to 0.48.     

化学品船不锈钢舱热应力分析

以不锈钢舱化学品船的货舱区域平行舯体为模型来计算温差应力,并用于整个货舱区域。计算得出的温度载荷反映了航行和停？白状态下的满载和部分装载状态;将温差应力与静水弯曲应力、波浪弯曲应力以及液货和海水产生的静应力和动应力进行合成,最终结果对照许用应力,对全船和局部弯曲强度进行校核;同时研究了由于温差应力的存在对桁材轴向弯曲和剪应力、失稳强度、焊接（型式和尺寸）、开VI（形状,位置,局部加强等）的影响。     

等壁厚钢管桩横向焊缝应力集中系数的数值模拟

大型海洋工程结构多常用钢管桩,在钢管桩的制作和安装过程中通常会产生环向对接焊缝,由管节偏位引起的环向焊缝应力集中现象是焊缝疲劳热点应力评估和焊缝疲劳安全分析的重要影响因素.通过实用近似分析方法,研究在轴向拉力和平面内弯矩单独作用下等壁厚对接焊缝应力集中间题,得出等壁厚拉弯构件对接焊缝应力集中系数的近似计算公式;根据对钢...     

Hoop stress approximation in offshore design codes

For a circular cylindrical vessel with an elastic material, Lame equations can accurately predict hoop stress variation within the vessel wall. However, because of the complexity involved in Lame formulations they are seldom used in design. In this paper, Lame equations are reproduced in terms of vessel outer and material cross-sectional areas and presented in a very simple format that enables hoop stress calculation without use of any approximation. Lame equations are also presented in terms of diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios in order to perform parametric studies. For a practical range of diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios the Lame hoop stress predictions are compared with approximate solutions of a selected design codes. For a range of loading conditions, comparison of results shows that a number of design codes overestimate the hoop stress. In contrast, a selection of offshore codes is shown to underestimate the hoop stress and, for a certain loading condition some codes ignore the hoop stress effect completely. The present paper also shows how the hoop stress approximation may lead to onerous results when the true wall axial stress is derived based on design code hoop stress formulations. It is concluded that what makes the present hoop stress formulations so important in design is their ability to interpret the mechanics of behavior that Lame equations strived to reveal.     

锥柱结构焊接残余应力及超声冲击消除的研究

随着高强钢潜艇锥柱结构的广泛应用,影响结构性能的焊接残余应力的测量和残余应力消除的技术备受关注。采用X射线衍射技术对高强钢潜艇锥柱结构内外壳的轴向焊接残余应力进行无损检测。内壳轴向残余应力的分布在焊缝两侧呈双峰形态,均为拉应力,而后随着与焊缝距离的增加,残余应力快速降低;而外壳轴向残余应力在锥端焊趾部分达到最大残余压应力值。还进行了超声冲击消除焊接残余应力前后的对比试验。试验结果表明,超声冲击处理对降低焊缝及近焊缝区的残余应力有很大的益处,残余拉应力经冲击处理后转变为对疲劳强度有利的较大幅值的压应力。     

深海舷外电液舵机的密封性能分析

以深海舷外电液舵机格莱圈为研究对象,采用ABAQUS建立格莱圈二维轴对称有限元分析模型,研究格莱圈在安装阶段、施加压力、施加温度场以及动密封4种工况下的力学性能,并对格莱圈在不同工作压力、压缩率和温度下的应力、接触应力和剪应力进行分析。结果表明:压缩率一定时,格莱圈中O形圈和方形圈的应力随工作压力增大而增大,方形圈的应力整体上大于O形圈的应力,温度对格莱圈的应力影响较小,活塞杆外行程阶段的格莱圈应力要大于内行程阶段的应力;格莱圈接触应力随工作压力、压缩率和温度的增大而增大,且接触应力始终大于格莱圈两端压力差,格莱圈能保证正常密封能力;在一定的压缩率下,格莱圈中O形圈和方形圈的剪应力随工作压力增大而增大,O形圈增大趋势不明显,而方形圈增大趋势明显。     

梯形载荷作用下功能梯度简支梁弯曲的解析解

基于应力函数法,对梯形分布载荷作用下、材料属性在厚度上任意变化的功能梯度简支梁弯曲问题的解析解进行了研究。首先引入了一个应力函数,根据平面应力问题的基本方程,得出了功能梯度梁的应力函数应满足的偏微分方程,并根据应力边界条件得出了应力函数及各向应力的表达式;进而根据功能梯度材料的本构方程和位移边界条件,得出了各向应变与位移的显式解析表达式。在算例中,分别采用文中方法和经典理论对均质各向同性梁进行求解,验证了文中方法的正确性;并求解了材料组分呈幂律分布的功能梯度梁的应力和位移分布,分析了上下表层材料的弹性模量比λ与组分材料体积分数指数 n 对应力和位移分布的影响。     

不连续问题的扩展有限元法分析

改进的扩展有限元不需要经过后处理可以直接求得应力强度因子,从而为动态不连续问题的分析提供了便利.研究表明:不连续区域附近的积分方案,特别是裂尖区域的积分方案,对结果精度影响很大.文中采用一种新的积分方案对裂尖和裂缝贯穿单元进行积分,既方便积分,又可以减少计算量.采用改进的扩展有限元模拟了裂纹扩展.对于闭合裂缝,必须考虑缝面间的接触条件;裂缝面间若采用完全接触,得到的结点加强自由度近似为零.由于避免了传统有限元方法中的网格重构,改进的扩展有限元在静态和动态不连续问题分析方面具有广阔的应用前景.     

小钢管劲性骨架混凝土箱拱施工阶段受力分析

通过有限元程序ANSYS建立箱拱的空间计算模型，采用内力叠加法和应力叠加法计算施工过程中拱桥的应力和位移，对2种方法的计算结果进行了对比，阐述了2种方法的特点和适用范围，并分析了初始应力和截面刚度变化对拱桥受力的影响。     

局部加强的含裂纹板应力强度因子分析

对含裂纹板局部焊接加强板条的断裂问题进行了分析计算.考虑加强板条的横向刚度和纵向刚度的影响,将加强板条对裂纹板的作用力离散化为作用在沿加强板条方向的有限个作用点处,由含裂纹板的复应力函数解法进行求解.文中分别就加强板条位置和加强板条相对刚度对裂纹板加强作用的影响进行了计算分析.计算结果表明,加强板条纵向刚度对降低裂纹板的应力强度因子起主要作用,提高加强板条刚度有利于降低结构应力强度因子,提高结构承载能力.     

基桩沉桩过程桩身应力控制标准分析与应用

通过对上千根基桩沉桩过程桩身应力的的统计,找出桩身应力的极值分布,总结出一套适合于预应力混凝土桩和钢管桩的沉桩过程桩身应力控制标准。根据该标准,监控沉桩过程桩身应力值,调整沉桩指令,有利于提高沉桩效率,保证桩身质量。研究成果是对现有规范和的丰富并对工程应用有指导作用。     

圆柱壳大开孔补强的应力集中分析

针对潜艇耐压壳体上大开孔补强处的应力集中现象,结合工程实际问题,采用规范和有限元法对潜艇耐压壳体上大开孔不同补强形式进行了研究,建立了相应的模型,并求出了应力集中系数。通过对两种方法的计算结果进行分析比较,发现当围壁加强时,最大周向应力处的弯曲应力不容忽视。结果说明,用有限单元法进行大开孔补强结构设计是合理、有效的,是对规范计算的完善和补充。     

Integrated optimisation design of a dynamic umbilical based on an approximate model

An optimised design of a dynamic umbilical requires an extreme cross-sectional stress to be maintained within an allowable limit and a fatigue life to be guaranteed to be sufficient. It should be noted that a dynamic umbilical is a typical geometric bi-scale structural system. It consists of a local cross-sectional scale and a global configuration scale, which are significantly different in terms of geometric sizes. In this study, we established an approximate model to achieve an optimised design of the dynamic umbilical by considering the parameters of local cross-sections and global configurations simultaneously. The design variables of a dynamic umbilical are independently identified and defined at both local sectional and global configuration scales in the approximate model. Furthermore, we selected the maximum tension strain and the maximum bending moment, for covering local and global properties, as the objectives to be minimised. The approximate model was observed to be effective in integrating the local and global responses into one loop so that the computational efficiency could be significantly increased. We implemented the optimisation framework on a dynamic umbilical with a lazy-wave configuration, which is considered to be a basis for a case study. Furthermore, we verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the integrated optimisation strategy by numerical simulations. Moreover, we compared the optimised dynamic umbilical properties with those without optimisation. It was observed that the fatigue life of the optimised dynamic umbilical was improved significantly, thereby indicating that the integrated optimisation methodology provides a new model and algorithm for an efficient design of the dynamic umbilical.     

考虑平台作用的顶张式立管动力分析

上层浮式平台的运动幅度比固定式平台大,对立管的影响更明显.为了解平台对顶张式立管动力的影响,提出一种动力分析方法.在一定的条件下建立立管的数学模型,采用软件Tube2D对平台和立管进行动力响应和弯曲应力分析,得到考虑平台作用的立管扶正器布置间距参数的敏感性和立管弯曲应力的变化.结果表明:对于考虑平台作用的立管模型而言,...     

往复舱底泵轴系扭振分析及故障修复

针对往复式舱底泵多次出现蜗轮蜗杆啮合磨损现象,建立舱底泵轴系扭振的当量模型,扭振计算结果与试验结果吻合,由此推断啮合部件的扭转刚度大造成扭转附加接触应力过大,进而使得蜗轮蜗杆啮合处磨损。通过优化得到蜗轮蜗杆啮合处最佳扭转刚度,进行齿廓修形后减小了轴系啮合过程中的扭转附加接触应力,经长期运行验证此磨损故障已消除。     

Axisymmetric structural behaviours of composite tensile armoured flexible pipes

To address the weight and corrosion challenge in deep-water, replacing the steel tensile armour in flexible pipes with composite materials is an alternative conceptual approach. An axisymmetric structural responses model is built for this novel composite armoured flexible pipe, with interlayer gaps that may occur in the unbonded structure considered through an iterative algorithm. The tensile strength of steel and composite armoured pipes are predicted based on different constitutive relations of steel and composite. Essential quantities are obtained, such as tensile stiffness, deformations of each layer and interlayer gaps or contact pressures. Considering the helix form of carcass and pressure armour, a finite element model is established for the verification of the theoretical model. Case study shows that the tensile stiffness of flexible pipe is overestimated with the interlayer gap ignored. Compared with steel armoured flexible pipe, the composite armoured pipe, whose tensile stiffness decreases less as external pressure increases, meanwhile has higher values of tensile ultimate strength and torsion stiffness. Some suggestions about fiber types and volume fraction for composite tensile strips are given to ensure good performance of axial tensile strength and stiffness.     

Efficient estimation of extreme long-term stresses by considering a combination of longitudinal bending stresses

Longitudinal stresses due to combined horizontal and vertical bending moments in ships, corresponding to a return period of 20 years, are estimated by linear response analysis. In principle, the stress should be obtained by combining the stress in all sea states that can occur over a long-term period. A method to determine the desired long-term extreme stress by considering only a few short-term sea states is presented. The sea states have a certain probability of occurrence, and are each identified by a contour line in the (H _s, T _p)-plane. This approach makes it possible to estimate the extreme loads on the vessel in a practical and accurate manner. Moreover, it is shown that the long-term stress can be estimated by combining the individual long-term extreme stresses due to vertical and horizontal bending moments by using the sum-of-squares approach and accounting for the correlation between stresses. It was found that the correlation coefficient can be taken as the largest of the ones calculated along the contour line. It is shown that this correlation coefficient can even be approximated by the normalized phase angle at the wave length where the dominant response has its peak value. A comparison with the results obtained using well-known combination rules is presented. While linear analysis has been used here, it is believed that the approach can be generalized to stresses with nonlinear behavior, and hence represent a significant improvement in calculation efficiency. Received: September 18, 2001 / Accepted: December 18, 2001     

Application of analytical model in the prediction of dynamic responses and fatigue damage of flexible risers: Part I – Improvement of analytical model considering shear deformation and varying tension effects

Flexible risers have been widely utilized for the transfer of oil and gas products from a well to production units. The components of flexible risers, unlike steel risers, experience complex contact phenomena during bending. The contact between helical wires and adjacent layers especially causes a significant level of bending nonlinearity, making it hard to estimate the structural responses. Accordingly, a large-scale dynamic analysis of flexible risers usually involves an analytical model that predicts the bending moment and axial stress of helical wires based on theoretical approaches. The analytical model consists of an axis-symmetrical model and a bending model. Among them, the bending model plays a critical role in the prediction of the bending responses of flexible risers. The conventional bending models usually neglect the shear deformation of internal layers and continuity of sliding force, which leads to a significant error of analysis. Furthermore, the previous bending models assume that the contact pressure on helical wires is constant during bending. In real operating conditions, however, most flexible risers experience a considerable change of tension that governs the slip of helical wires. Hence, the current study presents a new dynamic analysis method for flexible risers. The suggested analytical model improves the bending model based on an accurate estimation of the internal strain field considering the shear deformation and continuous sliding force. Also, this study proposes a stiffness update method to reflect the effect of varying tension in the dynamic analysis. The presented method updates the bending property of flexible risers considering the continuous change of the contact pressure from varying tension. For the validation of suggested method, the current study carries out numerical simulations with a pure bending and varying tension for the internal diameter 7 inches flexible risers. It is identified that the suggested analytical model provides accurate analysis results. Moreover, it is found that the effect of varying tension gives a significant impact on the bending behavior of flexible risers by changing the slip condition of helical wires. Part I of this series of papers describes the detailed formulation method for the analytical model and with some verification examples. The suggested analytical model is expanded to the large-scale dynamic analysis in Part II for the investigation of the effect of shear deformation and varying tension.     

Study of a simple sensor for stress history measurements of a structural member using a piezoelectric element

This paper describes a stress sensor using a piezoelectric element which was developed to monitor features of the stress history of a structural member. The sensor is 90 mm long, 60 mm wide, and 25 mm thick. A stress-level meter can turn on and off different colored light-emitting diodes (LED) according to the changes in a stress level. A stress-level cross counter can display the number of cycles which exceeds a specified stress level during a monitoring period. The sensor is bonded onto a structural member using an adhesive agent. In order to see the performance of the prototype sensor, experiments were carried out using a fatigue-testing machine. The sensor was bonded onto a smooth specimen and multiple repeated stresses were applied to that specimen. There were three main findings. (1) The sensor can operate under a stress range from −150 MPa to 150 MPa, and a frequency from 0.05 Hz to 5 Hz. (2) The stress-level meter can turn the lights of the LED on and off accurately under any stress amplitude and frequency. (3) When the stress frequency is 1 Hz or less, the stress-level cross counter can count accurately the number of cycles which exceed the predetermined stress levels. Received: February 25, 2000 / Accepted: April 11, 2000