北京雾灵山保护区蒙椴林空间点格局分析

根据北京雾灵山自然保护区蒙椴林样地调查资料,采用点格局分析方法,对该群落的树种组成、优势种群及不同发育阶段种群的空间分布格局及其相互关系进行了研究。结果表明:1)蒙椴林中乔木层共有9个种群,种群密度差异较大,蒙椴种群的株数比例和断面积占有明显优势。2)蒙椴林优势种群的分布格局和空间关联性与空间尺度的关系密切,在研究尺度范围内,蒙椴种群和山杨种群均呈显著性聚集分布,白桦种群呈随机分布。优势种群的空间关联性以负关联为主,种间竞争激烈。3)不同发育阶段个体的空间格局随尺度的变化明显,大树在整个空间尺度上呈现随机分布,中树和幼树在中小尺度上(r<24m)呈显著性聚集分布,在较大尺度上呈随机分布。不同发育阶段种群之间空间关联性以负关联为主,当空间尺度大于临界值时,大树和中树、幼树的空间关联性减弱,而中树和幼树的负关联增强。     

云龙天池云南松自然种群分布格局分析

[目的]对云南松种群年龄结构和空间分布格局的变化以及不同生长阶段个体的空间分布格局及空间关联性进行了研究,从空间格局角度深入认识云南松林群落结构和分布格局及其形成的内在机制。[方法]基于云南省云龙县天池自然保护区云南松天然林的样地调查数据,基于云南松的种群径级结构,采用Ripley’s L函数点格局方法,对云南松自然种群的龄级结构、空间分布格局及其不同生长阶段空间关联性进行了系统分析。[结果]云南松自然种群径级和高度级结构完整,分布呈倒"J"型;云南松自然种群整体上在0 40 m的空间尺度上呈"聚集-随机"的分布格局;云南松自然种群个体在幼树和小树阶段,在较大的尺度上呈聚集分布,随着尺度的增加转变为随机分布,而在中树阶段完全呈聚集分布,随着龄级的递增,大树阶段的空间分布格局呈随机分布;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段个体间空间关联在所有尺度上基本都呈显著正相关。[结论]云南松自然种群结构属增长型种群;云南松自然种群不同生长阶段的个体呈现不同的分布格局,表现出强烈的空间动态特性;云南松种群各生长阶段间正向的关系,有利于种群的维持。     

川西亚高山箭竹-岷江冷杉原始林优势树种的空间格局分析

箭竹-岷江冷杉林是川西亚高山暗针叶林的重要类型,研究其优势树种的空间分布格局和空间关联性对其恢复和保育具有参考意义。采用林木定位调查法,分别用Ripley’s L(t)和L12(t)函数分析群落中优势树种的空间分布格局和空间关联。结果表明:群落的优势树种为岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)、红桦(Betula albosinensis)和云杉(Picea asperata),群落层次结构分明。3个优势树种在小尺度上均为聚集分布,其分布格局随尺度增大而变化。岷江冷杉种群在0~11m的尺度上呈聚集分布,而在11~20m的尺度上呈随机分布;红桦种群在0~14m的尺度上呈聚集分布,而在14~20m的尺度上呈随机分布;云杉种群在0~20m尺度上均呈聚集分布。3个优势树种间的空间关联性在0~20m尺度上均呈显著的相互独立关系,表明它们相互之间作用微弱。     

不同抚育采伐方式对兴安落叶松林活立木分布格局影响研究

根据对内蒙古大兴安岭兴安落叶松林样地调查结果,采用点格局分析法分析不同抚育采伐方式对兴安落叶松林群落活立木分布格局、兴安落叶松树种及其不同龄级活立木分布格局的影响。结果表明:1)不同抚育采伐方式对兴安落叶松林群落活立木分布格局具有明显影响。在兴安落叶松原始林内,活立木在0~2m尺度上呈现随机分布状态,超过2m则呈现显著性聚集分布,渐伐林内,活立木在2~9m尺度上呈现聚集分布,在其余尺度上呈现随机分布,皆伐林内,活立木在0~19m尺度上呈现聚集分布,r>19m时呈现随机分布。2)抚育采伐方式渐伐对兴安落叶松树种分布格局影响较小,而皆伐对兴安落叶松树种分布格局影响较显著。3)不同抚育采伐方式对龄级1活立木分布格局影响显著,渐伐对龄级2活立木分布格局影响较小,而皆伐对龄级2活立木分布格局影响显著,抚育渐伐对龄级3活立木分布格局影响不明显。     

闽楠阔叶树林冠下造林幼树生长效果分析

试验采用闽楠容器苗在阔叶树林冠下进行不同郁闭度(0.2~0.4、0.4~0.6、0.6~0.8)、不同坡向(阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡)造林比较试验,结果表明:不同郁闭度对闽楠造林成活率、保存率的影响不显著,郁闭度0.2~0.4、0.4~0.6、0.6~0.8的当年造林成活率分别达90.2%、90.6%、90.1%,保存率分别达86.1%、86.5%、86.2%;不同郁闭度对闽楠幼树生长的影响极为显著,平均地径、平均树高生长量均以郁闭度0.4~0.6最高,分别达1.38㎝、1.32m。不同坡向对闽楠造林成活率、保存率的影响不显著,阳坡、半阳坡、阴坡的当年造林成活率分别达90.1%、90.6%、90.0%,保存率分别达85.9%、86.4%、86.0%。不同坡向对闽楠幼树生长的影响极为显著,平均地径、平均树高生长量均以半阳坡最高,分别达1.39㎝、1.31m。     

川西亚高山岷江冷杉种群的空间格局分析

在择伐40年后的红桦-岷江冷杉次生林样地中,调查所有岷江冷杉个体的坐标、胸径和高度,根据胸径和树高将岷江冷杉分5个大小级。用点格局分析法(Ripley’s K函数)分析种群的空间分布格局和种内不同龄级个体的空间关联。结果表明:岷江冷杉是个聚集型分布的种群,各龄级在多数尺度下呈聚集分布;随着尺度增大聚集强度先增大后减小,趋于随机分布,存在过渡到随机分布的特定尺度;大龄级个体的聚集分布可能主要取决于20世纪60年代的择伐干扰,小龄级个体的聚集分布可能与其母树种子散布的方式相关;各龄级间在小尺度范围内正关联较强,随尺度增大,空间关联趋于零,在所有尺度上都未出现负关联,种内关系协调;大树与中树在所有尺度上均是正关联;幼苗仅在7m的尺度内和幼树正关联,在所有尺度下和大树、中树和小树都不关联,相对独立于大龄级个体而存在。结合种群空间属性和不同生长阶段特性,可进行相应的人为干扰,以促进群落向择伐前的箭竹岷江冷杉林进展演替。     

兴安落叶松过伐林枯立木分布格局特征分析

以内蒙古根河林业局潮查林场境内的在20世纪80年代初主伐利用后形成的兴安落叶松过伐林为研究对象,利用兴安落叶松林8块标准地每木定位数据,分析林木分布格局和样方(5 m×5 m)林木株数对枯立木株数影响,探讨了林分大树和更新幼树位置与枯立木位置的关系,阐明了枯立木分布格局形成机制。结果表明:1)各树种枯立木比例,随树种组成成数增加而增大。枯立木主要在更新幼树阶段形成,径级分布集中在4径阶以下,其株数占总数的比例平均达82.2%。在更新幼树(含枯立木)中,生成枯立木的比例平均达8.8%。2)枯立木分布格局为聚集分布。林木分布格局、样方林木株数和更新株数与枯立木株数有显著正相关关系,林木分布格局对枯立木分布格局无显著影响。林木聚集度越大,形成枯立木的可能性越大,数量也就越多。3)枯立木位置与更新幼树和大树位置有显著相关关系。主要表现为落叶松和白桦相互关系。枯立木出现位置主要在大树和更新幼树集聚区域。大树对枯立木形成影响较更新幼树大,而且均以落叶松较白桦明显。白桦更新幼树对落叶松枯立木的形成,无显著影响。受影响的枯立木主要是枯立木株数中所占比例和树种组成成数较高的树种。影响枯立木位置的林木主要取决于其样方内位置和林木株数。     

额济纳胡杨空间分布格局及其与微生境异质性的关系研究

通过地统计学与方差分解等方法,对额济纳二道桥胡杨幼苗、幼树、成树以及微生境因子的分布格局进行研究。结果表明:受不同生活史阶段和微生境异质性的影响,胡杨幼苗趋于聚集分布,而幼树、成树则表现为随机分布;土壤全氮、含水率、全盐表现出显著的空间自相关结构,在空间上表现为聚集分布;胡杨幼苗的空间分布与土壤全盐含量呈负相关,而成树与土壤全氮、全盐显著正相关;环境因素与空间因素是影响胡杨种群分布格局的2个重要原因。     

章古台沙地3种松树人工林天然更新比较

通过对章古台沙地樟子松、赤松、油松人工林天然更新规律、密度、生长指标的测定及覆盖对其1年生幼苗越冬保存率影响的研究,结果表明：1、种松树人工林更新方式主要为林隙翌新和林缘更新,赤松有林下更新。降水量的大小显著影响天然更新密度和越冬保存率,降水量大的年份天然更新密度大、越冬保存率高。试验地内1年生幼苗天然更新的密度大小为赤松〉樟子松〉油松;自然越冬保存率大小为油松〉赤松〉樟子松。围封区内自然越冬存活下来的2年生以上幼树天然更新的密度大小为赤松〉油松〉樟子松。7年生林缘天然更新3树种生长指标大小分别为树高——赤松〉油松〉樟子松,地径——油松〉樟子松〉赤松,侧枝数和枝条总生长量——油松〉赤松〉樟子松。1年生幼苗经覆盖后越冬保存率远高于未覆盖的,因此应采取覆盖等人工促进措施,保证樟子松、赤松、油松1年生幼苗安全越冬。     

天山云杉林优势种空间格局及其空间关联性

在天山西部典型天山云杉林中系统布设监测样方,研究乔灌木层优势种空间结构、天山云杉个体间及其与林下忍冬层空间关联性。结果表明:天山云杉胸径分布呈倒"J"型分布;天山云杉整个种群及不同大小径级空间分布差异较大;忍冬除小尺度上(1～36 m)呈聚集分布外,其它尺度上表现为随机分布;天山云杉和忍冬在1～28 m呈正相关关系,上下层竞争不明显,表现为共生或伴生;天山云杉除幼树和小树外,其它个体之间无显著空间关联性,空间上表现为独立分布特性。旅游、放牧等引起的森林小气候变化导致风干扰增加的可能性存在。     

Damage by pine weevil Hylobius abietis to conifer seedlings after shelterwood removal

Abstract

Pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) damage to seedlings after overstorey removal was investigated in a survey study in six shelterwoods in the south–central part of Sweden. The shelterwoods predominantly consisted of Scots pine, except at one site where the shelter trees mainly consisted of Norway spruce. Before final cutting, 10 plots were laid out at each site and measurements of shelter trees and marked seedlings were taken. The seedlings were examined during the 2 years after final cutting. The study showed that removal of shelter trees increases the risk of severe damage by pine weevil and the variable that was most strongly correlated with the risk was the seedling root collar diameter. Both Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings were severely damaged by pine weevil, and most of the feeding occurred during the first year after cutting. The amount of debarked area was significantly larger for Scots pine than for Norway spruce seedlings. Vitality (growth of the leading shoot before final cutting) of the seedlings also affected the probability of damage. Seedlings with high vitality were less damaged by pine weevil than seedlings with low vitality. For Scots pine the shelterwood density before final cutting was correlated to the intensity of pine weevil feeding after cutting. In conclusion, after the final cutting of a pine or spruce shelterwood, pine weevils will probably invade the area. To avoid serious damage, Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings should have reached a diameter of at least 10–12 mm.     

Responses of in vitro grown pine seedlings to infection by four strains of Heterobasidion annosum1

Scots pine seedlings growing in pure cultures were inoculated with 4 isolates of Heterobasidion annosum. Significant variation in resistance to this pathogen was observed within and among progenies of pine trees selected at two different locations. Mycorrhizal synthesis occurred more frequently in cases where seedlings were inoculated with less pathogenic isolates of the pathogen.     

Growth in supplementarily planted Picea abies regenerations

Abstract

An experiment was established in 1978 in two Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plantations in southern Sweden to study yield after mortality in patches with and without supplementarily planted (SP) seedlings. Gaps of different sizes were created by removing the originally planted seedlings. The gaps were either left unplanted or a supplementary planting was performed with one of four species [Norway spruce, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl.) or hybrid larch (Larix deciduas Mill×L. Leptolepis Gord.)] 2 (at Knäred) or 6 years (at Ullasjö) after the original plantation. In 2002, most of the SP Scots pine, lodgepole pine and hybrid larch seedlings were dead or severely damaged by roe deer and moose. Survival was high among SP Norway spruces, but they had slower growth than the originally planted spruces. Growth was lower at Ullasjö than at Knäred. In Ullasjö, growth was lower in small gaps than in large gaps. Trees in original regeneration in areas surrounding unplanted gaps were larger than trees surrounding gaps with SP seedlings, which in turn were larger than originally planted trees in plots without gaps. In conclusion, because the original plantation surrounding unplanted gaps used a large part of the open space and growth of SP seedlings was slow, supplementary planting resulted in an insignificant growth increase. However, supplementary planting may increase the timber quality of trees surrounding the gaps, although this effect remains to be quantified.     

Photosynthesis and root respiration of Pinus sylvestris and picea abies seedlings after different root freezing and storage temperatures

Photosynthetic performance and root respiration were measured for seedlings of Scots pine and Norway spruce under constant conditions in an open gas exchange system in the laboratory. Measurements were carried out after root exposure to ‐20, ‐5 and 0°C and subsequent longtime storage in darkness at +1 or +4°C. Stomatal conductance in relation to net photosynthetic rates was also investigated after the same treatment of seedlings. Root respiration was low for seedlings whose root system had been exposed to ‐20°C, Scots pine showing lower rates than Norway spruce. This was probably an indication of root damage. At least for one provenance of Scots pine, respiration rates were higher for seedlings stored at +1 than at +4°C. Photosynthetic performance was also lowest for seedlings whose roots had been exposed to +20°C compared to higher temperatures, the difference being more clear‐cut for Norway spruce than for Scots pine. Storage at +1 gave slightly higher photosynthetic rates than at +4°C. There was a close relation between stomatal conductance measured on individual needles and photosynthetic performance measured on the whole seedling.     

Height growth of planted conifer seedlings in relation to solar radiation and position in Scots pine shelterwood

Seedlings of different provenances of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl., var. latifolia Engelm.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were planted in three Scots pine shelterwoods (125, 65 and 43 stems ha⁻¹) and a clear-cut, all in northern Sweden. The sites were mounded and planting took place during 2 consecutive years (1988 and 1989). The solar radiation experienced by the individual seedlings was determined using a simulation model. Height development of the seedlings was examined during their first 6 years after planting. During the final 3 years of the study, height growth of Norway spruce was relatively poor, both in the shelterwoods and the clear-cut area. Height growth of lodgepole pine was significantly greater than that of Scots pine, both in the shelterwoods and the clear-cut. In contrast to Norway spruce, Scots pine and lodgepole pine displayed significantly greater height growth in the clear-cut than in the shelterwoods. For all three species in the shelterwoods, regression analyses showed that height growth was more strongly correlated with the distance to the nearest tree than with the amount of radiation reaching the ground, i.e. growth was reduced in the vicinity of shelter trees. Therefore, we conclude that the significant reduction in height growth of seedlings of Scots pine and lodgepole pine in Scots pine shelterwoods was partially caused by factors associated with the distance to the nearest shelter tree. Because the substrate was a nitrogen-poor sandy soil, we suggest that root competition for mineral nutrients, especially nitrogen, accounts for the reduction in height growth.     

From planting to 26 years of age – actual growth and estimated volume scenarios for spruces and pines

The objective of this study was to compare the survival and volume of conifer stands at 26 years of age with their status at planting. Survival, growth and damage were studied in eight clear felled stands regenerated in 1972. Five of the areas were planted with Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and three with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The plantings were examined in 1972 and 1974. In 1974, the number of living undamaged planted seedlings was low (10–15%). However, the number of undamaged seedlings was supplemented by naturally regenerated conifer and birch seedlings. The total number of undamaged seedling in 1974 was equivalent to 20–30% of the number of seedlings planted. In 1998, the main species in three stands had changed from Norway spruce to Scots pine, and in one stand from Norway spruce to birches. Actual volume in 1998 for the stands was compared to stand volume generate according to five scenarios based on recommended and actual seedling number in 1972 and 1974. The actual volume was 64% of that expected if the recommended number of trees had been planted. Naturally regenerated Scots pine and Norway spruce increased stand density in 1998. The actual volume was 37% higher than the average volume in the surrounding county. On average, 36% of the trees were damaged. More than 50% of the total damage was caused by moose (Alces alces L.). For Scots pine, moose or other browsing animals damaged 30% of the trees. The results of this study indicate that the 1998 volume was higher than expected, considering the low number of undamaged seedlings in 1974. This was mainly due to the large amount of naturally regenerated plants. In addition, the results indicate that the volume could have been higher if the initial conditions had been better. Despite the low number of undamaged seedlings in 1974, seven of the eight studied stands produced a higher volume than the average stand for the region. In practise, high numbers of seedlings should be planted on scarified areas. In most cases there will be a supply of naturally regenerated seedlings.     

沙地樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型

【目的】构建具有清晰空间结构的樟子松天然更新幼苗空间分布模型,阐明沙地樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布特征,为重要固沙乔木樟子松天然更新和扩张方向预测提供参考依据。【方法】以呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松散生单木为研究对象,利用VonMises分布和韦伯分布构建具有清晰空间结构的樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗分布模型。基于10株散生樟子松母树及其1374株更新幼苗观测数据,采用由最小二乘法估计模型参数,并应用模型随机模拟樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗的空间分布状况。【结果】1)樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗分布符合Janzen-Connell假说,但更新幼苗分布具有明显的方向性,主要分布在方位角(正北为0°,顺时针旋转)为0°~127°和216°~360°2个区间中,更新幼苗与母树的距离集中在0.37~10.95m,树龄较高的幼苗主要分布在距离母树较远的地方;樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型由更新幼苗数量模型、方向分布模型和距离分布模型构成,基于模型发现,樟子松天然更新幼苗的平均扩散方向为北偏东16°,平均扩散距离为5.37m;应用樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗模型模拟地径为70cm的樟子松母树更新幼苗群体空间格局,生成的樟子松单木天然更新幼苗共97株,模拟的更新幼苗空间分布与观测一致。【结论】樟子松散生单木天然更新幼苗在扩散距离上符合Janzen-Connell假说,但分布具有方向性,绝大部分幼苗分布在母树北面。樟子松幼苗存活要求较低的太阳辐射微环境,没有遮荫的环境不利于天然更新。樟子松散生单木的天然更新幼苗空间分布模型可清晰描述单株樟子松周围更新幼苗的空间格局。     

Canopy reduction as a possible measure for adaptation of young Scots pine stand to insufficient precipitation in Central Europe

Climate change towards a warmer and dryer vegetation period may negatively impact growing conditions for Scots pine monocultures situated on dry, sandy soils in Central Europe. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of thinning on precipitation throughfall in young Scots pine stands on typical pine sites. In 1992, observation of precipitation and throughfall started at the Tyniště research site (lowland of Eastern Bohemia) in a 7-year-old pine stand planted in rows at a stocking of ca 10,000 trees ha⁻¹. Throughfall was measured at weekly intervals during the growing season (April-September) by gauges randomly located in two treatments - variant 1C - Control without thinning and variant 2T - Thinned - and compared to precipitation at an open space outside of the canopy. The results demonstrated the positive effects of heavy low thinning (removal of 47% of the total number of trees and 31% of total pre-treatment basal area) on the water supply of young Scots pine stands. On the Thinned treatment, throughfall increased by 2-8% compared to Control plot. This positive effect persisted for six years after the first canopy reduction and the differences were significant for the first four years after thinning. After the second treatment (high thinning), throughfall on the Thinned treatment showed a nominal, but statistically insignificant increase. The likely reason for this result is that the application of a different type of thinning increased the variability of the canopy and, consequently, the effect of released crowns could not be detected.     

Blue wild-rye grass competition increases the effect of ozone on ponderosa pine seedlings

Individual ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.) seedlings were grown in mesocosms with three densities of blue wild-rye grass (Elymus glaucus Buckl.) (equivalent to 0, 32 or 88 plants m-2) to determine if the presence of a natural competitor alters the response of ponderosa pine seedlings to ozone. After 3 years of ozone exposure, grass presence reduced total ponderosa pine dry mass by nearly 50%, whereas ozone alone had no significant effect on ponderosa pine growth. The combination of ozone and grass further reduced needle, stem and branch dry mass significantly below that induced by grass competition alone. Root:shoot ratios increased in response to the combined grass and ozone treatments. Grass competition significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in all ponderosa pine tissue components examined. Starch concentrations were highly variable but did not differ significantly between treatments. Ozone significantly reduced soluble sugar concentrations in fine roots and stems. In the absence of grass, ozone-treated seedlings tended to have higher tissue N concentrations than controls. In the presence of grass, ozone-treated seedlings had lower N concentrations than controls, resulting in a significant interaction between these two stresses in 1- and 2-year-old needles. Needle C:N ratios decreased in response to grass competition, as a result of increased N concentration and no change in C concentration. The opposite response was observed in ozone-treated seedlings as a result of decreased N concentrations, indicating that ozone-treated seedlings were unable to take up or retain as much nitrogen when grown in the presence of grass. We conclude that ponderosa pine seedlings are more susceptible to ozone when grown in competition with blue wild-rye grass.     

Snow-packing as a potential harmful factor on Picea abies,Pinus sylvestris and Betula pubescens at high altitude in northern Finland

Snow-packing, a combination of ice, hoarfrost and snow on trees, and the subsequent tree damage by snow, were estimated on Norway spruce (Picea abies), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), and pubescent birch (Betula pubescens) in the winter of 1993-94 in southern Lapland, northern Finland, near the local alpine timberline around 400 m a.s.l. Snow-packing on each fully sized tree increased from a few hundred kilograms at 150–250 m a.s.l. to a maximum of 3290 kg at 300–350 m a.s.l. At 300 m a.s.l., snow-packing per metre of stem increased from 30 to 50 kg on trees < 5 m in height up to 180–200 kg on 20-m trees. There was 300 000-480 000 kg/ha of snow accumulated on tree crowns. No stem breakage by snow-packing occurred at or below 250 m a.s.l., whereas at 290–350 m a.s.l., 0-46%, 39-100%, and 0–33% of the spruce, pine and birch trees, respectively, had broken tops. Birch appeared to be the most resistant and pine the most susceptible to snow breakage.