四川省经济增长与人口就业的实证分析

进入90年代以来,我国出现了经济增长与就业不同步现象,本文运用静态和动态分析方法对四川省经济增长与就业之间的关系进行实证分析,试从中国西部一个人口大省的角度,找出经济增长与就业之间出现悖论的问题本质。     

内蒙古人口就业与经济增长的实证分析

人口就业与经济增长有着密切的关系。我们通过建立回归分析模型 ,分析 1985年至 2 0 0 1年期间内蒙古人口就业与经济增长的数量关系 ,使我们了解近年来内蒙古就业增长的基本状况 ,为今后解决就业问题提供参考建议     

人口健康与中国长期经济增长关系的实证研究

文章在协整理论框架下对中国健康水平与长期经济增长关系进行了实证分析.结果显示,在中国过去的50多年里,健康水平的改善不仅是经济增长的副产品,更是长期经济增长的促进因素.研究表明,教育水平的提高不能代替健康水平提高对经济增长的作用,教育与健康作为人力资本的两个方面是紧密结合的,共同作用于长期经济增长.     

有效就业与经济增长的关系——基于时间序列数据的协整检验

本文从有效就业的视角对我国经济增长与失业之间的关系进行的研究认为,我国企业储备了大量的无效就业人员,有效就业率低,是奥肯定律失效的微观原因。对有效就业与经济增长的协整检验表明:90年代中期以来,我国经济增长和有效就业之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系,表现出协同变化的一致性。     

我国人口与经济增长稳定关系的实证分析（1953-2000）

改革开放前,我国人口数量和人口密度的增加推动了经济增长,人口与经济增长具有长期稳定关系;改革开放后,大部分地区的人口逐渐趋向于成为经济增长中的一个外生变量。在1953-2000年间,我国经济发展相对落后地区(以西藏为代表)的人口与经济增长存在长期稳定关系,人口数量和人口密度的增加对经济增长有正的效应。总体来看,在我国经济发展的较低阶段,人口与经济增长一般存在长期稳定关系,但当经济发展到较高阶段时,人口与经济增长可能不存在稳定关系。     

东北经济增长与人口就业相关性的判定及对策研究

奥肯定律认为经济增长与失业率呈负相关关系,而统计数据分析显示东北经济增长与就业增长之间存在明显的非一致性。究其原因主要在于东北正处于国有企业改革和产业结构调整时期,面临人口压力且城乡二元结构显著。东北要实现经济增长和扩大就业两者之间的良性互动,需要在注重经济增长速度和质量的同时,把增加就业岗位放在更加优先的位置去考虑。在大力推进产业结构调整、建立和完善劳动力市场的同时,通过加强职业技术培训等手段来实现东北经济社会的可持续发展。     

我国人口素质与经济增长关系实证分析

本文在对人口素质的概念进行讨论及其构成进行分析的基础上．阐述了国内关于人口素质与经济增长关系的研究现状,而且使用离散系数法测度我国的人口素质水平,并将其作为一个变量引入生产函数,对我国人口素质与经济增长间的关系进行了实证研究,从定量角度说明了人口素质对社会经济发展的意义。     

对经济增长促进就业问题的思考

我国就业问题随着经济危机的爆发愈演愈烈,如何改变当前的就业现状成为我们迫切需要解决的问题.传统认为经济增长可以促进就业的观点得到越来越多.的挑战,针对当前学术界对我国经济的增长是否对改善目前的就业现状提出的疑问,本文通过验证经济增长对就业的影响,得出经济增长没有带动就业的结论,并从经济增长和就业两个角度出发,通过分析经济增长的内在问题及劳动力市场各经济主体内在问题,找出上述结论的主要原因,并提出相应的政策建议.     

中国人口转变、人口红利与经济增长的实证

我国人口年龄结构的变动使得劳动负担逐渐下降,这对于储蓄水平的上升和劳动力投入效率的提高具有显著的促进作用;我国劳动负担比与经济增长呈现出明显的负相关,劳动负担比每下降1个百分点,经济增长将提高1.06个百分点,在过去的30年里劳动负担降低累计带来的经济增长占总增长的27.23%。通过计量检验证明人口年龄结构变动所产生的促进经济增长的人口红利是存在的。由此我们推断,由于未来的人口年龄结构变动趋向人口老龄化,劳动负担逐步上升,这将会对未来的经济增长造成制约。利用未来10～20年时间较轻的劳动负担的机遇期,我们应当建立良好的教育、人力资本投资、社会保障等方面的制度以及制定积极的人口政策,调整当前生育政策、适时执行宏观经济政策(劳动就业政策)来应对已发生的、正在进行的人口变动,使我国的经济继续保持强有力的增长态势。     

我国人口增长的经济教育因素的实证分析

本文以相关理论为基础,通过对影响人口增长的经济和教育因素进行计量分析,建立了人口增长与经济增长、教育水平、收入分配差距三者之间的计量经济模型,分析得出结论:我国当前的收入分配不平等是促进人口增长的一个重要因素,而经济增长和教育水平的提高则是对人口增长的抑制因素。     

我国区际劳动力流动对经济增长的影响—就业结构变动效应的视角

改革开放以来,大量劳动力由中西部地区的农业部门流向东部沿海发达地区的非农部门,同步实现劳动力的乡城迁移和产业转移,这既是我国市场经济发展、二元经济结构转换的必然结果,也是支撑我国国民经济增长的一个重要机制。研究结果表明。80年代中期以来,随着我国区际劳动力流动日益活跃,劳动力就业结构效应对国民经济总量增长的贡献率呈加强趋势。消除限制区际劳动力流动的各种障碍,进一步增强我国区域问劳动力流动性,是促进国民经济持续快速发展的应时之举。     

就业、就业形势与就业对策——人口学视角的思考

本文从人口学角度入手分析我国就业问题,认为就业的内涵需要拓展;从人口发展形势分析,就业形势极其严峻,就业问题难以得到根本解决;人口学角度出发的缓解就业的对策包括普及高中阶段教育和实行城市妇女（部分人口）阶段性就业,并认为阶段性就业与社会性别平等并无冲突,而是对其有益的补充。     

Age structure and economic policy: The case of saving and growth

The age structure of the population affects aggregate saving, which affects growth through investment. Growth in turn is influenced by other age structure effects and feeds back into aggregate saving by well known life cycle mechanisms. Some of these feedbacks are generally ignored in empirical work. Especially the age structure effect on macroeconomic variables is a commonly overlooked, yet easily accessible factor useful for prediction, policy evaluation and design. The connection between age structure, savings and growth in the OECD from 1950 to 1990 illustrates how policy analysis that ignores the macroeconomic effects and feedbacks from age structure changes is liable to lead to faulty and potentially costly conclusions about policy issues.     

International migration and economic growth: a source country perspective

This study analyzes the impact of international migration on economic growth of a source country in a stochastic setting. The model accounts for endogenous fertility decisions and distinguishes between public and private schooling systems. We find that economic growth crucially depends on the international migration since the migration possibility will affect fertility decisions and school expenditures. Relaxation of restrictions on the emigration of high-skilled workers will damage the economic growth of a source country in the long run, although a ‘brain gain’ may happen in the short run. Furthermore, the growth rate of a source country under a private education regime will be more sensitive to the probability of migration than a country under a public education regime.

The effects of economic and population growth on national saving and inequality

This is a progress report on ongoing research into the effects of economic and population growth on national saving rates and inequality. The theoretical basis for the investigation is the life cycle model of saving and inequality. We report evidence that is conditional on the validity of the model, as well as evidence that casts doubt on it. Using time series of cross-sectional household surveys from Taiwan, Thailand, Britain, and the United States, we show that it is possible to force a life cycle interpretation on the data on consumption, income, and saving, but that the evidence is not consistent with large rate-of-growth effects, whereby economic and population growth enhances rates of national saving. The well-established cross-country link between economic growth and saving cannot be attributed to life cycle saving, nor will changes in economic or population growth exert large effects on saving within individual countries. There is evidence in favor of the life cycle model’s prediction that within-cohort inequality of consumption and of total income—though not necessarily inequality of earnings-—should increase with the age of the cohort. Decreases in the population growth rate redistribute population toward older, more unequal, cohorts, and can increase national inequality. We provide calculations on the magnitude of these effects.     

结构转变、制度变迁下的人口红利与经济增长

已有的对人口红利影响经济增长的实证研究未将结构和制度的重大变革纳入模型,这与东亚及我国经济增长的现实不符。本文通过在模型中纳入结构转变和制度变迁变量,用1978～2008年的数据进行误差修正分析,计算出在结构转变和制度变迁的背景下,我国人口红利及各要素对经济增长的影响。结果发现,固定资产投资对我国经济增长的影响程度最大,其次是技术进步,第三是制度变迁,结构变化的影响也很显著。人口红利的影响也较显著,但是其对经济增长解释力度较小。因此随着人口红利的逐渐消失,未来的经济增长更需要依靠投资、技术进步、结构变迁和制度变革。     

The integration and coordination of strategies for population growth and economic development]

Strategies on population growth are the guiding principles for population reproduction and activity. A strategy for economic development is the fundamental policy directing all the economic activities of the nation. These 2 strategies are closely related and support each other. They share some common grounds: 1) with a large population and a high percentage of the population being peasant, the labor productivity remains rather low, and population pressure on the economy is intense; 2) when a country has large territory and rich natural resources, the average arable land for each individual is still not much, and some available resources for each individual are also limited; and 3) the distribution of the population is out of balance. The areas with a higher population density receive more pressure on their economy. This situation explains the need to improve the population distribution. Labor resources should match reasonable with natural resources in order to reduce the pressure on areas with a high population density. Because of the labor's low level professional skill and poor management, modernized constructions have met with serious troubles. Moreover, the traditional view on population and population growth also needs correction. In order to integrate and coordinate these 2 strategies, one needs to understand correctly the connection between the two, and also understand the effects of the economy on the population. In the 2nd step, we need to pay attention to how to control the size of population and improve quality in order to match modernized production patterns. The balance between the two should be achieved with constant efforts. In population growth strategy, efforts are needed to limit quantity, improve quality, adjust the population structure, and redesign the geographical distribution of the population. In the economic development strategy, efforts are needed to promote economic effectiveness, a balanced development and a sustained growth for the national economy, in order to increase industrial and agricultural production and provide more income for each individual.     

On demographic transition,structural change,and economic growth and stagnation

The paper analyzes an economy with an agrarian and an industrial sector. Demand is determined by Engel's Law. Population growth follows a non‐linear income dependent path according to the theory of demographic transition. In case of decreasing returns to scale in the agrarian sector the existence of a stable low‐income equilibrium with high population growth can be shown. If this equilibrium is globally unstable, the system evolves towards a steady‐state of perpetual economic growth and low population growth. The path of demographic transition coincides with a path of structural change from an economy specialized in agriculture to a fully industrialized economy. The introduction of an income dependent savings rate allows the interpretation of the low‐income equilibrium as a limit cycle and, therefore, the explanation of high fluctuations in population growth and per capita income in least developed economies.     

改革以来中国劳动生产率的增长因素：基于产业结构的分析

改革开放以来,伴随着经济的快速成长,我国的劳动生产率在迅速提高。本文利用指数方法,从产业结构的角度实证分析了改革以来我国劳动生产率的增长因素。结果发现．劳动生产率增长的主要来自产业内部的纯生产率效应,而就业结构变动的贡献既不稳定,也不显著。在产业间劳动生产率差距不断扩大的背景下,本文最后讨论了我国劳动生产率增长中就业结构变动贡献不足的原因。     

Theory of population and modern economic analysis. I

In this paper an attempt is made to re-cast the Malthusian doctrine in terms of the concepts of modern economic analysis.