依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病大鼠神经保护的机制

目的 探讨依达拉奉对糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)大鼠神经保护的机制.方法 采用链脲佐菌素(STZ)一次性腹腔注射诱导建立SD大鼠DPN模型,并随机分为对照组和治疗组(各10只);治疗组给予依达拉奉3 mg/(kg·d)腹腔注射共4周.观察摆尾温度阈值(TTT)、坐骨神经运动神经传导速度(MCV)、感觉神经传导速度(SCV);应用酶标法及免疫组化法分别检测坐骨神经半胱氨酸蛋白酶( caspase)-3和Bcl-2表达水平,并与正常组(10只)比较.结果 与正常组比较,对照组大鼠TTT明显升高,MCV和SCV明显减慢,坐骨神经caspase-3和Bcl-2表达水平明显增高(均P＜0.01);与对照组比较,治疗组大鼠TTT明显降低,MCV和SCV明显提高(均P＜0.01);坐骨神经caspase-3表达水平明显降低,Bcl-2表达水平明显增高(均P＜0.05).结论 依达拉奉可以减轻DPN大鼠坐骨神经损伤,其机制可能与其降低周围神经caspase-3表达和增强Bcl-2表达有关.     

糖尿病周围神经病患者上肢受累神经的分布特点

目的 探讨糖尿病周围神经病(DPN)患者上肢受累神经的分布特点.方法 应用神经电图对98例DPN患者及32名正常对照者的正中神经、尺神经及桡神经的感觉神经传导速度(SCV)及波幅(SNAP)、运动神经传导速度(MCV)及波幅(CAMP)进行检测,分析DPN患者上肢受累神经的分布特点.结果 (1)与正常对照组比较,DPN组正中神经、尺神经及桡神经SCV和MCV明显降低(P<0.05～0.01);(2)DPN组正中神经SCV、SNAP、MCV及CAMP的异常率明显高于尺神经及桡神经(均P<0.05).结论 DPN患者上肢正中神经更易受累.     

糖尿病周围神经病的神经传导速度测定

目的 观察糖尿病患者的神经传导速度在诊断周围神经病变的应用价值.方法 对我院2009-01-2011-12收治的658例糖尿病患者进行神经传导速度测定常规糖尿病周围神经病变的筛查,分析各神经传导功能以及感觉传导速度和运动传导速度、潜伏期、波幅、波宽、波形等.结果 有四肢远端麻木、刺痛等症状者周围神经病变的阳性率较高,糖尿病病程5 a以上者阳性率也较高.胫后神经病变在四肢神经病变中最常见,其次为腓总神经.传导速度的波幅下降最为灵敏,波形和波宽的变化也较为明显.结论 检测糖尿病患者的神经传导速度可用于周围神经病变的诊断,神经传导速度的变化对周围神经病变具有重要意义.     

糖尿病周围神经病预防和治疗

糖尿病周围神经病预防和治疗郭玉璞随着科学技术的进步、经济的发展、人民生活条件的改善、寿命的延长，人类疾病谱的防治重点也由过去以感染性或传染性疾病转移到非传染性慢性病方面。糖尿病及其并发症也是可预防的慢性病之一，因此研究和防治糖尿病周围神经病十分重要。...     

糖尿病周围神经病的研究进展

糖尿病（DM）是累及全身多系统和器官的最常见的慢性疾病之一，全世界有l亿多DM患者。“DM如果没有并发症，将不再是重大的健康问题”，这一观点已是不同学科医生的共识。DM神经病通常指伴有DM的各种周围神经病，其中远端对称性感觉运动性多发性周围神经病最常见，几乎占47％～91％，大多数报道在60％左右。近年来随着对DM并发症的重视和诊断技术的发展，人们除了对DM痛性神经病和自主神经病越来越重视以外，还提出了DM前或糖耐量异常周围神经病和胰岛素介导的周围神经病。     

糖尿病前期周围神经病的神经电生理研究

目的 探讨神经电生理(神经传导、F波及皮肤交感反应)检查对糖尿病前期周围神经病的诊断价值。方法 选取100例糖尿病前期患者、50例糖尿病患者及50例健康志愿者,糖尿病前期患者又分为糖耐量异常及空腹血糖受损组,分别为55例及45例; 对上述对象进行四肢神经传导(Nerve conduction studies, NCS)、F波、皮肤交感反应(Skin sympathetic response,SSR)检查。结果(1)糖耐量异常组正中神经感觉动作电位(Sensory nerve active potential,SNAP)、胫后和腓总神经SNAP及感觉传导速度(Sensory nerve conduction velocity,SCV)均低于正常对照组及空腹血糖受损组,空腹血糖受损组腓总神经SNAP、胫后神经SCV均低于正常对照组(P均<0.05);(2)空腹血糖受损组、糖耐量异常组上肢及下肢SSR波幅均低于正常对照组(P均<0.05),糖耐量异常组下肢SSR波幅低于空腹血糖受损组(P均<0.05);(3)糖耐量异常组F波、感觉神经NCS,SSR异常的比例多于正常对照组,空腹血糖受损组SSR异常比例多于正常对照组,糖耐量异常组感觉神经NCS异常的比例多于空腹血糖受损组(P均<0.05)。结论 糖尿病前期患者存在周围有髓鞘大感觉神经纤维及无髓鞘小神经纤维损害,其中糖耐量异常患者周围神经损害重于空腹血糖受损患者,电生理检查以感觉神经NCS及SSR异常为主,利用神经电生理技术利于其周围神经损害的早期诊断。     

糖尿病周围神经病的手术治疗

目的探讨Dellon三联周围神经减压术（腓总神经、腓深神经及胫后神经减压术）治疗糖尿病周围神经病（DPN）下肢病变的手术疗效。方法分析2006年7月～2011年11月采用Dellon三联周围神经减压手术治疗的40例（DPN）患者的资料,观察他们的临床特点、手术方法、手术效果和随访结果。结果临床表现以渐进性小腿和足底、足背部麻木起病者35例,以渐进性疼痛起病者5例。术后下肢麻木症状缓解率90％,术后下肢疼痛症状缓解率92％。术后平均随访12个月临床症状缓解的所有患者病情稳定,1例患者术后1个月出现足底部分区域疼痛缓解后再次出现疼痛,其余病人症状无复发或加重。结论Dellon三联周围神经减压术对于（DPN）缓解疼痛、恢复感觉有较好疗效,是一种安全、有效、微创治疗新技术和新方法。     

肌电图对糖尿病周围神经病的诊断价值

目的：探讨神经肌电图在糖尿病性周围神经病（DPN ）诊断中的应用价值。方法：选择我院2012年1月～2014年6月收治的200例DPN患者的临床资料,分析肌电诱发电位仪对患者的相关神经进行检测的结果。结果：在200例DPN患者中,神经电图总异常率高达71．5％。且随着病程的延长,其EM G异常率的发生逐渐增加。病程在1年以内的患者EM G异常率为40．8％,而病程在10年以上者异常率达到92．2％。病程在1年以内的患者H反射异常率为46．9％,而病程在10年以上者H反射异常率达到94％。其次是腓总神经运动传导速度（MCV）、腓浅神经感觉传导速度（SCV）异常率,分别是43．1％和58．8％,均超过40％。EM G结果提示：病程＜1年组拇短展肌、肱二头肌、胫前肌、趾总伸肌EM G异常率均为0,病程≥10年组异常率分别为17．6％、9．8％、21．5％、31．4％,同样随病程延长而异常率增加。结论：EM G在诊断DPN中具有较高的准确性,有利于早期发现和进行治疗。     

实验性糖尿病周围神经病大鼠脊髓及背根神经节CGRP、VIP表达变化

目的通过观察糖尿病大鼠周围神经形态学的变化以及脊髓、背根神经节中降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)表达变化,以探讨神经肽在糖尿病性神经病中所起的作用。方法Wistar大鼠模型的建立:采用腹腔一次性注射pH4.4枸橼酸钠缓冲液配制的1.25%链脲佐菌素(Streptozotocin STZ)制成糖尿病周围神经病大鼠。用ABC免疫组化方法观察8周和12周大鼠降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)在脊髓及背根神经节的表达。结果糖尿病大鼠8周和12周时背根神经节、12周时脊髓CGRP、VIP表达下降(P<0.05),糖尿病大鼠脊髓8周时CGRP、VIP表达与正常大鼠比无明显差别。结论CGRP和VIP参与了糖尿病周围神经病的发病,糖尿病对大鼠背根神经节CGRP、VIP的表达影响更早。     

Signs and symptoms versus nerve conduction studies to diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy: Cl vs. NPhys trial

The purpose was to test whether physicians can validly and reproducibly diagnose diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN). Twelve physicians assessed 24 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) on consecutive days (576 examinations) with physical features and voice disguised. Results were compared to gold standard 75% group diagnosis (dx) and a nerve conduction score (Σ5 NC nds). Masking of patients was achieved. Reproducibility measured by the kappa coefficient and compared to Σ5 NC nd varied considerably among physicians: median and ranges: signs 0.8 (0.32–1.0); symptoms 0.79 (0.36–1.0), and diagnoses 0.47 (0.33–0.84), both low and high scores indicating poor performance. There was substantial agreement between 75% group dx and confirmed NC abnormality (abn). As compared to Σ5 NC, individual physicians' clinical dx was excessively variable and frequently inaccurate. Study physician dx from signs and symptoms were excessively variable, often overestimating DSPN. Specific approaches to improving clinical proficiency should be tested. Muscle Nerve 42:157–164, 2010     

Sensory testing versus nerve conduction velocity in diabetic polyneuropathy.

We sought to evaluate the utility of quantitative sensory testing (QST) and nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies as measures of distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP). We studied 36 diabetic patients divided into four clinical categories of increasing severity. QST included thermal testing and vibration thresholds. NCV studies included median, peroneal, and sural nerves. Results of QST and NCV were compared among clinical groups using survival methodology. The log-rank statistic showed significant differences among the groups; the direction of the differences were consonant with clinical severity. For each diabetic patient, the result of each measurement was classified as normal or abnormal; more diabetic patients had abnormal NCV than either vibration tests or thermal tests. In conclusion, findings of QST and NCV are in keeping with clinical categorization of patients, QST and NCV are complementary tests, and the sural sensory study is the best single predictor of DSP.     

Nerve ultrasound in diabetic polyneuropathy: Correlation with clinical characteristics and electrodiagnostic testing

Introduction: Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is increasingly prevalent in the USA, but nerve ultrasound (US) findings have not been assessed systematically. Our aim was to establish the sonographic characteristics of lower extremity nerves in DPN and correlate them with electrodiagnostic (EDx) findings. Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 25) with evidence of DPN and 25 patient controls without DPN underwent blinded US imaging of the fibular and sural nerves. Nerve cross‐sectional area (CSA), diameter and echogenicity were recorded. Results: There were no differences in fibular or sural nerve CSA, diameter, or echogenicity between the 2 groups. No correlations between nerve CSA and EDx studies were found. In DPN, there were moderate inverse correlations with age (r = ?0.44 sural ankle, r = ?0.39 sural leg, r = ?0.45 fibular ankle). Conclusions: US measurements of lower extremity nerves in DPN do not differ from controls or correlate with EDx findings. Novel US techniques and/or pedal nerve US may be necessary to detect differences. Muscle Nerve 47:379‐384, 2013     

Ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve in experimental diabetic neuropathy

The pathogenesis of human diabetic neuropathy likely involves the interplay of hyperglycemia, ischemia, and oxidative stress. Mild-moderate ischemia-reperfusion to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes results in florid fiber degeneration in diabetic but not in normal nerves. Uncertainty exists as to the influence of duration of diabetes on this susceptibility. We therefore studied diabetic tibial and sciatic nerves using a rat ischemia-reperfusion (IR) model after 1 month and 4 months of diabetes utilizing electrophysiological, behavioral, and neuropathological methods. Electrophysiological abnormalities were present in 1-month diabetic rats (D) and persisted over 4 months. Behavioral scores were decreased markedly at 4 months (p<0.05). Endoneurial edema and ischemia fiber degeneration (IFD) were observed at both the 1-month (p<0.01 and p<0.001) and 4-month (p<0.001) durations in diabetic nerves, whereas only mild or no damage was observed in age-matched control nerves. These findings demonstrate that STZ-induced diabetes exacerbates the morphological and electrophysiological pathology in peripheral nerve to IR injury both in the early timepoint of 1 month and late timepoint of 4 months, although there was a gradation of injury, which is more severe at the later timepoint. Reperfusion exaggerated morphological pathology in 1-month STZ-induced diabetic peripheral nerve.     

Prostaglandin E1 in conjunction with high doses of vitamin B12 improves nerve conduction velocity of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy

BACKGROUND： Prostaglandin El improves diabetic peripheral neuropathy in symptoms and sensory threshold. Vitamin Bi and methyl-vitamin BI2 improve microcirculation to peripheral nerve tissue and promote neurotrophy. OBJECTIVE： To observe motor nerve and sensory nerve conduction velocity in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, prior to and after treatment with prostaglandin El, vitamin B I and different doses of vitamin B 12. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： Randomized, controlled experiment, performed at the Department of Neurology, Beijing Hantian Central Hospital, between February 2002 and September 2007. PARTICIPANTS： A total of 122 patients with type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy; 73 males and 49 females were included. All patients met the diagnostic criteria of diabetes mellitus, as determined by the World Health Organization in 1999 and 2006, and also the diagnostic criteria of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. For each subject, conduction disorders in the median nerve and in the common peroneal nerve were observed using electromyogram. Also, after diet and drug treatment, the blood glucose level of subjects was observed to be at a satisfactory level for more than two weeks, and the symptoms of diabetic peripheral neuropathy were not alleviated. METHODS： All patients were randomly divided into the following three groups. A control group （n = 40）, in which, 100 mg vitamin B1 and 500 μg vitamin BI2 were intramuscularly injected. A vitamin B12 low-dose treated group （ n = 42）, in which 10 μ g prostaglandin E1 in 250 mL physiological saline was intravenously injected once a day and 100 mg vitamin BI and 500 11 g vitamin BI2 was intramuscularly injected once a day. Lastly, a vitamin B12 high-dose treated group （n = 40）, in which administration was the same as in the vitamin B12 low-dose treated group, except that 500 11 g vitamin BI2 was replaced by 1mg vitamin B12. Administration was performed for four weeks for each group. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： The motor nerve and sensory nerve con     

Diabetes mellitus and the peripheral nervous system: manifestations and mechanisms

Diabetes targets the peripheral nervous system with several different patterns of damage and several mechanisms of disease. Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is a common disorder involving a large proportion of diabetic patients, yet its pathophysiology is controversial. Mechanisms considered have included polyol flux, microangiopathy, oxidative stress, abnormal signaling from advanced glycation endproducts and growth factor deficiency. Although some clinical trials have demonstrated modest benefits in disease stabilization or pain therapy in DPN, robust therapy capable of reversing the disease is unavailable. In this review, general aspects of DPN and other diabetic neuropathies are examined, including a summary of recent therapeutic trials. A particular emphasis is placed on the evidence that the neurobiology of DPN reflects a unique yet common and disabling neurodegenerative disorder.     

Intraepidermal nerve fiber density as a marker of early diabetic neuropathy

The purpose of the study was to reliably identify an early stage of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) by measuring injury to epidermal nerve fibers. We compared intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) at the ankle and thigh of 29 diabetic subjects who had no clinical or electrophysiological evidence of small- or large-fiber neuropathy to that of 84 healthy controls. The mean ankle IENFD of diabetic subjects was 9.1+/-5.0 mm and that of controls, 13.0+/-4.8 mm (P<0.001). The thigh IENFD did not differ significantly. The IENFD ratio (thigh IENFD divided by ankle IENFD) was 2.39+/-1.30 in diabetic subjects and 1.77+/-0.58 in controls (P<0.001), indicating a length-dependent reduction of IENFD in diabetics. Ankle IENFD remained significantly lower and the IENFD ratio higher in diabetic subjects after adjusting for age. Two subjects had parasympathetic dysfunction, two had retinopathy, and two early nephropathy. Age, height, weight, duration of diabetes, and average HbA1c did not influence IENFD among diabetic subjects. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to describe and compare the utility of various threshold values of ankle IENFD and IENFD ratio for the diagnosis of early DPN. The sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing DPN using ankle IENFD of less than 10 mm were 72.4% and 76.2%, respectively. Thus, asymptomatic diabetics have a measurable, length-dependent reduction of distal epidermal nerves. Analogous to microalbuminuria in diabetic nephropathy, reliable identification and quantitation of nascent diabetic neuropathy may have potential therapeutic implications.     

Plasma homocysteine levels are independently associated with the severity of peripheral polyneuropathy in type 2 diabetic subjects

Peripheral polyneuropathy (PN) is a frequent complication of diabetes. However, mechanisms underlying the development of PN are multifactorial and not well understood. Our aim was to examine the association of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) with the prevalence and grade of peripheral PN in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We studied a cohort of 196 subjects with T2DM classified according to the grade of PN (Neuropathy Disability Score, NDS). Subjects with the highest grade of PN were older and had significantly increased levels of creatinine, microalbuminuria, HbA1c, and plasma Hcy compared to the other two groups. The differences in plasma Hcy values were maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Plasma Hcy, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, and age were predictors of the grade of PN. In conclusion, for each increase of 1 μmol in plasma Hcy there was a 23% increase of the risk of diabetic PN evaluated by NDS. Moreover, the grade of PN was predicted by plasma Hcy and HbA1c values, age and duration of diabetes. Further prospective studies should be conducted to confirm the association of plasma Hcy levels with the grade of PN in subjects with T2DM.