动物及其圈舍蜱防治效果的观察

目的：探索杀虫剂对动物体外及圈舍蜱的杀灭效果。方法：用0．4％毒死蜱和0．045％高效氯氰菊酯溶液分别直接喷洒动物体表和圈舍,24h后观察蜱死亡情况。结果：两种药物对蜱杀灭率均为：100％。结论：毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯可有效防制蜱对动物的侵害。     

二种杀虫剂对蜱的现场防制效果观察

目的：观察药物对山区、林区蜱的防制效果。方法：用布旗法进行预调查,在蜱密度较高的山林地区选择面积为１００ｍ＾２地块３处,分别用作毒死蜱处理区、高效氯氰菊酯处理区和对照区,观察处理前后及处理区与对照区蜱密度变化情况。结果：现场喷洒０．５％毒死蜱和０．０４５％高效氯氰菊酯可将蜱杀灭,持效在３０ｄ以上;２种杀虫剂的效果差异无显著性。结论：毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯对林区草丛中的蜱具有较好的杀灭效果。     

江苏省莱姆病生物媒介生态及防制研究

目的：为摸清我省莱姆病生物媒介－蜱的种群、分布、消长及其带菌情况,研究防制方法。方法：用布旗法及动物体外捕捉法收集蜱,分类鉴定,并进行季节消长调查;应用直接荧光抗体染色法查蜱中肠带菌率,ＢＳＫ培养基分离病原体。现场喷洒毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,比较自理前后及处理组与对照组蜱密度变化情况;使用避蚊胺作实验室和现场驱蜱效果观察。结果：我省长江南北均有蜱存在,隶属１科３属５种;蜱密度有明显的季节性。二棘血蜱     

避蚊胺对蜱的驱避效果观察

为探讨避蚊胺对蜱的驱避效果 ,我们于 1999年 4～ 7月 ,在江苏省句容、金坛丘陵山区 ,用避蚊胺对蜱进行了驱避试验及人工防护试验研究 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　材料与方法1.1　试验药物　避蚊胺原油由南京军区军事医学研究所提供 ,配制成浓度为 10 %的酊剂。1.2　实验室观察　试者前臂上端和下端 (间隔 10ｃｍ ) ,分别涂抹一圈宽 2ｃｍ的试验药物 ,两端之间 10ｃｍ处不涂药物 ,用布旗法将从草丛中捕捉的活蜱 (每次 5只 ) ,放在未涂药物处 ,观察蜱在手臂上的爬行情况 ,是否越过涂有药物的手臂每隔 1小时观察 5分钟 ,对照组涂抹酒精。1.3　现场…     

避蚊胺对蜱驱避效果的试验观察

为探讨避蚊胺对蜱的驱避效果 ,1999年 4～ 7月在江苏省句容、金坛丘陵山区进行了蜱的驱避试验及人工防护试验研究。1　材料与方法1.1　试验药物　避蚊胺原油 ,由南京军区军事医学研究所提供 ,配制成 10 %酊剂。1.2　实验室观察　试者前臂上端和下端 (间隔 10ｃｍ) ,分别涂抹一圈宽 2ｃｍ的试验药物 ,两端之间 10ｃｍ处不涂药物 ,用布旗法将从草丛中捕捉的活蜱 (每次 5只 ) ,放在未涂药处 ,观察蜱在手臂上的爬行情况 ,每隔 1ｈ观察 5ｍｉｎ ;对照组涂抹酒精。1.3　现场试验　左腿涂抹药物为试验组 ,右腿不作任何处理为对照 ,每隔 1ｈ在蜱密度…     

应用壳聚糖延长避蚊胺效果的试验研究

目的：评价壳聚糖复配的避蚊胺乳剂对蚊虫的驱避效果，旨在探讨可延长驱蚊剂效果的有效方法。方法：采用浸泡纱网和直接皮肤涂抹法。室内以国家规定的目标方法进行测试，计算制剂的平均保护时间。现场定时观察制剂对人体的保护率。结果：壳聚糖避蚊胺乳剂室内平均保护时间可达8－10h，是避蚊胺酊剂（常规用法）的一倍。现场应用6h的人群保护率可达75％以上。结论：应用壳聚糖可明显延长避蚊胺对蚊虫的驱避效果。     

4种避蚊胺驱蚊剂型实验室和现场驱蚊效果观察

目的观察比较以避蚊胺为有效成分的4种驱避剂型实验室和现场的有效驱避时间,寻找有效驱避剂配方。方法参照GB／T17322．10—1998农药登记卫生杀虫剂的室内药效评价驱避剂试验方法和现场试验方法。结果在实验室试验中,以白纹伊蚊为试验蚊虫,当使用浓度为15％的避蚊胺液剂时,有效保护时间为7h,当使用浓度为15％的避蚊胺气雾剂时,有效保护时间为6h;在东南沿海某海训部队现场使用时,15％液体避蚊胺驱蚊最长保护时间为102min,平均91min;其他3种剂型平均保护时间仅为34～45min。结论避蚊胺是一种非常有效的蚊虫驱避剂,一般使用浓度为10％-15％。     

滞留喷洒防制流行性乙型脑炎蚊媒的研究

目的探讨流行性乙型脑炎传播蚊媒的防制方法,为指导灭蚊提供科学依据。方法实验室及现场试验研究。结果选用南京野外蚊虫较敏感的高效氯氰菊酯药物,实验室对淡色库蚊药效试验,持效时间达45 d以上;农村对猪圈进行滞留喷洒防制三带喙库蚊,喷药后1 d相关密度指数(RPI)为0.094,密度下降率为90.6%;喷药后28 d RPI为0.472,密度下降率为52.8%,持效期近一个月。结论在农村可采用滞留喷洒方法进行灭蚊,对乙脑传播蚊媒均有较好的防制效果。     

植物源驱避剂孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的实验室药效研究

目的观察不同浓度的植物源性驱避剂孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的实验室药效,并与避蚊胺进行比较,评价其驱蚊效果。方法参照国家标准GB/T 13917.9-2009试验方法,分别对不同浓度的孟二醇和避蚊胺进行实验室药效测试并进行评价。结果孟二醇对白纹伊蚊的驱避效果随浓度的升高而增强。15%孟二醇的有效保护时间超过4 h[(4.33±0.82) h],达到国家驱避剂登记的B级标准。各浓度孟二醇的驱避效果分别低于相同浓度的避蚊胺(P0.05),20%孟二醇与10%避蚊胺的驱避效果相当(P0.05)。结论孟二醇对白纹伊蚊具有较好的驱避效果,可作为防蚊虫叮咬的植物源性驱避剂推广应用。     

混配驱避剂对蚊虫驱避效果观察

近年来,对驱避剂的研究甚多,但剂量也逐渐增大,对某些昆虫驱避效果也较差。为此,我们选择了国际公认最好的高效、广谱避蚊胺(Deet)为原旨,加入拟除虫菊酯类和助溶剂等,在实验室和现场试验,证明该药有很好的驱避作用,现将试验结果报告如下:     

2011-2012年平顶山市蜱类种群密度初步调查

目的了解平顶山地区蜱类种群密度情况,为制定该地区蜱的防治措施提供借鉴与科学依据。方法游离蜱调查采用人工布旗法、寄生蜱调查采用动物体表检视法。结果平顶山地区蜱类种群是长角血蜱,宝丰县游离蜱和寄生蜱平均密度分别为5.93只/人工小时,10.19只/头;舞钢市游离蜱和寄生蜱平均密度分别为3.97只/人工小时,10只/头;鲁山县游离蜱和寄生蜱平均密度分别为1.89只/人工小时,2.83只/头。湛河区游离蜱和寄生蜱平均密度分别为1.3只/人工小时,1.22只/头。结论平顶山地区密度不高,建议家畜圈养,并定期灭治。     

四川省嗜人按蚊分布区灭蚊抗疟试点研究

目的　探索嗜人按蚊分布区灭蚊防疟对策。方法　用溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐及溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐加DDT喷洒畜房。结果　晨间蚊帐内按蚊密度、牛房按蚊密度、室内叮人率、室外半通宵人饵帐诱按蚊密度等 ,两灭蚊区均低于对照区。发热病人疟原虫镜检结果 ,溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐加DDT喷洒畜房灭蚊区 ,由灭蚊前的 8.5 7%降为 0 ,单用溴氰菊酯灭蚊区由 4.13 %降为 0 .67% ,下降 83 .78%。发病情况 ,前者由 40 .3 /万降为 0 ,后者由 48.0 2 /万降为 3 .0 4/万 ,下降93 .67%。结论　两种灭蚊方法均能迅速控制媒介按蚊 ,降低发病率 ,阻断传播。用溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐加DDT喷洒畜房的灭蚊效果优于单用溴氰菊酯处理蚊帐。     

Knowledge,attitudes, and behaviors regarding tick-borne disease prevention in Lyme disease-endemic areas of the Upper Midwest,United States

Lyme disease and other tick-borne diseases are a major public health threat in the Upper Midwestern United States, including Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. To prevent tick bites and tick-borne diseases, public health officials commonly recommend personal protective measures and property management techniques. Adoption of tick-borne disease prevention behaviors and practices by individuals are, however, highly variable. We aimed to characterize current tick-borne disease knowledge, attitudes, and prevention behaviors (KAB) practiced by the public in these states, as well as their willingness to use specific tick control methods. We conducted a population-based survey in summer 2019 in 48 high-risk counties (those having a five-year average (2013–2017) Lyme disease incidence of ≥ 10 cases per 100,000 persons per year), in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. A total of 2713 surveys were analyzed; survey weights were used to account for household selection probability and post-stratified to match county-level joint age and sex population distributions in population-level inference. An estimated 98% of the population had heard of Lyme disease, with most perceiving it as very or extremely serious (91%); however, only an estimated 25% perceived tick-borne diseases as very or extremely common in their community. Among those who spent time in places with ticks from April through October, an estimated 68% check themselves thoroughly for ticks most of the time or always and 43% use bug repellent on skin or clothing most of the time or always. An estimated 13% of the population had ever treated their property with a pesticide to kill ticks, and 3% had ever used devices that apply pesticide to rodents to kill ticks on their property. Willingness to practice tick bite prevention behaviors, however, was estimated to be much higher; with 82% being willing to perform tick checks at least once a day, and more than 60% willing to use bug repellent, tick control products on pets, or to bathe within two hours of being outdoors. We found that residents would likely be willing to support a county-wide tick control program to reduce the risk of tick-borne disease in their community (81%) or to apply tick control products to their property to reduce the risk of tick-borne disease in their household (79%). Tick checks were more likely to be practiced among participants who perceived tick-borne diseases to be highly prevalent in their community, if they or a household member had been previously diagnosed with a tick-borne disease?, or if they perceived tick exposure to be likely around their home, cabin, or vacation home. In addition, property-based tick control methods were associated with perceived risk of encountering ticks around the home, cabin, or vacation home. Participants who had seen information from state health departments were also more likely to practice preventive measures. The most common reported barriers to using any of these methods were forgetfulness, safety concerns, and lack of awareness. Our survey findings shed light on how residents from these Upper Midwest states may adopt tick control and tick bite prevention measures and how public health outreach may be most effective for this population.     

不同药剂用于灾区帐篷防治蚊蝇的效果观察

目的探讨几种不同方法用于灾区帐篷蚊蝇防治效果。方法利用现场目测法计数杀灭前后蚊蝇密度,计算密度下降率及密度指数。结果利用烟雾弹和气雾剂速杀效果比较明显,喷药1～24h,蚊蝇密度下降率分别达到93．6％～100％,72．09％～100％;使用常量喷雾也有速杀效果,1h后蚊蝇杀灭率分别为88．35％和87．65％,对蚊虫有3～4d、蝇有2～3d的持效。结论烟雾弹和气雾剂用于密闭帐篷快速降低蚊蝇密度效果较理想,常量喷雾用于帐篷防治蚊蝇有一定持效。     

Comparison of two methods for collecting free-living ticks in the Amazonian forest

In the present study, we compared 2 methods for collecting ixodid ticks on the verges of animal trails in a primary Amazon forest area in northern Brazil. (i) Dragging: This method was based on passing a 1-m² white flannel over the vegetation and checking the flannel for the presence of caught ticks every 5–10 m. (ii) Visual search: This method consisted of looking for questing ticks on the tips of leaves of the vegetation bordering animal trails in the forest. A total of 103 adult ticks belonging to 4 Amblyomma species were collected by the visual search method on 5 collecting dates, while only 44 adult ticks belonging to 3 Amblyomma species were collected by dragging on 5 other collecting dates. These values were statistically different (Mann–Whitney Test, P = 0.0472). On the other hand, dragging was more efficient for subadult ticks, since no larva or nymph was collected by visual search, whereas 18 nymphs and 7 larvae were collected by dragging. The visual search method proved to be suitable for collecting adult ticks in the Amazon forest; however, field studies should include a second method, such as dragging in order to maximize the collection of subadult ticks. Indeed, these 2 methods can be performed by a single investigator at the same time, while he/she walks on an animal trail in the forest.     

Hazard evaluation for northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) exposed to chlorpyrifos-treated turf and seed

This study evaluated the toxicity effects of chlorpyrifos on bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) kept in 27 field-exposed large pens arranged over turf in a randomized block design with nine blocks of three pens (16 adult birds per pen). Nine pens were treated with one application of 3.4 kg active ingredient (ai) per hectare followed by a second 3.4 -kg ai/ha application 2 weeks later, nine pens with one 6.7 -kg ai/ha application, and nine pens with formulation blank. In addition, the seed fed to the birds in the two chemically treated pens was also treated with chlorpyrifos. Mean residue in the grass samples from the first 3.4-kg treatment pens ranged from 306+/-95 ppm on day 0 to 18+/-8 ppm on day 14 after treatment. The second 3.4 -kg ai/ha treatment grass residues ranged from 361+/-167 ppm on day 0 to 38+/-24 ppm on day 14 after treatment. Grass residues from the 6.7-kg treatment pens ranged from 903+/-310 ppm on day 0 to 9+/-8 ppm on day 30 after treatment. Half-lives were approximately 2 days and 10 days for grass and seeds, respectively. Whereas the incidence of behavioral deficits was significantly (P = 0.0156) higher in the 6.7-kg pens (five females, one male), two of the females could have been the same bird because they were both seen in the same pen on days 23 and 24 after treatment. There was no significant difference in mortality, brain acetylcholinesterase activity, or any other measured parameter among any of the treatments. We conclude that application of chlorpyrifos to turf at 3.4 and 6.7 kg ai/ha is not expected to have chronic deleterious effects on populations of bobwhite quail grazing on treated grass or seeds, provided there is an abundant supply of seeds for the quail to eat.     

城镇蚤类防治的研究

目的研究城镇家庭蚤类有效防治方法。方法实验室药效试验、现场防治试验。结果实验室条件下3种气雾剂，0．1％、0．2％、0．3％高效氯氰菊酯毒粉对印鼠客蚤24h死亡率为100％；30mg ai／m^2高效氯氰菊酯、25mg ai／m^2顺式氯氰菊酯的可湿性粉剂和悬浮剂对印鼠客蚤在水泥板面上第45天杀灭率均达100％；现场条件气雾剂第1天RPI 9．88，第15天RPI 92．44，高效氯氰菊酯滞留喷洒、毒粉撒布、点状撒布第1天RPI分别为8．83、15．21、42．62，第15天RPI均为0。结论高效氯氰菊酯制剂采用滞留喷洒、毒粉撒布、点状撒布的用药方式可有效控制城镇家庭蚤类危害。     

城区特殊场所蝇类防治对策研究

目的探讨城区特殊场所（饮食行业和建筑工地）蝇类的防治对策。方法采用以环境防治为主,辅以物理、化学和法规防治等综合防治措施。结果饮食行业试验点比对照点成蝇密度指数平均下降41．72％和55．8％,室内成蝇分别下降43．7％和58．8％;建筑工地试验点和对照点2年成蝇密度指数分别下降43．7％和58．5％,蝇类孳生地阳性率均为0。结论采用综合防治措施有效地控制了蝇类孳生。