Viral Infections During Pregnancy:The Big Challenge Threatening Maternal and Fetal Health

Viral infections during pregnancy are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes,including maternal and fetal mortality,pregnancy loss,premature labor,and congenital anomalies.Mammalian gestation encounters an immunological paradox wherein the placenta balances the tolerance of an allogeneic fetus with protection against pathogens.Viruses cannot easily transmit from mother to fetus due to physical and immunological barriers at the maternal-fetal interface posing a restricted threat to the fetus and newborns.Despite this,the unknown strategies utilized by certain viruses could weaken the placental barrier to trigger severe maternal and fetal health issues especially through vertical transmission,which was not fully understood until now.In this review,we summarize diverse aspects of the major viral infections relevant to pregnancy,including the characteristics of pathogenesis,related maternal-fetal complications,and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of vertical transmission.We highlight the fundamental signatures of complex placental defense mechanisms,which will prepare us to fight the next emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in the pregnancy population.     

Association of an Increased Risk of Pre-eclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction in Singleton and Twin Pregnancies with Female Fetuses

Objective: To investigate whether the fetal gender affects the incidence of pre-eclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) in singleton and twin pregnancies.Methods: This was a 10-year single-center, retrospective, cohort study from January 2009 to January 2019. A total of 57,129 singleton and 3699 twin pregnancies aged between 18-55 years old were recruited at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China. We used multivariable logistic regression to analyze the effect of fetal gender on the incidence of PE and FGR.Results: In singleton pregnancies, the incidence rates of PE and FGR with a female fetus were higher than those with a male fetus (6.4% (1713/26,793)vs. 5.9% (1803/30,336),P < 0.05 and 3.5% (932/26,793)vs. 2.4% (745/30,336),P < 0.05, respectively). A female fetus was an independent risk factor for either PE or FGR (adjusted odds ratio: 1.169 or 1.563;95% confidence interval: 1.036-1.319 or 1.349-1.810, respectively). In twin pregnancies, the incidence of early-onset PE was greater in pregnancies with two females compared with two males or one male plus one female (4.6% (46/1003)vs. 4.1% (54/1305)vs. 2.4% (33/1391),P < 0.05). Female-female twins was an independent risk factor for PE (adjusted odds ratio: 1.367, 95% confidence interval: 1.011-1.849), especially early-onset PE.Conclusion: The female fetus was associated with PE in both singleton and twin pregnancies and was also a risk factor of FGR in singleton pregnancies.     

Successful Deliveries of Twins from Two Pregnant Women Following Preterm Prelabor Rupture of Membranes in the Early Second-Trimester Pregnancy

The management of preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) before 34 weeks of gestation is intractable, due to pulmonary immaturity, many complications, poor pregnancy outcomes. In particular, the pre-viable PPROM (<23 weeks of gestation) is much more difficult to be treated. The clinical recommendation is to terminate the pregnancy as soon as possible. The pregnancy outcomes of PPROM in the early second-trimester of two twin pregnant women in our hospital were reported to explore the treatment protocols. The pregnancies of the two women developed PROM at 12 and 16 weeks of gestation, respectively. After expectant treatment, they were deliveried successfully at 34+6 and 34+4 weeks of gestation, respectively. The assessment of growth and development of infants was normal during the following six months after birth. Therefore, if PPROM occurs in the early second-trimester of pregnancy, the management of PPROM should be individualized, it’s a long process which should include comprehensive communication between patients and families regarding alternative treatment options (including expectant management) and risks and benefits of the procedure. In the absence of spontaneous labor or occurrence of complications that would prompt delivery (intra-amniotic infection, abruptio placenta, cord prolapse), and fetal status is normal, the patients should proceed with expectant treatment, induction of labor is commonly performed in pregnancies with PPROM ≥34 weeks of gestation.     

新生儿疾病临床研究进展

1 新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病与脑损伤 新生儿脑损伤仍是引起新生儿死亡和伤残的重要原因,早期诊断和干预十分重要.在利用磁共振成像(MRI)判断新生儿脑损伤及预后评估方面,中国医科大学附属第二医院做了较多工作.     

儿童结节性硬化症合并左肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤1例

病例资料:患者,女,14岁.主因间断腹痛20d,加重1周入院.查体:精神反应可,面部鼻唇沟区多发皮肤皮脂腺瘤,心肺正常,腹部稍胀,左上腹可扪及一8cm×10cm大肿物,压痛明显,边缘欠清晰,肾区叩击痛(+).     

新生儿肠系膜上动脉综合征二例

例1:患儿女,16 d,因呕吐6 d入院.呕吐发生在喂奶1 h后,每日呕吐4～9次,量较多,为奶汁和黄色胆汁样物质,无腹胀、腹泻,呕吐后饥饿感明显.入院查体:生命体征平稳,体重2 950 g(出生体重3 200 g),腹软、肝脾无肿大、肠鸣正常,心肺、神经系统及其他均无异常.     

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

发绀

发绀(cyanosis)是指血液中还原血红蛋白增多(>50g·L-1)或变性血红蛋白增多,使皮肤、黏膜呈青紫色.在皮肤薄、色素较少和毛细血管丰富的部位,如口唇、鼻尖、耳垂、颊部与甲床等处发绀较为明显,贫血时则不易发现.     

大剂量环磷酰胺对儿童水、电解质及肾功能的影响

目的 了解大剂量环磷酰胺(HD-CTX)对儿童水、电解质及肾功能的影响,探讨低钠血症的发生机制.方法 观察HDCTX治疗后患儿的临床反应,并监测治疗前及开始后6 h或8 h血生化、肌酸酐(Cr),部分患儿测定治疗前后血管升压素(ADH),对比分析HD-CTX治疗前后检测结果.结果 108例中呕吐24例,少尿22例,水肿4例,7例有神经肌肉症状,5例有腹痛、腹泻等.HD-CTX后血钠明显下降[6 h:(139.12±3.30)mmol/L us (134.06±8.23)mmol/L,8 h:(141.77±3.59)mmol/L us (133.26 ±6.41)mmol/L P.＜0.05],39例出现低钠血症,其中12例为严重低钠(＜125 mmol/L);血渗透压与血钠下降平行;监测用药后8 h患儿血钠、渗透压下降较6 h明显.血钠下降幅度与患几年龄无关,伴呕吐或少尿者血钠降低较无相应症状者明显.HD-CTX治疗前后血ADH无显著变化[(0.178 ±0.129)μg/L us (0.194±0.173) μg/L P＞0.05),与血钠及渗透压也无相关性.HD-CTX治疗后8 h血Cr明显高于用药前[(29.95±13.61) μmol/L us (43.33 ±17.25) μmol/L P＜0.05],且增加倍数与年龄负相关(r=-0.320 P＜0.05);对照组化疗患儿,化疗水化后血Cr显著低于化疗前[(32.64±14.29) μmol/L us (49.72 ±12.52)μmol/L P＜0.05].结论 HD-CTX治疗可引起严重低钠血症,伴呕吐或尿量减少患儿更应注意.低钠发生的机制主要为水潴留所致,可能与ADH的不恰当分泌无关.HD-CTX还可导致血Cr升高,尤其在小年龄患儿更明显,可能对肾小球滤过功能有影响.     

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Range of Motion of the Joints of the Lower Extremities of Newborns

No abstract available for this article.     

早产儿视网膜病的危险因素分析及随访调查

研究早产儿视网膜病(retinopathy of prematurity,ROP)的发生率、高危因素、治疗与随访情况。方法对2005年7月-2007年12月温州医学院附属第一医院NICU收治的符合ROP筛查标准的早产儿,于生后2周开始由资深眼科医师开始行间接眼底镜检查眼底,并进行随访。结果434例早产儿中ROP的发生率为5.5%(24/434例),24例ROP中Ⅰ期19例,Ⅱ期3例,Ⅲ期2例。Ⅲ期阈值病变者行激光光凝治疗,全部患儿均恢复正常。对434例早产儿行单因素分析得出,胎龄、出生体重、住院时间、吸氧、吸氧浓度、吸氧时间、呼吸暂停、新生儿肺透明膜病(RDS)、肺表面活性剂(PS)的应用、机械通气、输血、光疗时间、感染与ROP的发生有相关性(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示胎龄、出生体重、胎数、吸氧时间、光疗时间、代谢性酸中毒、母亲妊高症、颅内出血是影响ROP发生的主要因素。结论早产是ROP的根本原因,防治各种并发症、合理的氧疗是预防ROP的关键。建立完善有效的ROP筛查制度,早期发现、早期治疗ROP,可改善ROP的预后。