CATHARE—2／V1．5程序简介

CATHARE－2／V1．5程序是一个具有50万余行的大型瞬态热工水力计算程序。该程序使用最佳估算方法。利用汽液两相流体6方程求解流体的质量、能量和,同时具有CCFL模型、SGTR模型、三维流体模型和非冷凝气体模型。在工程上具有比较宽的使用范围,但主要适用于LOCA分析。CATHARE－2／V1．5是在实验验证和运行经验反馈的基础上不断改进和完善的最新版本,通过适当的工作之后,该程序特别适用于设计长寿期换料型反应堆。     

铅铋自然循环热工水力分析程序开发

铅铋堆内冷却剂的自然循环对于反应堆的正常运行以及事故工况下的堆芯热量导出均至关重要,相关热工水力分析工作对于支持设计及安审均有重要意义。通过对铅铋堆内一回路系统内主要部件,包括堆芯、热交换器、管道等建立热工水力物理模型,开发了适用于铅铋自然循环瞬态过程模拟的热工水力分析程序,并利用铅铋自然循环回路内开展的自然循环启动实验、功率台阶影响实验等的结果进行了程序的初步验证。结果表明,程序计算得到的结果与实验结果符合较好,能够较好模拟铅铋自然循环的瞬态过程。该程序可以为铅铋堆研发过程中自然循环热工水力分析工作提供支持。     

两相自然循环系统压降震荡流动不稳定性研究

采用CATHARE程序对两相自然循环系统的压降震荡流动不稳定进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,两相自然循环系统中,自然循环回路与稳压器之间的压降震荡是导致流动不稳定出现的主要原因。通过限制自然循环回路与稳压器之间的流量波动,可以防止两相自然循环出现流动不稳定。     

一维自然循环比例分析的结果与讨论

根据一维自然循环比例分析理论模型推导的试验装置与实际电站热工水力特性的相似准则,对整体性能试验装置主要参数的确定方法进行了深入讨论。结果表明:采用小尺度、等压力、同工质的实验装置模拟实际系统自然循环现象更为准确实际,单相和两相自然循环比例准则可同时满足,不存在复杂比例变化带来的失真,不利因素是试验成本偏高。同工质非等物性(不等压)模拟能够降低试验成本,但比例参数不能满足从单相自然循环到两相自然循环的平滑过渡。如保持功率连续,其速度比和特征时间比会有所差异。     

用集总参数法分析低含汽量自然循环回路汽液两相流稳定性

采用集总参数法分析低含汽量自然循环回路汽液两相流稳定性。描述热工水力现象的系统方程由均流模型偏微分守恒方程经集总参数平均导出，高含汽量常微分方程解程序包ＬＳＯＤＥ被用来解以常微分方程表征的系统方程，与清华大学核能技术研究院为分析５ＭＷ低温核供热堆热工水力特性而设计运行的两相流稳定性实验结果比较表明，采用集总参数法分析低含的自然循环回路两相流密度波振荡及其有关非线性现象是有效的。     

低干度自然循环流量漂移的特征曲线图谱分析

在5MW低温核供热堆全模拟试验回路(HRTL-5)上,实验观察到了低干度自然循环条件下的流量漂移现象.通过一个考虑了加热段欠热沸腾、上升段冷凝、闪蒸等物理过程的两相流动数学模型,编制了相应的计算程序,获得了自然循环特征曲线图谱及其运行曲线,确定了自然循环分岔图和静态不稳定边界图,进而提出了通过自然循环特征曲线图谱研究流量漂移的分析方法.分析表明:特征曲线图谱方法是研究自然循环静态不稳定的有效手段.增大系统压力、减小热流密度、增加入口单相阻力、减小出口两相阻力有利于避免自然循环流量漂移的发生.     

多重耦合自然循环载热系统瞬态特性及其热工水力解耦

多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力具有流动换热耦合和回路间耦合的特点,本文采用理论分析结合数值计算的方法对自然循环的建立时间、流动方向及多重耦合自然循环系统的热工水力解耦等问题进行了研究。提出了自然循环载热系统瞬态流动的理论模型,该模型能预测自然循环建立时间、流动衰减等现象,模型计算结果与数值计算结果吻合。初始流速为零的自然循环流动方向与系统的加热及冷却设备布置位置有关,垂直布置换热面使系统具有固有循环流动方向。具有初始流速的自然循环系统,即使换热面垂直布置,初始反向流速超过临界流速后也可使自然循环系统流动方向发生翻转,从而使系统在与固有循环流动方向相反的方向运行。提出了多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力的简单解耦计算方法,能快速对多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力进行分析计算,理论分析和计算结果均表明,以水为工质的自然循环回路载热能力近似与冷热源温差的1.5次方呈正比。     

脉冲堆热工水力设计程序研制开发

介绍了中国核动力研究设计院自主开发的脉冲堆热工水力设计程序系统。它包括脉冲堆自然循环分析程序（MC－FLOW）、堆芯热工水力分析程序（MC－THAS）和脉冲堆瞬态分析程序（MC－TRAN）。采用原型堆的数据对程序进行验证，其结果表明：脉冲堆热工水力设计程序系统满足热工水力设计的要求，能够可靠地用于西安脉冲堆的设计。     

摇摆下自然循环矩形双通道系统核热耦合不稳定性研究

将海洋条件热工水力分析程序RELAP5/MC与三维物理瞬态输运程序TDOT-T采用并行方式耦合,对摇摆条件下自然循环矩形双通道系统核热耦合不稳定性进行计算分析。结果表明,系统存在同相和异相2种振荡模式,分别由摇摆运动和密度波振荡(DWO)引起。核反馈对第1类DWO和两相区的同相振荡有抑制作用,但对第2类DWO和单相区的同相振荡几乎没有影响。基于非线性理论对计算结果进行分析,发现耦合核反馈后系统非线性增强,由于摇摆导致系统流量波动与DWO叠加,其现象非常复杂,摇摆条件下的核热耦合不稳定性会出现非线性振子耦合中的同步化与混沌现象。     

摇摆运动下单相自然循环核热耦合特性研究

采用考虑6组缓发中子的点堆中子动力学模型,开发了核反馈模拟模块,并将之与摇摆条件下单相自然循环热工水力计算模型进行合并,基于Matlab软件编制了相应的计算程序,实现了摇摆条件下单相自然循环核热耦合的模拟计算。计算结果表明：摇摆条件下,与不考虑核反馈相比,考虑核反馈后核热耦合效应使系统流量降低,系统功率产生波动;系统功率的平均值随摇摆频率及振幅的增大而降低,而系统功率的振幅则随摇摆周期及振幅的增大而增大。核热耦合效应使燃料元件温度的波动振幅减小,起到了抑制燃料温度波动的作用。     

采用OMEGA非均匀加热棒束热端破口实验数据对CATHARE2V1.5qR6程序的校核

采用 OMEGA非均匀电加热棒束热端破口喷放试验数据对 CATHARE2 V1.5版本程序基本物理关系式模块的性能进行校核，检验基本物理关系式模块升级后系统程序的综合性能。从总的计算结果来看，新版程序对 OMEGA非均匀加热棒束热端破口试验的热工水力的计算比较合理，特别是对 CHF以及其前区的热工水力的计算十分可靠。由于基本物理关系式模块在升级过程中所做的模型修改与该项实验所涉及的基本物理现象关系较小，故基本物理关系式模块升级版 Revision6和次新版本 Revision5的计算结果基本一致。     

非能动余热排出系统数学模型研究与运行特性分析

利用某型核动力装置非能动余热排出系统1:10原理性试验的8个稳态工况、6个启动工况的试验数据,验证RELAP5/MOD3.2程序对本类型非能动余热排出系统的适用性。结果表明:垂直管内蒸汽凝结换热系数对两相流自然循环的流动与传热影响大;RELAP5/MOD3.2程序过低估算了垂直管内蒸汽流速对蒸汽凝结换热系数的影响,计算结果与试验结果偏差大。对RELAP5/MOD3.2程序垂直管内的蒸汽凝结换热模型进行修正,修正后的计算结果与试验值基本吻合;采用RELAP5程序对垂直管内两相流自然循环传热进行计算,须选择热前沿跟踪模型。对非能动余热排出系统的稳态与瞬态运行特性进行分析,理论计算与试验结果均表明:稳态工况下,系统可以实现稳定的两相流自然循环,系统排热能力受蒸汽发生器水位的影响大,冷却水入口温度与系统压力的影响相对较小;系统的启动特性良好,可快速地建立环路的自然循环,带走反应堆的衰变热。     

Method of Estimating Liquid Velocity in Hot Leg during Reflux Cooling of Natural Circulation in Pressurized Water Reactor

Natural circulation in a PWR has considerable attention since the TMI-2 accident as an alternative cooling method or recovery technique from certain kinds of accidents or transients involving a loss of pumped circulation. Among the three modes of natural circulation (i.e. single-phase, two-phase and reflux cooling), reflux cooling has not been well investigated in a PWR configuration. The present study was thus focused on reflux cooling of natural circulation and analytical method was developed to estimate the liquid velocity of the condensed liquid in a hot leg of a PWR.

The results of the present study showed that the liquid velocity and the liquid thickness are estimated as 2.7 m/s and 3.0 cm, respectively, at the hot leg inlet from the upper plenum for the typical PWR reflux condition (2% core power at 6.9 MPa). Therefore it was concluded that a flow-blockage of the steam flow from the core by the condensed liquid flow is unlikely to occur in a hot leg. The results are also useful for designing a special instrumentation for measuring the condensed liquid flow rate and the liquid thickness in an experimental test facility for reflux cooling test.     

一维开式自然循环系统分析程序的实验验证

基于华龙一号非能动安全壳热量导出系统（PCS）综合性能实验装置实验结果,对采用基于漂移流模型开发的华龙一号PCS程序（PCS?NCCP）进行验证,对比分析了设计工况及非设计工况下PCS?NCCP程序计算值与实验值之间的误差。结果显示,所开发的PCS?NCCP程序能模拟PCS的排热能力、稳态运行特性和动态响应特性,程序计算值能很好地跟踪实验的趋势和幅值变化,绝大部分计算误差落在±20%范围内,验证了PCS?NCCP程序的准确性。     

细长自然循环系统流动不稳定性实验研究

以水为工质,在常压下对拥有细长回路和较长水平段的自然循环系统进行可视化实验研究,并以典型的实验现象（ P =1.46 kW）为例分析该系统的瞬态运行特性和不稳定性机理。结果表明：阻力系数较大的细长自然循环回路难以产生有效的单相自然循环,只能通过间歇性沸腾和两相流动将热量导出。这是因当回路阻力较大时,过冷沸腾产生的驱动力无法驱动回路产生有效的自然循环,而只有当加热段内流体发生饱和沸腾时才能驱动系统产生循环流动。较大的回路阻力和沸腾过程中产生的系统降压闪蒸是细长自然循环系统难以维持稳定的流动驱动压头从而产生间歇性沸腾和强烈流动不稳定性的根本原因。     

Investigation of PWR accident situations at BETHSY facility

For several years an extensive programme of separate effect tests related to PWR safety has been conducted in France and in particular at the Nuclear Center of Grenoble. Recently the BETHSY integral test facility - three identical loops, full height and pressure - has been constructed with the main objectives of contributing to the verification of the CATHARE calculation code of accidents and to the validation of the physical bases of Emergency Operating Procedures.So far several tests have been (November 1988) carried out, among which natural circulation under various conditions (single phase, two-phase, symmetric or asymmetric conditions, different core power, variable steam generator liquid level), 2 inches cold leg break, steam bubble formation and collapse in the upper head. Summarized results of some of these tests are introduced and compared to a first CATHARE calculation as far as the 2″ cold leg break is concerned.     

Analysis of the OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment simulating a PWR small break LOCA with high-power natural circulation

OECD/NEA ROSA Project experiment with the large scale test facility (LSTF) in JAEA was conducted simulating a PWR 1% cold leg small break LOCA with an assumption of high-power natural circulation due to failure of scram and total failure of high pressure injection system. The core power curve for the LSTF experiment was obtained by PWR LOCA analysis using JAEA-developed coupled three-dimensional kinetics and thermal-hydraulics code SKETCH-INS/TRAC-PF1 with detailed core model. A post-test analysis was performed against the obtained data by using JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code to validate the code predictability. The JAEA-modified RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 code was used by incorporating a break model that employs maximum bounding flow theory with a discharge coefficient of 0.61 for two-phase break flow. In the experiment, flow in hot legs became supercritical during two-phase natural circulation, causing the hot leg liquid level to be quite low. Liquid accumulation in steam generator U-tube upflow-side took place during reflux condensation mode due to high vapor velocity. The RELAP5 code predicted reasonably well the overall thermal-hydraulic phenomena observed in the experiment. The code, however, overpredicted the break flow rate especially during two-phase flow discharge period probably because of the failure in the correct simulation of the cold leg liquid level due to late decrease in the primary loop flow rate.     

HRTL-5轴向空泡份额计算

基于一维两相四方程漂移流模型,并考虑加热段欠热沸腾、上升段冷凝以及上升段闪蒸的影响,采用数值模拟的方法对5 MW低温核供热堆热工模拟回路(HRTL-5)的轴向空泡分布进行模拟计算,分析HRTL-5轴向参数分布的特性及其参数效应。结果表明:1)在HRTL-5条件下,考虑欠热沸腾、冷凝、闪蒸等因素影响的计算结果更接近实际情况;2)是否考虑加热段的欠热沸腾对于加热段出口的空泡份额以及出口的状态确定有重要影响;3)冷凝过程对于闪蒸区以及自然循环驱动力的计算有一定的影响;4)闪蒸对低压低干度自然循环系统轴向空泡份额的分布有重要影响,尤其在低压情况下。     

Capability of the RELAP5 code to simulate natural circulation behavior in test facilities

Many advanced reactor designs incorporate passive systems mainly to enhance the operational safety and possible elimination of severe accident condition. Some reactors are even designed to remove the nominal fission heat passively by natural circulation without using mechanical pumps e.g. ESBWR, AHWR, CHTR, CAREM, etc. while in most other new reactor concepts, the decay heat is removed passively by natural circulation following the pump trip conditions. The design and safety analysis of these reactors are carried out using the best estimate codes such as RELAP5, TRAC and CATHARE, etc. These best estimate codes have been developed for pumped circulation systems and it is not proven about their adequacy or applicability for natural circulation systems wherein the driving mechanism is completely different. Some of the key phenomena which are difficult to model but are significantly important to assess the natural circulation system performances are – low flow natural circulation mainly because the flow is not fully developed and can be multi-dimensional in nature; flow instabilities; critical heat flux under oscillatory condition; flow stratification particularly in large diameter vessel; thermal stratification in large pools; effect of non-condensable gases on condensation, etc. Though, these best estimate codes use a six equation two-fluid model formulation for the thermal-hydraulic calculation which is considered to be the best representative of two-phase flows, but their accuracies depend on the accuracies of the models for interfacial relationships for mass, energy and momentum transfer which are semi-empirical in nature. The other problem with two-fluid models is the effect of ill-posedness which may cause numerical instability. Besides, the numerical diffusion associated due to truncation of higher order terms can affect the prediction of flow instabilities. All these effects may lead to inability to capture the important physical instability in natural circulation systems and instability characteristics i.e. amplitude and frequency of flow oscillation. In view of this, it is essential to test the capability of these codes to simulate natural circulation behavior under single and two-phase flow conditions before applying them to the future reactor concepts.In the present study, one of the extensively used best estimate code RELAP5 has been used for simulation of steady state, transient and stability behavior of natural circulation based experimental facilities, such as the High-Pressure Natural Circulation Loop (HPNCL) and the Parallel Channel Loop (PCL) installed and operating at BARC. The test data have been generated for a range of pressure, power and subcooling conditions. The computer code RELAP5/MOD3.2 was applied to predict the transient natural circulation characteristics under single-phase and two-phase conditions, thresholds of flow instability, amplitude and frequency of flow oscillations for different operating conditions of the loops. This paper presents the effect of nodalisation in prediction of natural circulation behavior in test facilities and a comparison of experimental data in with that of code predictions. The errors associated with the predictions are also characterized.     

低压自然循环系统流动闪蒸过程流型研究

本文采用高速摄影和网格电导传感器对低压自然循环系统垂直上升段内闪蒸诱发的两相流流型演变开展研究。针对不同的流动状态,分别给出了稳定和不稳定两相流动条件下上升段内的流型种类。基于上升段内流体温度沿轴向的变化规律,确定流体温度沿轴向位置的转折点为闪蒸发生的起始位置。采用无量纲过冷数和闪蒸数,对低压自然循环系统的流动状态进行了划分;在入口过冷数小于12、闪蒸数介于4～5之间时,系统处于稳定的两相自然循环流动状态。