超急性期脑梗死半影区弥散-灌注磁共振成像实验研究

目的　应用弥散加权 灌注 (DWI PI)磁共振成像技术对改良线栓栓塞大脑中动脉制作的大鼠超急性脑梗死模型进行实验研究 ,并与病理结果对照。明确联合应用PWI PI对超急性脑梗死半影区诊断价值。材料与方法　 5 0只SD大鼠 ,随机分成 5组 ,A组 (10只 )作假手术对照 ;其余按栓塞时间 30min、1、3、6h均分成B、C、D、E4组。A组于 30min、1、3、6h的时间点 ,B、C、D、E于各自栓塞时间点行弥散加权成像 (DWI)和灌注成像 (PI)扫描 ;工作站后处理获得表观弥散系数 (ADC)、脑血容量或血流量 (CBV或CBF)、平均通过时间 (MTT)形态图 ,计算ADC、CBV、CBF、MTT相对值 (与对侧相应部位比值 )。将成像结果与四氮唑红 (TTC)染色和病理观察对比。结果　 (1)A组DWI、PI成像无异常信号 ,病理观察无变化。 (2 )B、C、D、E组PI显示栓塞侧大脑中动脉供血区灌注缺损范围无变化 ,基底节区最重 ,皮质区较轻 ;DWI显示高信号 ;ADC比值降低 (6 5 .2 % ) ,D组达到最低 (32 .2 % ) ,E组基本不变(2 9.9% ) ;ADC形态图显示病灶范围逐渐扩大 ,最终 (E组 )与PI异常信号区基本一致。 (3)超急性脑梗死的DWI高信号范围与TTC染色所见的异常染色 (白色 )范围比较无显著性差异 (t检验 ,P >0 .1)。 (4 )在超急性脑梗死中存在PI DWI不重叠区 (缺血半     

大鼠急性缺血性脑卒中双指数扩散加权成像研究

目的:探讨大鼠急性缺血性脑卒中MRI及双指数扩散加权成像的动态变化.方法:30只成年雄性Wistar 大鼠随机分为大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)永久缺血组11只、缺血再灌注组11只及对照组8只,于术前及术后0.5、3、6、12和24 h分别行单b值、多b值DWI及T2 WI扫描,分析表观扩散参数(ADC)、慢速扩散系数(ADCsl.w)、快速扩散系数(ADCfast)和快速扩散所占容积分数(Afast)的动态变化,以24 h TTC组织染色作为病理对照.结果:永久缺血组ADC、ADCsl.w和Afast先降低,6h到达最低,而后轻度上升;ADCfast缺血后降低,并持续在一个较低水平.缺血再灌注组ADC、ADCslow、ADCfast和Afast于再灌注1.5h回升,但仍低于正常水平,而后逐渐下降,至24 h到达最低水平,且此时与永久缺血组各参数差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).ADCfast永久缺血组与再灌注组只在3h时差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),Afast再灌注组与对照组只在3h时差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:多b值扩散加权成像可显示缺血不同时间点细胞内、外水分子的扩散受限情况及细胞内、外水分子的转移过程.     

急性脑缺血及再灌注磁共振扩散加权成像的特点

目的 用改良的线栓法制作大脑中动脉阻塞（ＭＣＡＯ）动物模型,探讨急性脑缺血及再灌注的磁共振扩散加权成像（ＤＷＩ）的特点。方法 １８只Ｓｐｒａｇｕｅ－Ｄａｗｌｙ大白鼠,随机分为４组：Ａ组（６只）,非再通组;Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ组（各４只）,分别是于ＭＣＡＯ３０分钟、１小时、２小时后再通,于不同时间点作ＤＷＩ和Ｔ２ＷＩ,通过后处理得到表观扩散系数（ＡＤＣ）像并计算感兴趣区的ＡＤＣ、相对ＡＤＣ（ｒＡＤＣ）及ＤＷＩ     

磁共振扩散峰度成像诊断亚急性脑梗死进展性的价值

目的利用MR扩散峰度成像(DKI)研究亚急性期进展性脑梗死责任病灶,并结合NIHSS评分探讨其影像征象与临床相关性。方法前瞻性研究发病时间>72 h且在本影像中心行MRI扫描的亚急性期脑梗死病人79例,其中男45例,女34例,年龄43~88岁,平均(64.75±11.05)岁。根据NIHSS评分和病灶数目将其分为4组:单发脑梗死进展阴性组、多发脑梗死进展阴性组、单发脑梗死进展阳性组、多发脑梗死进展阳性组。对所有病人进行颅脑DKI及常规MRI扫描,获取MD和MK参数图,并于相应的参数图测量相应的参数值及病灶面积。多发性脑梗死病例在MD和MK图同一层面选取同一供血区内的2个独立病灶,分别将兴趣区设置于该缺血区的核心区(ROI 1)和周边区(ROI 2)。采用配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩检验比较MD图和MK图中病灶面积和信号的差异,采用散点图和信号变化百分比描述缺血灶的时间-信号变化。结果 (1)病灶面积。进展阴性组病人MD图与MK图中不同梗死灶的面积大小均相仿,其差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);进展阳性组MD图中不同梗死灶的面积均大于MK图(均P<0.05)。进展阴性组和阳性组的MD/MK不匹配区面积(显著的MD/MK不匹配区)百分比分别为0.2%和9.7%。(2)时间-信号散点图。a单发脑梗死组:与正常脑区相比,不同进展程度的单发脑梗死病人的病灶区均表现为MD值显著下降、MK值显著上升。进展阳性组病灶的信号恢复延迟,且MD、MK值偏离正常值的幅度大于进展阴性组。两组的MK值偏离正常值的幅度均大于MD值的变化幅度。b多发脑梗死组:多发性脑梗死进展阴性组病灶的MD和MK的时间-信号散点图与单发脑梗死进展阴性组相仿,ROI 1和ROI 2的时间-信号变化趋向一致性良好。多发性脑梗死进展阳性组ROI 1的MD和MK的时间-信号散点图与单发脑梗死进展阳性组相仿,而ROI 2的MD和MK的时间-信号散点图则呈无规律的杂乱曲线,表现出多病灶的异质性。结论脑梗死灶MK值恢复的延迟或多病灶的异质性均提示原发脑梗死病灶扩大及新发脑梗死,是亚急性脑梗死进展性诊断的重要征象。     

骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值。方法收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间-信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度。结果MR PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为I型(平稳型)及II型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为III型和IV型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤。MR DWI显示:b=300s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADC1.63×10-3mm2/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%。MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%。结论MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度。     

超急性和急性脑梗死的扩散张量成像研究

目的：探讨扩散张量成像（DTI）技术在超急性和急性脑梗死患者中的临床应用价值。方法：对19例超急性脑梗死、22例急性脑梗死患者行常规颅脑MRI及DTI检查。测量梗死灶中心区、边缘区及对侧镜像区的FA、DCavg值,并得到DWI图、DCavg图、FA图、彩色编码FA图及皮质脊髓束图。结果：DWI图、DCavg图、FA图及彩色编码FA图可清楚显示超急性和急性脑梗死病灶。超急性和急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区FA值分别为（0.481,0.284）×10-4mm2/s,边缘区FA值分别为（0.473,0.306）×10-4mm2/s,急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区、边缘区FA值与超急性脑梗死组之间差异有统计学意义。超急性和急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区DCavg值分别为（4.207,4.924）×10-4mm2/s,边缘区DCavg值分别为（5.805,5.420）×10-4mm2/s,急性脑梗死组梗死灶中心区、边缘区与超急性脑梗死组DCavg值之间差异亦有统计学意义。白质纤维束三维重建显示皮质脊髓束为无受累、部分受累、完全受累,其临床肌力分别表现为无减退、治疗后肌力恢复或大部分恢复、无恢复。结论：DTI技术对超急性和急性脑梗死的诊断、治疗及判断预后具有重要的价值。     

骨肿瘤的MR灌注和扩散加权成像研究

目的 对临床常见的骨肿瘤进行MR灌注成像(PWI)和扩散加权成像(DWI)研究,探讨其在骨肿瘤定性诊断中的价值.方法 收集恶性骨肿瘤18例,良性骨肿瘤21例,行MR PWI和MR DWI,应用Functool 2软件分析,于灌注像上得到病灶时间一信号曲线(TIC)、首过期(FP)信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率、两次稳态信号差值;于DWI上获得病灶表观扩散系数(ADC)值;采用SPSS 13.0统计分析软件,将从良、恶性骨肿瘤两组样本中获得的各种参数用成组设计的两样本均数进行t检验,采用受试者操作特征(ROC)曲线选择良恶性肿瘤鉴别诊断的阈值,计算MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的敏感度、特异度、和准确度.结果 MRP PWI显示,17/21的良性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅰ型(平稳型)及Ⅱ型(缓降缓升型),恶性骨肿瘤TIC表现为Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型(速降型);良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的FP信号递减幅度、TIC最大线性斜率及两次稳态信号差值在良、恶性骨肿瘤之间的差异均具有显著性统计学意义,其据此诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为82.1%、79.5%和87.2%;有4例良性骨肿瘤可根据其MR-PWI作定性判断,结果误诊为恶性肿瘤.MR DWI显示:b=300 s/mm2时,良、恶性骨肿瘤的ADC值的差异具有统计学意义;若以ADCI.63x103mm3/s为恶性阈值,其诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度为79.5%.MR PWI和MR DWI诊断恶性骨肿瘤的准确度分别为89.7%和79.5%.结论 MR PWI比MR DWI更有助于鉴别良、恶性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变,但恶性骨肿瘤与富血供良性骨肿瘤及肿瘤样病变的灌注参数存在重叠,此时结合MR DWI可以提高诊断准确度.     

MR扩散及灌注成像对超急性期脑梗死缺血半暗带的研究进展

脑缺血卒中后最初儿小时确定病灶部位、范围并及时进行冶疗对预后十分重要。目前,对于急性脑梗死最有效、最有前途的治疗方法是在超急性期进行溶栓治疗,溶栓的时机越早,患恢复的可能性越大。脑缺血半暗带(ischemic penumbra,IP)一直是近年来缺血性中风超早期诊断和溶栓治疗的研究热点,目前多采用磁共振扩散加权成像(diffuson weighted imaging,DWI)和灌注成像(perflasion weighted inmaging,PWI)技术,     

MR扩散成像在脑梗死早期诊断中的应用

ＭＲ扩散成像在脑梗死早期诊断中的应用韩鸿宾谢敬霞脑血管病是严重危害人类健康的最常见疾病之一，具有高发病率、高死亡率、高致残率及高复发率的特点。由此而引起的瘫痪、失语、痴呆更是社会的沉重负担。如何早期诊断、早期治疗以降低死亡率，一直是医学界关注的热点。...     

大鼠急性脑缺血再灌注的磁共振灌注扩散成像与病理对照研究

目的探讨急性脑缺血再灌注的磁共振灌注成像(PWI)及扩散成像(DWI)的表现以及其病理改变。方法取70只Wistar大鼠,用线栓法建立右侧大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,分为假手术(A组)、栓塞30min及再灌注30min、60min(B、B1、B2组)、栓塞60min及再灌注30min、60min(C、C1、C2组),每组各10只。对各组分别行头部MRI扫描,计算缺血区的DWI异常信号相对面积(rSD)、相对表观扩散系数(rADC)、PWI异常信号相对面积(rSP)、相对平均通过时间(rMTT),将所测值进行比较。对缺血区脑组织进行病理观察。结果实验各组在T1WI、T2WI像上均未见异常信号。A组的DWI和PWI亦未见异常信号。在DWI像上,B、C、B1、B2、C2、C1组在右侧基底节区高信号的范围由小扩大,随后逐渐缩小。在PWI像上,B、C组在右侧基底节区出现明显低灌注信号,在B1、C2组则出现高灌注信号,C1组呈现稍低灌注信号,B2组的信号基本正常。在B、C2组间存在MTT/DWI异常信号不匹配区。病理观察:DWI异常信号区及MTT/DWI异常信号不匹配区均可见细胞器肿胀,提示为半暗带,B1、C1组可见轻度血管源性水肿,B2、C2组未见明显病理改变。结论细胞内水肿是半暗带的病理改变之一,在早期脑梗塞DWI高信号仍提示为半暗带组织,再灌注早期可出现血管源性水肿,再灌注越早脑细胞越容易恢复正常。     

Diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI in a patient with a prolonged reversible ischaemic neurological deficit

We report acute and follow-up diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI (DWI, PWI) findings in a patient with a prolonged reversible ischaemic neurological deficit. PWI 12 h after the patient was last seen to be without symptoms revealed a large perfusion deficit in the left posterior MCA territory with a relatively inconspicuous and much smaller abnormality on DWI. Follow-up showed resolution of abnormalities on both DWI and PWI, and conventional MRI was normal, apart from a very slight abnormality, visible only on FLAIR images, at the centre of the initially DWI-positive region. These findings demonstrate the utility of PWI when be used in combination with DWI to investigate the pathophysiology of transient ischemic syndromes. Received: 26 July 1999/Accepted: 20 September 1999     

Actual diagnostic approach to the acute stroke patient

Since acute stroke is now considered a potentially treatable medical emergency, a rapid and correct diagnosis must be made. The first step is to exclude hemorrhage, then to visualize any early ischemic changes, demonstrate the presence of hypoperfusion and locate the presence of a vascular underlying pathology as well as elucidate the presence of a potential penumbra (tissue at risk). Thanks to improvements and advances in both MR and CT technology, this can now be done in a number of ways. At the moment, CT is the most widely available and fast method for obtaining imaging of the brain and neck vessels of patients presenting with acute stroke. MRI can provide more precise information, although it remains slightly more time-consuming, but is, however, the method of choice for follow-up imaging. The main point is to take the one-stop-shopping approach where imaging of the vessels and brain is done from the aortic arch to the circle of Willis in one single session in order to have all the necessary information in the acute phase.     

Magnetic resonance diffusion-perfusion mismatch in acute ischemic stroke: An update

The concept of magnetic resonance perfusion-diffusion mismatch(PDM) provides a practical and approximate measure of the tissue at risk and has been increasingly applied for the evaluation of hyperacute and acute stroke in animals and patients.Recent studies demonstrated that PDM does not optimally define the ischemic penumbra;because early abnormality on diffusion-weighted imaging overestimates the infarct core by including part of the penumbra,and the abnormality on perfusion weighted imaging overestimates the penumbra by including regions of benign oligemia.To overcome these limitations,many efforts have been made to optimize conventional PDM.Various alternatives beyond the PDM concept are under investigation in order to better define the penumbra.The PDM theory has been applied in ischemic stroke for at least three purposes:to be used as a practical selection tool for stroke treatment;to test the hypothesis that patients with PDM pattern will benefit from treatment,while those without mismatch pattern will not;to be a surrogate measure for stroke outcome.The main patterns of PDM and its relation with clinical outcomes were also briefly reviewed.The conclusion was that patients with PDM documented more reperfusion,reduced infarct growth and better clinical outcomes compared to patients without PDM,but it was not yet clear that thrombolytic therapy is beneficial when patients were selected on PDM.Studies based on a larger cohort are currently under investigation to further validate the PDM hypothesis.     

Practical applications of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in acute cerebral infarction

This article attempts to answer the most common questions on the use of diffusion magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between acute cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack in patients who present with the symptoms of stroke.     

Perfusion-weighted MRI as a marker of response to treatment in acute and subacute stroke

We carried out baseline and short-term follow-up MRI, including perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) and tests of neurologic and cognitive function on 15 consecutive patients with large-vessel ischemic stroke who showed a persistent large perfusion-diffusion mismatch at enrollment up to seven days after the onset of symptoms. Of these, ten underwent induced blood pressure elevation with phenylephrine and oral medications (in eight) or intravenous fluids (in two) with the goal of improving perfusion; five had no such treatment. Significant functional improvement was defined by a reduction of 3 or more points on the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS). Significant improvement in perfusion was defined by a reduction in the volume of hypoperfused brain by 30 cc on PWI using time-to-peak (TTP) maps, without enlargement of the infarct. There was a strong, statistically significant association between improved function and improved perfusion: six (75%) of eight patients who improved in function, but none of the seven who did not, showed a reduction in volume of hypoperfused brain. All six patients who met the perfusion goal, and only two (22%) of nine who did not showed significant functional improvement (Fishers exact: P <0.01). There were no differences between patients who improved functionally and those who did not with respect to age, initial volume of abnormality on DWI or PWI, initial NIHSS, or changes on DWI. These findings indicate that reduction in volume of hypoperfused brain on PWI is a marker of response to treatment to improve perfusion even in subacute stroke and that partial reperfusion of regions of salvageable but dysfunctional tissue is a mechanism of improved function associated with induced blood pressure elevation.     

DTI在涉及皮质脊髓束缺血性脑梗塞中的应用

目的:探讨磁共振弥散张量成像(DTI)在涉及皮质脊髓束的缺血性脑梗塞的应用价值。方法:应用西门子1.5TMR成像系统,对30例累及内囊后肢或放射冠的脑梗塞患者进行检查,均行DTI序列(b值=0,500s/mm2)及颅脑MRI扫描,在Siemens Leonardo工作站应用纤维束跟踪软件(Siemens Standar 12 dirs)进行后处理。结果:梗塞灶FA值较对侧相应部位明显降低,ADC值较对侧相应部位明显升高,皮质脊髓束穿过梗塞灶的患者运动功能恢复较差,皮质脊髓束未穿过梗塞灶的患者运动功能恢复较好。结论:DTI白质纤维束成像可以无创性显示皮质脊髓束与缺血性梗塞灶的空间关系,帮助判断运动功能受损情况与预测预后。     

MR DWI对急性脑梗死的诊断优势

目的 评价磁共振弥散加权成像（MRDWI）对急性期脑梗死（发病后6h内）的诊断价值。方法对卒中样起病且发病时间在2h．24h以内、临床高度怀疑脑梗死的18例患者进行DWI和常规MRI扫描。分析比较了早期MR DWI和常规MRI所见。结果MR DWI提示中风的18例患者最终l临床均诊断为急性期脑梗死，常规MRI仅为5例。DWI诊断急性期脑梗死的敏感性为100％，特异性为100％，而常规MRI诊断急性期脑梗死的敏感性和特异性分别为27．8％和100％。结论DWI对急性期脑梗死的诊断高度准确，其敏感高度明显高于常规MRI。     

Assessment of brain perfusion with MRI: methodology and application to acute stroke

We review the methodology of brain perfusion measurements with MRI and their application to acute stroke, with particular emphasis on the work awarded by the 6th Lucien Appel Prize for Neuroradiology. The application of the indicator dilution theory to the dynamic susceptibility-weighted bolus-tracking method is explained, as is the approach to obtaining quantitative measurements of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and volume (CBV). Our contribution to methodological developments, such as CBV measurement with the frequency-shifted burst sequence, development of the PRESTO sequence, comparison of different deconvolution methods and of spin- and gradient-echo sequences, and the validation of MRI measurements against positron emission tomography is summarised. The pathophysiology of brain ischaemia and the role of neuroimaging in the setting of acute stroke are reviewed, with an introduction to the concepts of ischaemic penumbra and diffusion/perfusion mismatch. Our work on the determination of absolute CBF and CBV thresholds for predicting the area of infarct growth, identification of the best perfusion parameters (relative or absolute) for predicting the area of infarct growth and the role of MR angiography is also summarised. We conclude that MRI is a very powerful way to assess brain perfusion and that its use might help in selecting patients who will benefit most from treatment such as thrombolysis.An addendum to this article can be found at     

MR扩散张量成像在急性脑梗死的临床应用

目的应用MR扩散张量成像(DTI)技术对急性脑梗死行动态观察,研究其扩散变化规律,推断缺血半暗带的治疗时间窗,并通过扩散张量纤维束成像(DTT)技术论证皮质脊髓束与肌力的相关关系。方法对71例不同时间窗的脑梗死病例行常规MRI、扩散加权成像(DWI)及DTI检查,测定各期病灶的平均扩散系数(DCavg)、部分各向异性系数(FA)、相对各向异性系数(RA)及容积比(1-VR)值,并对10例行三维白质纤维重建。结果梗死不同时期的DCavg均值分别为[(0·275±0·022),(0·349±0·019),(0·465±0·023),(0·538±0·035)]×10-3mm2/s,随时间变化呈明显减低、逐渐回升、假正常化的趋势(P<0·001);FA、RA、1-VR值在超急性期轻度升高,以后呈不可复性减低的趋势;超急性期、急性期病灶中心区与边缘区的DCavg、FA、RA、1-VR值差异有统计学意义(P<0·001)。皮质脊髓束表现为无受压、受压无中断及中断、破坏,其临床肌力表现为无减退、治疗后肌力恢复、无恢复。结论梗死灶的DCavg、FA、RA、1-VR值具有特征性演变规律;超急性期、急性期病灶边缘区可能为缺血半暗带组织,其治疗时间窗可扩展为24h。DTT技术对临床及判断预后有重要价值。