水拉恩氏菌JZ-GX1产嗜铁素特性及其对林木病原菌的拮抗作用

【背景】嗜铁素被认为是一种具有开发和利用价值的新型生物活性物质,已被逐渐应用到植物病原菌的防治中。【目的】明确根际促生菌水拉恩氏菌(Rahnella aquatilis) JZ-GX1产嗜铁素最佳发酵培养条件,进一步探讨嗜铁素在防治植物根部病害中的潜在作用。【方法】采用摇瓶发酵法,通过铬天青(Chrome azurol S,CAS)检测分析,对影响JZ-GX1菌株嗜铁素分泌的几种发酵因子进行研究,并通过菌丝生长抑制速率法测定嗜铁素对两种林木病原菌的拮抗效果。【结果】以KMB为基础培养基,初始pH 8.0,装液量25 mL/50 mL,按1%接种量接种,在28°C下培养36 h可获得该菌株较高产量的嗜铁素;鉴定其嗜铁素类型为羧酸盐和异羟肟酸型的复合型铁载体;在最适条件下测得其发酵原液对樟疫霉(Phytophthoracinnamomi)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctoniasolani)的抑制率均达到100%。【结论】水拉恩氏菌JZ-GX1对碱性土壤上林木根部病害的防治具有较好的潜力。     

Effects of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Alleviating Chlorosis Induced by Iron Deficiency in Peanut Seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.)

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on alleviating chlorosis induced by iron (Fe) deficiency in peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) were studied by investigating the symptoms, plant growth, chlorophyll concentrations, soluble Fe concentration, Fe distribution in subcellular, and antioxidant enzymes. Fe deficiency caused serious chlorosis and inhibited growth of peanut seedlings, and dramatically decreased the soluble Fe concentration and chlorophyll concentration. Furthermore, ion balance was disturbed. The addition of 50, 100, and 250 μM SA significantly increased the absorption of Fe from the cell wall to cell organelles and the soluble fraction, enhanced the Fe concentration in cell organelles, Fe activation and chlorophyll concentrations in leaves, ameliorated the inhibition of Ca, Mg, and Zn absorption induced by Fe deficiency, alleviated the chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency and promoted plant growth. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is dramatically increased in peanut seedlings exposed to Fe deficiency, and resulted in lipid peroxidation, which was indicated by accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The application of 50, 100, and 250 μM SA significantly decreased the level of ROS and MDA concentrations, and significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase in peanut seedlings exposed to Fe deficiency. The addition of 100 μM SA had the best effect on alleviating chlorosis induced by Fe deficiency, whereas the addition of 500 μM SA had no significant effect under Fe deficiency.     

Characterization of the lipopolysaccharide from Rahnella aquatilis 1-95

The lipopolysaccharide from the freshwater bacterium Rahnella aquatilis 1-95 has been isolated and investigated for the first time. The structural components of the lipopolysaccharide molecule: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O-specific polysaccharide were isolated by mild acidic hydrolysis. In lipid A, 3-hydroxytetradecanoic and tetradecanoic acids were found to be the predominant fatty acids. In the core oligosaccharide, galactose, arabinose, fucose, and an unidentified component were shown to be the major monosaccharides. The O-specific polysaccharide consists of a regularly repeating trisaccharide unit with the acyl and phosphate following structure: [structure: see text] groups have been shown to be responsible for the toxic and pyrogenic properties of the lipopolysaccharide of R. aquatilis.     

Synthesis of methyl beta-D-fructoside catalyzed by levansucrase from Rahnella aquatilis

Methyl beta-D-fructoside(MF) was formed from sucrose and methanol by a transfructosylation reaction using recombinant levansucrase from Rahnella aquatilis. The increase in the yield of MF formation was achieved by increasing methanol concentration. The enzyme stability at higher concentrations of methanol was maintained by lowering the reaction temperature. The optimum temperature and sucrose concentration for MF formation was 10 degrees C and 50 gL(-1) respectively and the yield of MF was 70%.     

Formation of guaiacol in chocolate milk by the psychrotrophic bacterium Rahnella aquatilis

AIMS: The aim of this study was to identify the causative agent of a smoky/phenolic taint in refrigerated full cream chocolate milk. METHODS AND RESULTS: Microbiological examination of spoiled and unspoiled milk samples from the same processor showed high numbers of the psychrotrophic coliform Rahnella aquatilis in the spoiled samples only. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify the taint compound as guaiacol (2-methoxyphenol) in the spoiled milk. Challenge studies in UHT chocolate and white milks inoculated with the isolate and incubated at 4-5 degrees C and 8-9 degrees C for 6 d showed the production of guaiacol in chocolate milk only, which was confirmed and quantified by GC/MS. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that if present in refrigerated chocolate milk, Rah. aquatilis can produce guaiacol within the expected shelf-life of the product, even without temperature abuse. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first report that the coliform Rah. aquatilis can produce guaiacol in refrigerated chocolate milk products.     

Structure of the O-polysaccharide of the lipopolysaccharide of Rahnella aquatilis 1-95

The O-polysaccharide was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Rahnella aquatilis 1-95 and studied by sugar and methylation analyses along with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, including NOESY and 1H,13C HSQC experiments for linkage and sequence analysis. The following structure of the branched trisaccharide repeating unit of the O-polysaccharide was established: [carbohydrate structure: see text].     

城市夜间灯光对香樟生长的影响

为了解常绿乔木对城市夜间灯光的生长响应,以华东地区典型常绿行道树种香樟为对象,研究南京市一条典型道路上近灯处(路灯正下方)和远灯处(两相邻路灯中间位置)生长区位的夜间光照强度差异性对香樟生长性状的影响.结果表明:近灯处香樟的平均胸径为16.8 cm,当年生小枝总生产力为309.4 g·m^-2,当年生叶片生产力为241.5 g·m^-2,叶片相对叶绿素含量为34.6 SPAD.远灯处香樟的平均胸径为15.5 cm,当年生小枝总生产力为273.4 g·m^-2,当年生叶片生产力为212.8 g·m^-2,叶片相对叶绿素含量为33.1 SPAD.近灯处香樟的平均胸径、当年生小枝总生产力、当年生叶片生产力及叶片相对叶绿素含量均显著高于远灯处.两处树木间比叶面积没有显著差异.夜间灯光的补充照明促进了近灯处香樟的生长,并改变了树冠生长对阳光的响应特征.     

二氧化氮对樟树幼苗生长及光合作用的影响

采用开顶式人工熏气装置,对1年生樟树幼苗进行了为期2个月不同体积分数NO₂(0.1、0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1)熏气试验,研究其对幼苗生长及光合作用的影响.结果表明:0.5和0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理促进了樟树幼苗生长,而4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理则抑制其生长.各处理樟树幼苗叶片净光合速率(P_n)日变化呈不对称的双峰型曲线,存在光合“午休”现象;在光合日进程中,0.5 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片P_n提高,最大值达8.542 μmol CO₂·m^-2s^-1,4.0 μl·L^-1NO₂处理的大多数时段使P_n降低,而0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理对P_n的影响则依时段而不同;0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了叶片气孔导度(G_s)和胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)的最大值和最小值,0.1 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理提高了C_i的最大值和最小值,降低了G_s的最大值和最小值.熏气处理中、后期,0.5μl·L^-1 NO₂处理叶片的日均净光合速率显著高于其他处理.在熏气处理前期,0.5和4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理使叶片最大PSⅡ的光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著下降;在熏气处理后期,4.0 μl·L^-1 NO₂处理的叶片F_v/F_m仍显著低于对照.     

Characteristics of the lactan gum produced from various carbon sources by Rahnella aquatilis

The characteristics of the lactan gum produced by Rahnella aquatilis varied according to the carbon sources used: the steady shear viscosity of lactan gum produced from fructose medium was higher than that produced from the other carbon sources, and furthermore the level of energy required (D H), for the degradation of lactan gum from fructose by Rahnella aquatilis was higher than that from other carbon sources. The lactan gums produced from sucrose or lactose contained mannose, galactose and galacturonic acid in the approximate molar ratio of 5:3:2. However, the lactan gum produced from galactose, glucose or fructose contained the same sugars at 2:4:4, 2:3:5 and 7:1.5:1.5 respectively.     

林下植被抚育对樟人工林生态系统碳储量的影响

以亚热带东部地区48年生樟(Cinnamomum camphora)人工林为研究对象, 探讨不同林下植被处理方式对植被和土壤碳储量的影响。研究结果表明: 1)林下植被抚育增加了植被的碳储量, 增幅为48.87%, 平均每年比未抚育林分增加了0.62 t·hm^-2; 2)林下植被抚育降低了土壤有机碳含量, 降低幅度介于4.79%-34.13%之间, 其中0-10 cm、10-20 cm土层比未抚育林分分别降低了10.16 g·kg^-1和8.58 g·kg^-1, 差异达到显著水平(p < 0.05); 3)林下植被抚育降低了森林土壤碳储量, 降低幅度介于1.98%-43.45%之间, 其中0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层分别降低了15.39 t·hm^-2和11.58 t·hm^-2, 差异达到极显著水平(p < 0.01)和显著水平(p < 0.05); 4)林下植被抚育降低了森林生态系统总碳储量, 降低幅度为4.27%, 但差异不显著。因此, 林下植被抚育虽有利于植被碳储量的积累, 但降低了土壤有机碳含量和储量。     

铝胁迫对接种丛枝菌根真菌樟树幼苗光合作用的影响

在实验室条件下用低(0.5 mmol·L-1)、中(8 mmol·L-1)、高(15 mmol·L-1)浓度Al3 溶液胁迫接种和未接种丛枝菌根(AM)的樟树幼苗,10周后测定植株叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls).结果表明:未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片叶绿素含量在低浓度Al3 胁迫时与相应对照无显著差异,而在中、高浓度Al3 胁迫下均显著低于相应对照,并均随Al3 浓度增加而逐渐下降;接种植株的叶绿素含量在对照和中、低浓度Al3 胁迫下均高于相应未接种植株,而在高浓度Al3 胁迫下显著低于未接种植株.未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Pn在低浓度Al3 胁迫时均显著高于对照(P<0.05),在中、高浓度时均显著低于对照,且在Al3 浓度间差异显著;末接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Ci均随Al3 胁迫浓度增加逐渐提高,而其余参数则逐渐下降;在同一Al3 浓度处理下,接种和未接种植株的叶片光合参数均无显著差异.研究发现,中、高浓度Al3 胁迫能显著降低樟树幼苗的净光合速率,且光合机构活性降低是主要原因;接种AM真菌能显著增加中、低浓度Al3 胁迫樟树幼苗的叶片叶绿素含量,但不能显著减轻中、高浓度Al3 胁迫对樟树幼苗光合速率的抑制作用.     

Effects of ozone exposure on sub-tropical evergreen Cinnamomum camphora seedlings grown in different nitrogen loads

The present study aims in investigating the individual and combined effects of ozone (O₃) exposure and nitrogen (N) load on the growth and photosynthetic characters of Cinnamomum camphora seedlings, a dominant evergreen broadleaf tree species in sub-tropical regions. The seedlings were supplied with N as NH₄NO₃ solution at 0, 30 and 60 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (simplified as N0, N30, N60, respectively) and were exposed to ambient O₃ concentration (AA) or elevated [O₃] (E-O₃, AA +60 ppb) for one growth season. E-O₃ induced significant negative effects on foliar photosynthesis, including lower photosynthetic rate, reduced carboxylation efficiency, quantum yield of PSII and photosynthetic pigment contents, despite no effect on growth. In contrast, N load acted as fertilization effects. Medium N (N30) increased photosynthetic pigments and stem-base diameter growth relative to N0, whereas high N load (N60) significantly enhanced the growth, photosynthetic pigments, and dark and light action of photosynthesis of C. camphora seedlings. No significant interactive effects of O₃ and N load on the growth, net photosynthetic rate and pigment contents of the seedlings were found, suggesting that N supply to the soil at ≤60 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ does not significantly change the sensitivity of C. camphora to ozone.     

Biological control of bacterial spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria by Rahnella aquatilis

Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria strain 2 was isolated from infected tomato seedlings grown in open field in Egypt. This strain produced irregular yellow-necrotic areas on tomato leaves and spotting of the stem. In an attempt to control this disease biologically, four experiments were conducted and tomato seedlings were pretreated, before the pathogen, with either of two antagonistic strains of Rahnella aquatilis through leaves, roots, soil or seeds. In all experiments, seedlings pretreated with R. aquatilis showed reduced susceptibility toward X. c. pv. vesicatoria. They also contained reduced protein concentration and showed reduced number of protein bands in SDS-PAGE analysis as well as increased fresh and dry weight relative to control seedlings inoculated with the pathogen only. This indicates that R. aquatilis reduced the deleterious effect and the stress exerted by X. c. pv. vesicatoria on tomato seedlings. Foliar application of R. aquatilis was the most effective method in disease reduction which could be attributed to the direct effect of the antagonistic bacteria on the pathogen. The highest amounts of fresh and dry weight ere obtained from seed treatment, which might suggest that bacterial seed inoculation provides earlier protection than could be achieved with foliar, soil or root treatment.     

Iron Deficiency Induced by Chrysobactin in Saintpaulia Leaves Inoculated with Erwinia chrysanthemi

In this communication, we examine the fate of iron during soft rot pathogenesis caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi on its host, Saintpaulia ionantha. The spread of soft rot caused by this enterobacterium was previously shown to depend on a functional genetic locus encoding a high-affinity iron assimilation system involving the catechol-type siderophore chrysobactin. Leaf intercellular fluid from healthy plants was analyzed with regard to the iron content and its availability for bacterial growth. It was compared to the fluid from diseased plants for the presence of strong iron ligands, using a new approach based on the iron-binding property of an ion-exchange resin. Further characterization allowed the identification of chrysobactin in diseased tissues, thus providing the first evidence for the external release of a microbial siderophore during pathogenesis. Competition for nutritional iron was also studied through a plant-bacterial cell system: iron incorporated into plant ferritin appeared to be considerably reduced in bacteria-treated suspension soybean cells. The same effect was visualized during treatment of soybean cells with axenic leaf intercellular fluid from E. chrysanthemi-inoculated saintpaulia leaves or with chrysobactin.     

Effects of Iron Deficiency on Chloroplast Lipids

The lipids of plastids from three different nodes of Hubbardsquash plants were investigated. A comparison was made of theplastid lipids of plants grown on a complete nutrien with theplastid lipids of plants grown on an iron-deficient nutrientsolution. The iron-deficient leaves were not chlorotic at the time ofharvest. The separated lipids were quantitated by determiningphosphorus, sugar, and fatty acid content. Plastids from olderleaves contained more lipid phosphorus per lipid sugar thanplastids from younger leaves. The plastids treated with an iron-deficientnutrient seemed to have relatively less glycerylphosphoryl glycerol-lipidsthan did the complete plastids. However, few major differencesin the fatty acid composition existed between the iron-deficientand complete grown plastids. It was concluded that the rateof turnover of the plastid lipids may depend upon the individualspecies and the environment to which the plants are subjected.Further changes in the plastid lipids of the iron-dificientplants, as opposed to complete nutrient treated, occurred priorto the appearance of marked visible symptoms of chlorosis.     

模拟大气硫酸铵污染对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验研究了大气颗粒污染物硫酸铵对香樟幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明,香樟幼苗叶片涂抹硫酸铵处理对植物生长无显著影响;低浓度硫酸铵(2 g·L^-1)提高了叶片叶绿素含量,而高浓度(4 g·L^-1)却降低了叶片叶绿素含量;与对照相比,低浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度与蒸腾速率无显著差异;高浓度处理的香樟叶片净光合速率与蒸腾速率高于对照,而气孔导度与胞间二氧化碳浓度与对照无显著差异。机理分析表明,硫酸铵颗粒物主要通过影响叶片气孔导度来影响植物光合特性。     

Effects of Oxidative Stress on Immunosuppression Induced by Selenium Deficiency in Chickens

Selenium (Se) is an important nutritional trace element possessing immune-stimulatory properties. The aim of this 75-day study was to investigate effect of oxidative stress on immunosuppression induced by selenium deficiency by determining antioxidative function, morphological changes, DNA damage, and immune function in immune organ of chickens. One hundred sixty 1-day-old chickens (egg-type birds) were randomly assigned to two groups of 80 each and were fed on a low-Se diet (0.032?mg/kg Se) or a control diet (0.282?mg/kg Se, sodium selenite), respectively. Se contents in blood and immune organ (thymus, spleen, bursa of Fabricius) were determined on days 30, 45, 60, and 75, respectively. Antioxidative function was examined by total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and xanthine oxidase (XOD), and oxidative damage was examined by malondialdehyde (MDA) detection. DNA damage was measured by comet assay, and immune function was examined by determining serum interleukin-1?? (IL-1??), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) contents. The results showed that Se concentrations in the low-Se group were significantly lower (P?<?0.05) than in the control group. Low-Se diet caused a decrease in the activities of T-AOC, SOD, GSH-Px, and an increase in XOD activity and MDA content. Pathological lesions and DNA damage of immune tissues were observed in low-Se group, while the serum IL-1?? and IL-2 contents decreased, and TNF content increased. The present study demonstrated that chickens fed deficient in Se diets exhibited lesions in immune organs, decreased serum IL-1??, IL-2 content, and serum TNF content, indicating that oxidative stress inhibited the development of immune organs and finally impaired the immune function of chickens.     

不同栽培技术对芳香樟穗条产量的影响

为营建芳香樟高产采穗圃,提供优质穗条,对采穗圃采取截干、施肥试验,分析不同栽培技术对穗条产量和质量的影响。结果表明,截干高度以低台式修剪的穗条产量最高,且穗条短粗,质量较好,而中柱式效果次之,高柱式效果最差;截干时间以7月或3月初效果较好,5月中旬最差;施肥时间以3月和8月各施肥1次效果最佳。