晚期直肠癌手术切除的几点体会（附7例报告）

晚期直肠癌非手术切除治疗疗效差。手术切除出血多，副损伤大，易发生严重并发症，死亡率高。１９９４年４月以来，我们采用盆腔血运阻断，肿瘤微波固化止血分块切除，直肠远端旷置代膀胱，合理处理肝转移灶等方法，对７例晚期直肠癌成功地施行了切除术。术后２例并发输尿管吻合口瘘，经旷置直肠代膀胱恢复，其余病例无严重并发症，效果良好。     

十二指肠憩室的诊断和治疗

目的探讨十二指肠憩室的发病原因、临床诊断及外科治疗术式选择。方法回顾分析我院1993~2004年收治的十二指肠憩室病人30例。结果主要手术方式为憩室旷置术和切除术,疗效满意。手术治疗病人术后症状均消失而痊愈出院,无手术死亡病例。结论胃肠造影是发现和诊断十二指肠憩室的主要方法,有症状十二指肠憩室的手术治疗效果确切。     

十二指肠旷置术治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室致胆管炎的探讨

目的 探讨十二指肠旷置术治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室致胆管炎的效果。方法 采用旷置十二指肠的3种术式,即胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术、毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合术、十二指肠空肠吻合术对42例十二指肠旁憩室所致胆管炎进行外科治疗。效果 本组42例术后均无胆管炎复发,无严重并发症的发生。随访1～10年,无吻合口狭窄、溃疡、术后营养不良等并发症的发生。胃空肠Roux-en-Y手术后4例有轻度术后滞留综合征,经对症处理后可缓解。结论 采用十二指肠旷置术治疗十二指肠乳头旁憩室的3种术式治疗效果满意,可根据患者的实际情况选用。     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴缩窄性乳头炎24例临床分析

目的：探讨十二指肠乳头憩室与窄窄性乳头炎的关系及其治疗情况。方法：分析经术前,术中诊断明确的十二指肠乳头旁憩室伴缩窄性乳头炎24例的临床特点及诊断治疗。采用上消化道钡餐造影,逆行胰胆管造影,核素扫描及手术探查等多可明确诊断,本组24例中手术治疗18例,其中行胆总管探查,Oddi括约肌切开成形8例,扩约肌成形后加行憩室敝开成形3例,行胆总管十二指肠或十二指肠空肠吻合3例,行胃大部切除毕Ⅱ氏吻合旷置术1例,行憩室行除,括约肌切开置支架1列,未予特殊处理2例。结果：本组在乳头切开成形时加行憩室敝开成形术,近,远期疗效满意,无复发及并发症,结论：缩窄性乳头炎与十二指肠憩室有密切关系,胆总管探查后行十二指肠乳头切开成形合并憩室敞开成形治疗效果好。     

肿瘤旷置微波照射治疗晚期膀胱癌12例报告

肿瘤旷置微波照射治疗晚期膀胱癌１２例报告刘志海，赵晋新，钱松溪，谢企良，陈夷自１９８８年１０月以来，对１２例晚期膀胱癌患者采取膀胱肿瘤旷置微波照射的姑息性治疗方法，效果满意，介绍如下。临床资料男１０例，女２例。年龄４６～７２岁，平均５８岁。７例为多发...     

腹腔镜下十二指肠憩室旷置术与十二指肠憩室切除术疗效对比

目的探讨腹腔镜十二指肠憩室旷置术与切除术的疗效对比。方法选取宝鸡市人民医院2007年1月至2016年12月58例十二指肠憩室患者临床资料,将腹腔镜十二指肠憩室旷置术与十二指肠憩室切除术疗效进行对比。结果 58例中,施行腹腔镜十二指肠憩室旷置术28例,行十二指肠憩室切除术30例,两组患者的术前临床资料无统计学差异。58例均手术成功,腹腔镜十二指肠憩室旷置术与切除术两组在术中出血量[(78.2±21.4)mL vs(177.8±73.2)mL]、手术时间[(95.3±19.5)min vs(121.6±26.7)min]、术后住院天数[(6.7±1.4)d vs(9.4±1.6)d]、术后腹腔引流天数[(1.9±0.7)vs(5.5±1.1)d]、术后严重并发症总发生率(3.6%vs 10.0%)方面,前者明显优于后者(P0.05)。结论腹腔镜十二指肠憩室旷置术与切除术术后有相似的治疗效果,但在术中操作、术后恢复及其安全性上更有优势,且对于旷置术后出现胆胰疾病的患者采取ERCP手术治疗更为合理。     

医源性尿道假道的诊断与治疗(附8例报告)

目的：探讨后尿道狭窄并发医源性尿道假道的诊断及治疗方法。方法：对８ 例后尿道狭窄并发尿道假道患者均采用尿道造影及尿道 Ｂ超检查；除 １ 例行直视下尿道内切开加 Ｔ Ｕ Ｒ 术外，余 ７ 例均行开放性手术治疗。结果：７ 例为强行尿道扩张所致，１ 例为不正规膀胱镜操作所致。８ 例经开放性手术或腔内治疗均获成功。结论：经尿道 Ｂ超诊断尿道假道优于尿道造影，而开放性手术治疗更多的是选择旷置假道的手术方式。     

医源性尿道假道的诊断与治疗

目的：探讨后尿道狭窄并发医源性尿道假道的诊断及治疗方法。方法：对８例后尿道狭窄并发尿道假道患者均采用尿道造影及尿道Ｂ超检查；除１例行直视下尿道内切开加ＴＵＲ术外，余７例均行开放性手术治疗。结果：７例为强行尿道扩张所致，１例为不正规膀胱镜操作所致。８例经开放性手术或腔内治疗均获成功。结论：经尿道Ｂ超诊断尿道假道优于尿道造影，而开放性手术治疗更多的是选择旷置假道的手术方式。     

食管憩室的外科治疗：附31例临床分析

报告３１例食管憩室（咽食管憩室９例，中段憩室１６例，膈上憩室６例）的诊断及手术治疗经验。３１例中手术治疗２６例，包括憩室切除术２０例，憩室内翻缝合术４例，肌层修补术１例及食管切除术１例。全组无手术死亡、食管瘘或其它合并症。随访１～５年，远期疗效优良率为９２．３％。憩室复发２例（复发率７．７％）。作者认为：手术方式以憩室切除术效果最好；憩室内翻缝合术具有无胸腔污染、进食早、无瘘发生等优点，应加以利用。     

巨大十二指肠憩室切除的手术技巧

目的：探讨巨大十二指肠憩室外科治疗方法。 方法：对笔者工作单位及德国海德堡大学外科医院经外科手术治疗的6例巨大十二指肠憩室患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果：全组6例巨大十二指肠憩室，其中4例采取十二指肠憩室切除+经胃十二指肠造瘘术治疗，另2例采用憩室旷置术，即Billroth-II式胃大部切除 + 胃空肠 Roux-en-Y吻合术。术后均未发生胰瘘、胆瘘、急性胰腺炎及十二指肠瘘等并发症，顺利出院。术后随访3个月至1年半，无1例再出现右上腹部胀痛、不适等症状。 结论：巨大十二指肠憩室采取十二指肠憩室切除并经胃十二指肠造瘘术，具有手术效果良好，并发症少等优点。     

Periampullary diverticula: consequences of failed ERCP.

Periampullary diverticula (PAD) are associated with biliary disease and contribute to failure of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), especially in elderly patients. The presence of PAD and causes of failure to cannulate the ampulla were noted in 1211 consecutive patients undergoing ERCP. Case notes of 100 consecutive patients with PAD were reviewed retrospectively. Overall prevalence of PAD was 9%. Prevalence was higher in patients > or = 75 years when compared with those < 75 years (19.2% vs 4.8%, P < 0.0001). Ampullary cannulation was successful in 62.4% of patients with PAD and 92.7% without PAD (P < 0.0001). Success rates were lower in patients with intradiverticular papillae than in those with juxtapapillary diverticula (38.1% vs 77.6%; P < 0.0001). Of 19 patients with PAD who did not have any imaging other than ultrasound, 16 were asymptomatic over a median follow-up of 20 months. Biliary surgery was performed on 35 patients, with no major complication. PAD are a major cause of failed ERCP. Failure rates are higher in patients with intradiverticular papillae than juxtapapillary diverticula. Though a large proportion of patients not imaged remain asymptomatic on follow-up, it is difficult to predict which patients may form this group. Surgery, when indicated, is safe and effective in elderly patients in whom ERCP has failed.     

The incidence of bladder tumor recurrences after transurethral resection during combined treatment

A total of 231 patients undergoing transurethral resection combined with intravesical chemotherapy were examined for incidence of vesical tumor relapses. Some patients were subjected only to transurethral resection (Group I), those had the resection followed by intravesical adriamycin (Group II), those underwent the resection followed by thiophosphamide chemical prevention (Group III), and those had surgeries after intravesical chemotherapy (Group IV). The incidence of the relapses was 44, 43.1, 29.6, and 52.9%, respectively. The incidence of relapses was examined in relation to the type, malignancy, and multiple foci of the tumor.     

The association between vesical carcinoma and diverticulum of the bladder.

The incidence of vesical diverticula was determined in patients with tumours of the bladder and radiological signs of bladder-outflow obstruction and in an age-matched control group with outflow obstruction alone. No significant difference was found. This result does not support the contention that diverticula predispose to tumour formation and, therefore, prophylactic diverticulectomy is not recommended.     

Botulinum toxin-A for idiopathic overactivity of the vesical detrusor: a 2-year follow-up

The aim of this trial was to examine the effects after 2 years of a single intravesical botulinum toxin-A injection (BTX-A). This prospective, observational study was conducted using urodynamic measurements and quality of life (QoL) assessment to document the effect after 2 years of a single 100 I.U. injection of BTX-A into the vesical detrusor muscle. Twenty-six patients were followed up for 2 years after a first intravesical BTX-A injection. Of these 26 patients, one was a primary failure, three were lost to follow-up, and 11 patients had a repeated injection at 5-26 months (one patient had a third injection). Seven of the remaining 11 patients in the single injection group were recommended repeated injection or another treatment, and four required no other treatment. In conclusion, 2 years after a single BTX-A injection statistically significant differences in urodynamics and an improvement in QoL could still be demonstrated.     

Outcomes of surgery of female urethral diverticula classified using magnetic resonance imaging

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the surgical outcomes of transvaginal diverticulectomies classified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: We evaluated 30 women (mean age: 46.4 yr; range: 31-73 yr) who were followed up for at least 12 mo after urethral diverticulectomies (mean follow-up: 29 mo; range: 12-93 mo). Characteristics of urethral diverticula were confirmed before surgery by MRI. Diverticula were classified as simple, U-shaped, or circumferential according to MRI features. Transvaginal excisions of urethral diverticula were performed using vaginal flaps and three-layer closures. Cure was defined as the absence of a diverticulum and symptoms. RESULTS: Seventeen cases (57%) had simple diverticula, three (10%) had U-shaped diverticula, and 10 (33%) had circumferential diverticula. After the first operation, 23 cases (77%) were cured. None of the simple diverticula recurred, but 33% of the U-shaped and 60% of the circumferential diverticula did recur. Of the seven recurrent cases, three did not require a second operation because their symptoms resolved. Of the four cases that underwent a second operation, three were cured and one was cured after two additional operations. The success rate for circumferential diverticula after initial diverticulectomies was less than that of simple or U-shaped diverticula (p<0.05). Location, size, and multiplicity of urethral diverticula did not affect the surgical outcome (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Transvaginal diverticulectomy is effective for treatment of female urethral diverticula. For circumferential urethral diverticula, however, surgical procedures should be adapted to achieve complete resections of the diverticulum.     

Long-term effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin on flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is effective therapy for multifocal carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The duration of this favorable response and its effect on disease progression are the subject of this report. Between March 1978 and July 1981, 47 patients with diffuse, often symptomatic, carcinoma in situ were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin and followed every 3 to 4 months with cystoendoscopy, biopsy and urine cytology for 3 to 6 years. All patients had had prior or concurrent superficial papillary tumors controlled initially by transurethral resection and fulguration 2 to 3 weeks before bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment. Of the 47 patients 23 were entered into a randomized study, and received intravesical and percutaneous bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Another 24 patients with carcinoma in situ were treated with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (Pasteur strain) was given intravesically (120 mg. in 50 ml. saline) weekly for 6 weeks. Of the 47 patients 32 (68 per cent) are free of disease (negative urine cytology, cystoendoscopy and biopsy): 15 (65 per cent) after combined bacillus Calmette-Guerin for a median duration of 51 months (range 37 to 75 months) and 17 (71 per cent) after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin alone for a median of 45 months (range 36 to 53 months). Of the 23 patients in the randomized study 4 (17 per cent) have required cystectomy for local progression of disease compared to 17 of 26 controls (65 per cent) who were randomized to transurethral resection and fulguration alone. Cystectomy was performed 3 to 27 months after bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment and in 3 patients tumor was localized to the prostate gland (no tumor found within the bladder). These data indicate that intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is capable of producing long-term remissions of carcinoma in situ in high risk patients and may prevent or delay progression of disease necessitating cystectomy.     

Meckel's diverticulum in the adult

Meckel's diverticula were removed from 49 adult patients during a 15 year period. In 24 (49 per cent) of the patients the diverticulum was the cause of symptoms while in the remaining 25 it was an incidental finding at laparotomy. Of the symptomatic patients, 10 had acute inflammation of their diverticula, 8 presented with small bowel obstruction (in 4 cases due to fibrous bands) and 4 attended because of gross rectal bleeding; of the 2 remaining patients one was found to have intussusception of Meckel's diverticulum into the terminal ileum whilst the other had a nodule of calcified material lying within a partly gangrenous vitellointestinal duct. There was no operative mortality in the series. Heterotopic tissue was noted histologically in six Meckel's diverticula, all of which produced symptoms. The importance of considering a diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum in the young adult presenting with acute small bowel obstruction or rectal bleeding is emphasized.     

TURBT联合膀胱内BCG灌注治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌疗效分析

目的 探讨选择性经尿道膀胱肿瘤电切术(transurethral resection of bladder tumor,TURBT)治疗经选择的肌层浸润性膀胱尿路上皮癌患者保留有功能性膀胱的可行性.方法 回顾性分析大连医科大学附属第二医院2006年至2011年间323例行TURBT治疗的膀胱尿路上皮癌患者的临床资料,选择术前影像学检查无明显膀胱外浸润,肿瘤单发,直径5 cm以下,局限于膀胱顶壁、底壁及侧壁,距输尿管口1 cm以上,不伴有原位癌,肿瘤创缘及基底部活检为阴性的T2期患者为研究对象,接受选择性TURBT伴膀胱内灌注BCG的保膀胱治疗.术后膀胱镜密切随访5~10年,运用统计学分析生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率评价疗效.结果 入组31例患者,5年总体生存率、疾病特异生存率和无复发生存率分别为87%、93%和58%.复发15例,浅表性复发6例,8例接受延迟膀胱癌根治术.23例保留有功能性膀胱,死亡6例.结论 选择性TURBT治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌在少部分经严格选择的患者中是合理可行的,术后患者应终生接受膀胱镜严密随访.     

十二指肠乳头旁憩室致胆道梗阻的外科诊治

目的:探讨十二指肠乳头旁憩室(JPPD)引起的胆道梗阻的合理诊断与治疗方法。方法:结合文献资料,回顾分析昆明医科大学第一附属医院近年来收治的22例JPPD导致胆道梗阻的患者的临床资料。结果:22例患者中,14例通过内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)检查确诊,8例通过磁共振胰胆管造影(MRCP)检查确诊;1例行单纯憩室切除术,2例行憩室切除+胆道探查术+T管引流术,15例行Billroth Ⅱ式胃大部切除术+胆道探查术+T管引流术,3例行胆总管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,1例行胰十二指肠切除术。20例获随访1.5~10年,恢复良好。结论:对于JPPD引起的胆道梗阻,MRCP是目前确诊最佳方法,单纯憩室切除术最为理想;Billroth Ⅱ胃大部切除术+胆道探查+T管引流术简单、安全、有效、应用最为广泛;Oddi括约肌狭窄者,可行胆总管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。     

女性原位尿流改道的临床研究

目的　总结女性膀胱全切患者行原位尿流改道的临床疗效。　方法　回顾性分析1995年9月至2003年12月34例女性膀胱全切、原位尿流改道患者的临床资料。34例患者,年龄53~64岁,平均58岁。其中移行细胞癌30例,腺癌3例,鳞状上皮癌1例。原发肿瘤30例,复发肿瘤4例。34例患者均行膀胱全切,其中24例保留自主神经。所有患者均截取末段回肠,行回肠代膀胱。术后随访观察临床效果。　结果　34例手术时间平均360min(280~420min),输血量平均600ml(300~1000ml)。术后30例获随访,随访6~108个月,平均61个月。术后6个月昼夜控尿率分别为90% (27 /30)和86% (26 /30)。一次性排空膀胱23例, 2例排尿可控过度,需定时导尿,另5例需采用手压下腹部排空新膀胱。23例行尿动力检查结果显示:贮尿囊容量300~520ml,充盈期囊内压<23cmH2O(6~23cmH2O, 1cmH2O=0. 098kPa),最大尿道压35 ~70cmH2O,功能性尿道长2. 6~3. 5cm,剩余尿量0~38ml。IVU检查贮尿囊球形,无输尿管狭窄,轻度输尿管返流1例,肾盂输尿管轻度扩张1例。血电解质和肾功能正常.无肠膀胱或尿道残端复发者。　结论　女性膀胱癌患者行原位尿流改道可获得满意的临床效果,可作为该类患者的首选治疗方法。