情绪调节困难模型——广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）研究中的新模式

广泛性焦虑障碍（GAD）是焦虑症最常见的表现形式，但目前对GAD的研究尚浅，治疗上也比较困难。Borkovec的担忧回避理论推进了GAD致病机制的研究和治疗的进程，却没有涉及GAD中起到很大作用的情绪状态本质。Mennin在担忧回避理论基础之上建立的GAD情绪调适困难模型特别强调情绪变量，在该模型下，出现了整合情绪、认知因素的情绪调适治疗ERT，为进一步研究和治疗GAD提供了新的思路。     

元担忧和失眠的关系

焦虑障碍和睡眠障碍严重影响了人们的生活。焦虑障碍患者普遍存在元担忧。失眠是主要的睡眠障碍之一。本文对国内外关于元担忧和失眠的研究成果进行了梳理,从内涵和外延2个角度对二者的关系进行了探讨。在探讨中发现,从元认知角度对焦虑障碍和睡眠障碍的关系进行研究具有一定意义。     

初中生元担忧与考试焦虑的关系:学业自我效能感的中介作用

目的探讨元担忧、学业自我效能感及考试焦虑的关系,为预防和缓解初中生考试焦虑提供实证依据。方法采用元担忧量表、学业自我效能感问卷、考试焦虑量表对297名初中生进行问卷调查。结果①元担忧与考试焦虑显著正相关(r=0.52,P0.01),考试焦虑与学业自我效能感显著负相关(r=-0.34,P0.01),元担忧与学业自我效能感显著负相关(r=-0.18,P0.05);②在元担忧对考试焦虑的预测中,学业自我效能感发挥了部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的8.78%。结论元担忧对考试焦虑有重要影响,并且会降低学业自我效能感,从而导致考试焦虑。     

广泛性焦虑症状的特点及其影响因素

目的:考察大学生广泛性焦虑症状的特点及其影响因素。方法:采用宾州忧虑问卷、艾森克人格问卷简式量表、对不确定性的忍受力问卷、元担忧问卷对1135名大学生进行调查。结果:①大学生宾州忧虑问卷均分为2.54±0.64,男性焦虑总分显著低于女性;独生子女焦虑总分显著低于非独生子女;不同家庭经济状况大学生在在焦虑总分上存在显著差异。②路径分析表明:神经质、不确定性所带来的压力、元担忧频率对宾州忧虑问卷总分有直接效应,同时,神经质还通过不确定性所带来的压力、元担忧频率对宾州忧虑问卷总分起到间接效应。对宾州忧虑问卷总分影响由大到小依次是:神经质、不确定性所带来的压力和元担忧频率。结论:①大学生的广泛性焦虑症状处在中等水平,女生的广泛性焦虑症状高于男生,非独生子女的广泛性焦虑症状显著高于独生子女,家庭经济状况越差则广泛性焦虑症状也越高。②神经质对广泛性焦虑症状既有直接作用,又通过不确定性所带来的压力和元担忧频率起一定的间接作用。     

改良内观疗法联合度洛西汀治疗广泛性焦虑障碍的随机对照试验

目的:评估改良内观疗法联合度洛西汀对广泛性焦虑障碍(GAD)的疗效。方法:选取符合国际疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)诊断标准的GAD患者78例，将其随机分为改良内观治疗联合度洛西汀治疗组(n=39)和仅接受度洛西汀治疗的药物组(n=39),共治疗4周，内观联合组脱落5例，药物组脱落7例。采用广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)、宾州忧虑问卷(PSWQ)和领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)作为疗效评价指标。结果:治疗后两组GAD-7、PSWQ评分均低于基线期(均P<0.05),内观联合组的PSSS评分高于基线期(P<0.05);内观联合组各量表得分差值均大于药物组(均P<0.05)。结论:改良内观疗法联合药物治疗对GAD患者焦虑和担忧的疗效优于单独药物治疗。     

不确定性忍受力和元担忧在神经质人格与社交焦虑间起的作用

目的:了解大学生的社交焦虑与神经质人格的关系及不确定性忍受力和元担忧在其中所起的作用。方法:选取642名大学生,采用交往焦虑量表(IAS)和自我意识量表(SCS)的社交焦虑分量表测量社交焦虑、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)测量神经质人格,不确定性忍受力量表(IUS)测量不确定性忍受力,元担忧问卷(MWQ)测量元担忧,通过通径分析考察各变量之间的关系。结果:不同生源地的学生IAS得分差异有统计学意义,来自省会城市(45.9±8.4)、地级市(44.3±8.3)、县级市(43.6±8.2)、乡镇(43.4±7.8)、农村大学生(40.3±7.2)的IAS得分依次降低(P0.001)。通径分析表明,不确定性忍受力、元担忧能直接预测交往焦虑(β=0.37、0.11)和社交焦虑(β=0.27、0.17),神经质人格通过元担忧、不确定性忍受力对交往焦虑和社交焦虑有间接效应。结论:大学生元担忧和无法忍受不确定性的水平越高,越容易引发交往焦虑和社交焦虑,而神经质人格正是通过元担忧和不确定性忍受力对社交焦虑和交往焦虑起着间接的作用,随着神经质程度的加重,交往焦虑和社交焦虑的程度会减轻。     

广州市高三学生自我超越生命意义与考试焦虑、考试元担忧的关系

目的 探讨高三学生的自我超越生命意义与考试焦虑、考试元担忧的关系.方法 使用自我超越生命意义量表、考试焦虑问卷和考试元担忧问卷调查了广州市1142名高三学生.结果 ①不同类型学校的高三学生自我超越生命意义水平差异显著,自我超越生命意义对考试焦虑有显著的调节作用;②高三学生考试焦虑属于中等偏高水平,男生比女生更焦虑;③考试过程、家庭冲突及前途命运是造成高三学生考试焦虑的主要元担忧因素;④家庭的元担忧对自我超越生命意义影响最大.结论 自我超越生命意义教育可作为缓解高考考试焦虑的重要策略.     

担忧主题问卷简式中文版在大学生中的初步应用

目的：考察担忧主题问卷简式(Worry Domains Questionnaire-Short Form,WDQ-SF)中文版在大学生中的信效度，并探讨不同主题的担忧对负性情绪的影响效应。方法：869名在校大学生完成了WDQ-SF、状态焦虑量表(SAI)等问卷。结果：WDQ-SF的五因子模型拟合良好，且WDQ-SF在不同性别样本中达到严格等值；WDQ-SF及各因子的Cronbach’α为0.71-0.93，Ω为0.71-0.94，总量表分半信度为0.91;WDQ-SF与SAI等问卷的相关均显著(|r|=0.25～0.60,P<0.001)。自信心不足(β=0.35)、对未来茫然(β=0.13)和人际问题(β=0.10)能显著预测抑郁得分，自信心不足(β=0.37)能显著预测焦虑得分。结论：WDQ-SF在大学生中适用性良好，不同主题的担忧对大学生的负性情绪具有不同程度的影响。     

广泛性焦虑障碍和惊恐发作的临床现象学比较

目的 探讨广泛性焦虑和惊恐发作的临床现象学特征。方法 符合CCMD-3诊断标准的广泛性焦虑和惊恐发作患者各30例进行临床现象学比较。结果 GAD组病程长于PA组；脑力劳动者中PA组显著高于GAD组，PA组精神病家族史阳性率显著高于GAD组；PA组急性发病，急诊史，自杀，伴发忧郁症。躯体症状，植物神经症状，神经功能及工作能力受损显著高于GAD组，而GAD组肯定诱因显著高于PA组，结论 广泛性焦虑和惊恐发作在临床现象学方面确实存在一定的差别。     

一例广泛性焦虑障碍患者认知行为治疗的个案概念化报告

广泛性焦虑障碍(generalized anxiety disorder,GAD)指一种以缺乏明确对象和具体内容的提心吊胆及紧张不安为主的焦虑症,并有显著的自主神经功能失调症状、肌肉紧张及运动性不安。认知行为治疗(cognitive-behavioral therapy,CBT)是将认知治疗和行为治疗相结合的心理治疗方法,是GAD患者理想的心理治疗方法。研究证明,在所有心理治疗方法中,CBT是GAD治疗有效性证据     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.