东海陆架盆地及其周边海域地质、地球物理场特征

分东海陆架盆地及其周边海域的重、磁场特征、对研究区域的地球物理场资料进行了小波变换与多尺度分布与计算，计算了研究了海域重，磁资料的1－4阶小波变换逼近、细节、根据分析与计算可知，在东海陆架盆地及其周边域，重、磁异常的主要特征没有内陆盆地那样明显，但盆地内的绝大部分地区均位于异常相对缓变区，在盆地内部有时有局部异常的圈闭及剧变区，但总的特征为缓变的，而周边区域多为相对剧变区，但也存在局部区域的缓变, 、磁场特征表明，盆地基底相对盆地周边区域主要由密度较大，磁性中的岩石组成，因此盆地中部以高正磁异常为主，布格重力异常 对周边地区高，东海陆架盆地及其周边海域的重力场的主要走向为NNE向，局部重力异常较为平缓，磁异常走向没有重力异常明显，但主要也为NNE向，重、磁场的分布特征表明，东海陆架盆地及其邻域的地质构造为大陆架构造的延伸。     

南海北部陆架西区盆地地质、地球物理场特征及其深部结构

分析了南海北部陆架西区盆地的地质、地球物理场特征，计算了研究海域重、磁资料的1阶小波细节、4阶小波逼近变换。根据分析与计算可知，研究区的布格重力异常以北西低的负值，东南高的正值为特征。在东部及东南部异常等值线走向为北东；西部异常等值线以北西走向为特征；西北地区异常以北东东、北东走向的局部等值线圈闭为特征。磁场的展布十分复杂，按磁异常的变化程度可分为三个变化区，即磁异常平静区、剧变区及缓变区。磁异常的平静区位于研究区的西部，即莺歌海盆地所在位置，这一带磁异常等值线极为稀疏，异常值为负背景异常。剧变区位于海南岛，该地区的磁异常变化极为剧烈，异常特征以局部小圈闭为特征，等值线分布密集。磁异常的平缓区位于平静区及剧变区之外的其它地区。琼东南盆地、北部湾盆地的磁异常具有此特征。根据重、磁场资料以及南海北部盆地钻井取样的测试结果、同时参考穿越南海地学断面的结果，对研究区的地壳结构进行了反演计算，计算表明南海陆架盆地区域地壳结构较为复杂，研究区的地壳厚度在22－33km之间，总的趋势由陆向洋地壳厚度逐渐减薄，反映出该区域地壳具有陆壳、拉伸陆壳、过渡壳的性质，同时存在有上地幔隆起区及凹陷区。磁性底界面厚度在17－24km之间变化，其中在莺歌海盆地较深，在海南岛地区磁性界面较浅。     

琼东南盆地基底特征及其构造演化

本文通过处理琼东南盆地现有的重磁数据资料,得到琼东南盆地重磁特征,并采用三维Parker法进行重磁基底深度的反演,获得琼东南盆地的重力基底深度变化在1～11 km之间,磁力基底深度变化在5～11 km之间,结合地震剖面的重磁震联合反演结果和钻井资料推断琼东南盆地的基底岩性主要以酸性花岗岩和中性安山岩为主,少量陆相中生界地层.琼东南盆地的基底演化表现为早期主要与古特提斯洋的演化相关,晚期则与太平洋板块的俯冲密切相关.     

南海北部盆地基底岩性地震-重磁响应特征与识别

针对性选取东南沿海露头剖面18条,采集245件南海盆地基底可能出现的岩性样品,测定其密度和磁化率,建立各种岩性的密度-磁化率交会图版,以此约束过井地震剖面和重磁异常的地质解释,总结出南海北部盆地基底火山岩、侵入岩、变质岩和沉积岩4大类11亚类岩性的地震-重磁响应特征.应用重磁震-岩性解释模型逐一对南海盆地北部主干剖面进行地质-地球物理综合解释,从而实现了盆地基底岩性的平面填图.这种从盆缘剖面到盆地内部、从岩石物性测量到地质-地球物理综合解释的方法,在资料获取难度大、地质条件复杂的南海盆地基底地质研究中,业已证明是行之有效的,相信在其他盆地研究中也会有借鉴意义.     

内蒙古阴山地区特异区域重磁场与深部构造

根据内蒙古阴山山系及邻近地区的布格重力异常分布特征，发现阴山、大青山山地和呼包盆地地区的布格重力异常分布与地形高程呈“同步型”的特异变化特征.而该地区航磁异常分布呈现为阴山山区是大面积负磁异常区，呼包盆地为强正磁异常区的特异磁异常分布特征.通过对地震、大地电磁数据、特别是重力数据资料的处理分析，给出阴山山系和呼包盆地地区的地壳结构，均表明地壳底界面都没有明显的下凹与上凸，且盆地北缘为两大块体的接触带.这些特征可能表征着阴山山系和呼包盆地重磁异常呈特异变化的一些原因.     

重磁异常解释断裂构造的处理方法及图示技术

利用重磁异常解释断裂是地质构造研究的主要手段之一.重磁异常解释断裂通常是在等值线图或剖面平面图上进行的,而重磁异常在进行等值线网格化成图时会造成微弱信息丢失,这些原因造成重磁异常解释断裂的多解性.本文对重磁异常数据在化极、曲面延拓处理的基础上,采用水平梯度法提取延拓曲面上的重磁异常梯度带,之后对断裂带进行窄化处理,通过图示技术将重磁异常数据转换成灰度值,图像的灰度值以变密度显示,形成彩色的变密度图像,这样就提高了数据图像识别断裂的视觉效果.该方法应用在鄂尔多斯盆地不同层次(时间序列)的断裂研究中,提取和识别重磁异常特征所反映的断裂信息,效果较好.     

大港探区综合地质地球物理研究

遵循沉积盆地的综合地质地球物理研究思路，运用重力、磁力、地震多种数据，通过重磁正反演和综合地质地球物理解释，提供大港探区的深部地球物理场和深部界面的信息，阐明沉积层和基底的磁性特征和密度特征，通过这些地球物理方法的相互印证、相互补充，加深对沉积盆地结构与演化的认识，从而指导油气勘探．     

渤海残留盆地分布综合地球物理研究

以活动论构造历史观为指导进行渤海海域残留盆地宏观分布特征研究. 以岩石物性为基础建立地质界面与物性界面的联系,通过重、磁、震等方法组合圈画不同物性界面的分布特征. 浅层沉积盆地结构通过反射地震资料控制,深层地质结构信息利用重磁异常场分离、物性界面反演等方法得到. 在地层分布格架基础上分析前新生代残留盆地宏观分布范围. 并结合渤海海域实例研究介绍了残留盆地宏观分布研究的技术方法和流程,在计算上古生界-中生界及元古界-下古生界残余地层厚度的基础上给出了渤海海域残留盆地的宏观分布范围,并指出在歧口凹陷东南部、石臼坨隆起南部及东北部、渤南凸起南部、辽东湾等地区是较好的前新生代油气潜力区.     

南海西沙海槽盆地重磁资料综合研究

本文综合利用广州海洋地质调查局历年来在中国南海西沙海域采集的重、磁、震资料,结合前人研究成果.采用了场源边缘识别、磁性体顶面埋深欧拉反演以及重、磁、震剖面联合反演等技术.针对西沙海槽盆地岩浆岩分布、重大断裂、深部构造等进行了综合研究.研究结果表明,盆地内岩浆岩主要形成于印支期和燕山期,大部分分布于盆地断阶带上;识剐出了NE向和EW向两组断裂.二者分别从北部和中部横贯盆地;盆地磁性基底埋深在6.0~12.6km之间。整体上呈"中部深、南北浅"的特征;西沙海槽盆地的莫霍面埋深在19~26 km之间,呈现出"南北深中部浅"的拉张裂谷特征.本文研究获取了西沙海槽盆地的基础地质构造特征.可深化盆地地质构造背景的认识,为该盆地下一步的油气工作提供基础研究资料.     

盆地基底岩性的综合地球物理预测方法——以松辽盆地滨北地区基底岩性预测为例

预测盆地基岩岩性不仅对于研究盆地的深部地质结构及盆地的形成演化具有重要的意义,而且也对基岩风化壳油气藏的勘探具有一定的指导作用.本文通过对盆地重、磁异常成因的综合分析,提出了一系列盆地基底岩性综合预测研究的综合地球物理资料处理解释方法技术.指出在地震构造界面的约束下采用重力剥皮技术可以较为可靠地获取基底岩性重力异常并分...     

浅地表地球物理技术在岩土工程中的应用与挑战

地球物理勘探方法在岩土工程的应用已有很长一段时间,但其成效与工程师的期待往往有不小的落差,以致于在一般的工程应用上仍不普遍.近年来浅地表地球物理技术有显着的进展,特别是在走时速度层析成像(Traveltime Tomography)、电阻率层析成像法(Electrical Resistivity Tomography)及多道瞬态面波法(Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave).本文首先介绍这些方法在台湾岩土工程的应用,主要包括地层土壤液化潜能评估、坝体的安全检测、土壤与地下水污染调查及地基改良的质量管控等,应用案例以台湾常使用的地球物理勘探方法逐一介绍.虽然许多成功案例与新的应用方向对于浅地表地球物理技术在岩土工程应用的推广起了鼓舞作用,本文从工程师的角度提出地球物理勘探工程大量应用的挑战与瓶颈,包括如何提升探测数据的客观性、数据反演非唯一性问题、探测深度与分辨率的限制、实际条件违背反演基本假设的情况、以及地物性质与工程性质链接的不确定性问题,并进一步针对这些问题说明相关研究的进展与实务对策.希冀透过上述探讨,降低物探师与工程师认知上的差距,提升地球物理勘探在工程的应用的合理性与普及性.     

Geophysical investigation of the Sandalp rock avalanche deposits

In the study of rock avalanche phenomena, numerical modelling makes use of back analyses of the rock avalanche propagation for calibration of the modelling assumptions and parameters. The back analyses require knowledge of the run-out area boundaries and the thickness distribution of the deposit. Geophysical methods can be applied to retrieve the thickness distribution, but, due to strong heterogeneities and logistic problems they are seldom applied. The aim of this work is to assess the potential of integrated geophysical methods to recognise and characterise a deposit created by two rock avalanches which occurred in the Sandalp valley (Switzerland) in 1996. The topography of the site before and after the rock avalanche is known and can be used as a benchmark. Resistivity tomography, seismic P-wave tomography, and active and passive surface wave analysis have been applied on several profiles deployed both on the rock avalanche deposit and in the surrounding area. Innovative approaches for surface wave analysis based on laterally constrained inversion and multimodal inversion have been applied to the data. A comparison of the results of the geophysical investigations with the topographic benchmark has shown the capability of the geophysical methods to locate the bottom of the deposit in the areas where the contrast with the host sediments properties is significant. In these areas, the deposit has higher resistivities and lower seismic velocities than the underlying materials. In the areas where the deposit is thicker and richer in fine-grained materials the geophysical parameters are not able to discriminate between the rock avalanche deposit and the underlying sediments. As a secondary task, the geophysical methods also allowed the bedrock pattern to be outlined.     

Quantitative geophysical investigations of granular aquifers

Groundwater flow and storage in granular aquifers are much more amenable to analysis than in fissured reservoirs. The hydrological parameters used to describe the behaviour of a granular aquifer have been seen to be related to geophysical parameters in diverse water-bearing formations. This means that certain geophysical survey techniques are potentially useful as quantitative hydrogeological tools. Yet the study of these basic relationships and their subsequent field application have been disjointed and lacking in overal co-ordination. Consequently these quantitative hydrogeophysical procedures have not been applied to maximum advantage. The role of geophysics in quantitative studies of granular aquifers is reviewed in terms of the prediction of effective porosity and intergranular permeability from geophysical measurement. The potential usefulness of these methods manifests itself through the degree of correlation between hydrological and geophysical parameters observed from laboratory studies, borehole logging investigations or field survey data. Their application is exemplified through an ordered series of hydrogeophysical case histories. It is contended that the potential of geophysical methods in quantitative studies of this kind has by no means been fully exploited.     

物探方法在水库坝基渗漏勘探中的应用

近年来物探方法在坝基勘探、活断层探测、溶洞探测和基础检测等工程中得到广泛应用,并取得了令人瞩目的成绩。本文介绍了在某水库坝基渗漏勘探开展物探工作的情况,取得了满意的结果,表明应用多种物探方法对解决工程问题具有较好的效果。     

A Versatile Nonlinear Inversion to Interpret Gravity Anomaly Caused by a Simple Geometrical Structure

A geophysical interpretative method is proposed to depth, amplitude coefficient and geometrical shape factor determination of a buried structure from an observed gravity anomaly related to a cylinder or a sphere-like structure.The method is based on nonlinearly constrained mathematical modelling and also on stochastic optimization approaches. The proposed interpretative method first has been tested on theoretical synthetic models with different random errors at a certain depth, where a very close agreement has been observed between assumed and evaluated parameters. Subsequent field data have been considered for which the interpreted results by other methods are available for comparison. The agreement between the obtained results by the proposed technique and by other geophysical methods is good. A statistical analysis has been also carried out to demonstrate the accuracy and the precision of the suggested interpretative method.     

Tracing an Intra-montane Fault: An Interdisciplinary Approach

This paper presents the results of combined geophysical and morphostructural research of a significant tectonic lineament forming the boundary between the core Bohemian Forest (?umava) Mts. and its foothills of Po?umaví. The exact course, length and character of the fault have not yet been studied in detail despite its possible role in the uplift of the mountain range. To assess the fault course, length and continuity, we have employed a combination of geophysical, morphological and morphostructural methods. These indirect methods had to be applied as the fault only rarely outcrops along its course, and the morphological border is not straightforward. In the beginning, GIS morphometric methods have been applied to assess the influence of the fault on the present relief. Thereafter, structural measurements of joint systems were undertaken together with the analyses of linear structures within the relief. Finally, resistivity profiling at multiple sites across its estimated course has helped to localise the exact position of the fault. Altogether, fifteen profiles were measured using pole-dipole and dipole–dipole electrode configurations. To obtain more detailed results, the resistivity profiling was supplemented by electrical resistivity tomography on three profiles. The paper brings two main results. Firstly, the combination of morphostructural and geophysical methods brings information that each separately cannot, particularly when the faults have no outcrops. Secondly, it was found that the studied fault stretches along the whole study area. Moreover, indicators point to its possible continuation towards the south-east.     

Feasibility of using molecular-electronic seismometers in passive seismic prospecting: Deep structure of the Kaluga ring structure from microseismic sounding

Field experiments involving molecular-electronic seismometers, along with conventional pendulum geophones, were performed to study the deep structure of the upper crust (in the area of the Kaluga ring structure) by passive seismic methods. The microseismic sounding survey was carried out along a geophysical profile crossing the central part of the structure with simultaneous data acquisition by molecular-electronic and conventional seismometers at each measurement point. Experimental data on the propagation of Rayleigh waves along the curvilinear surface have been collected. The feasibility of using molecular-electronic seismometers for passive seismic studies has been confirmed by the results of comparative analysis of the vertical geophysical cross sections, which reveal upper crustal heterogeneities, and by the results of a series of laboratory tests.     

A New Approach for Border Detection of the Dumluca (Turkey) Iron Ore Area: Wavelet Cellular Neural Networks

Anomaly analysis is used for various geophysics applications such as determination of geophysical structure's location and border detections. Besides the classical geophysical techniques, artificial intelligence based image processing algorithms have been found attractive for geophysical anomaly analysis. Recently, cellular neural networks (CNN) have been applied to geophysical data and satisfactory results are reported. CNN provides fast and parallel computational capability for geophysical image processing applications due to its filtering structure. The behavior of CNN is defined by two template matrices that are adjusted by a properly supervised learning algorithm. After training stage for geophysical data, Bouguer anomaly maps can be processed and analyzed sequentially. In this paper, CNN learning and processing capability have been improved, combining Wavelet functions and backpropagation learning algorithms. The new architecture is denoted as Wavelet-Cellular Neural networks (Wave-CNN) and it is employed to analyze Bouguer anomaly maps which are important to extract useful information in geophysics. At first, Wave-CNN performance is tested on synthetic geophysical data, which are created by a computer environment. Then, Bouguer anomaly maps of the Dumluca iron ore field have been analyzed and results are reported in comparison to real drilling results.     

Integration of ground-penetrating radar and microgravimetric methods to map shallow caves

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and microgravimetric surveys have been conducted in the southern Jura mountains of western Switzerland in order to map subsurface karstic features. The study site, La Grande Rolaz cave, is an extensive system in which many portions have been mapped. By using small station spacing and careful processing for the geophysical data, and by modeling these data with topographic information from within the cave, accurate interpretations have been achieved.The constraints on the interpreted geologic models are better when combining the geophysical methods than when using only one of the methods, despite the general limitations of two-dimensional (2D) profiling. For example, microgravimetry can complement GPR methods for accurately delineating a shallow cave section approximately 10×10 m² in size. Conversely, GPR methods can be complementary in determining cavity depths and in verifying the presence of off-line features and numerous areas of small cavities and fractures, which may be difficult to resolve in microgravimetric data.