后颅凹肿瘤的磁共振灌注成像

目的　评价磁共振灌注成像 (PWI)在后颅凹肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中的价值。方法　本组 3 7例后颅凹肿瘤病人行双倍剂量PWI,求出肿瘤和脑白质的相对脑血流容积 (rCBV)和平均通过时间 (MTT) ,计算肿瘤与脑白质的rCBV之比QrCBV、肿瘤的MTT较白质的延长值rMTT。结果　血管母细胞瘤的血流灌注最高 ,明显高于其它肿瘤。转移瘤的QrCBV和rMTT变化范围较大 ,与其它肿瘤不易区别。髓母细胞瘤的QrCBV高于毛细胞型星形细胞瘤和室管膜瘤 ,但后两者间无显著统计学差异。脑膜瘤和神经源性肿瘤较脑内原发性肿瘤的rMTT明显延长。结论　PWI在后颅凹肿瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断中具有重要价值 ,可作为常规MRI检查的补充     

2007年WHO中枢神经系统新增肿瘤及肿瘤亚型的影像学表现(附6例报告)

目的：提高对2007年WHO中枢神经系统新增肿瘤及肿瘤亚型的影像学诊断水平。方法：搜集6例经手术病理学证实的2007年WHO中枢神经系统新增肿瘤及肿瘤亚型病例,分析其影像学表现。结果：6例中脑室外神经细胞瘤3例,非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤1例,黏液性毛细胞型星形细胞瘤2例。3例脑室外神经细胞瘤．位于左预叶1例,左额顶叶1倒,鞍区1例。均表现为巨大的囊实性或实性肿块,增强后病变均见明显不均匀强化。1例非典型脉络丛乳头状瘤表现为四脑室内实性分叶状肿块,增强后明显均匀强化。2例黏液性毛细胞型星形细胞瘤表现为小儿丘脑和基底节区囊实性肿块,增强后不均匀环形或丝务形强化。结论：尽管本研究显示的2007年WHO中枢神经系统新增肿瘤及肿瘤亚型的影像学表现并非特异,但认识这些新增肿瘤及肿瘤亚型对于诊断及治疗有一定意义。     

Fetal magnetic resonance imaging: indications,technique, anatomical considerations and a review of fetal abnormalities

Fetal MR imaging often poses a diagnostic challenge for the radiologist. Both fetal anatomy and pathology differ decidedly from pediatric and adult MR imaging. While ultrasound remains the method of choice for screening examinations of the fetus, MR imaging is playing an increasingly important role in the detection and classification of malformations not diagnosable by ultrasonography alone. Recently, advances in fast single-shot MR sequences have allowed high-resolution, high-quality imaging of the moving fetus. Preferable sequences to be applied are a true fast imaging steady precession (true-FISP) or a half-Fourier acquired single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence. Premedication is generally no longer required. In all fetal MR imaging, every aspect of fetal anatomy has to be scrutinized. Subsequently, any abnormalities need to be described and classified. A close collaboration with the referring obstetrician is of paramount importance.     

Tuberculosis of the central nervous system: overview of neuroradiological findings

This article presents the range of manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) of the craniospinal axis. Central nervous system (CNS) infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis occurs either in a diffuse form as basal exudative leptomeningitis or in a localized form as tuberculoma, abscess, or cerebritis. In addition to an extensive review of computed tomography and magnetic resonance features, the pathogenesis and the relevant clinical setting are discussed. Modern imaging is a cornerstone in the early diagnosis of CNS tuberculosis and may prevent unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging is generally considered as the modality of choice in the detection and assessment of CNS tuberculosis.     

MR imaging of thymic epithelial tumors: correlation with World Health Organization classification

Purpose The aim of this study was to determine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of various subtypes of thymic epithelial tumors based on the World Health Organization classification. Materials and methods The study included 64 patients with histologically proven thymic epithelial tumors. Two observers evaluated the MRI findings in terms of tumor size, contour, lobulation, shape, homogeneity, the presence of intratumor high- and low-signal foci, enhancement degree and pattern, the presence of capsule and septum, and associated mediastinal lymphadenopathy and pleural effusion. Results Type A tumors were more likely to have a smooth contour, round shape, distinct capsule, and smaller size compared to any other type of thymic epithelial tumor. Thymic carcinomas demonstrated a higher prevalence of low-signal foci within the mass on T2-weighted images and mediastinal lymphadenopathy than any other types. The frequency of heterogeneous intensity on T2-weighted images increased from type A tumors to thymic carcinomas. Conclusion The presence of a smooth contour, round shape, and capsule is highly suggestive of a type A tumor. Foci of low signal intensity in the mass on T2-weighted images and mediastinal lymphadenopathy are highly suggestive of thymic carcinomas.     

中枢神经系统黑色素细胞肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的：探讨中枢神经系统黑色素细胞肿瘤的MRI特征。方法：回顾性分析16例经手术病理证实的中枢神经系统黑色素细胞肿瘤的临床资料及MRI资料,观察肿瘤MRI上的形态学特征及信号表现。结果：16例黑色素细胞肿瘤,男10例,女6例。年龄17～55岁。肿瘤位于颈段椎管内3例,额叶3例,颞叶2例,桥脑小脑角区1例,鞍区1例,小脑半球2例,脑内及脑膜多发者3例,全脑脊膜1例。肿瘤发生于颅底脑外者占17%,发生于近颅底脑实质者占43%。MRI信号特征典型者6例,不典型者10例,其表现为短T1等T2信号、或不均匀短T1等T2信号,或因瘤体卒中而呈囊实性混杂信号,增强扫描呈不均匀强化。结论：中枢神经系统黑色素细胞肿瘤可不具典型的MRI信号特征。对于发生于颅底及颈段软脊膜的有混杂T1或T2信号的肿瘤,在鉴别诊断时应考虑到该瘤的可能。     

原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤的MRI表现与病理学对照研究

目的探讨原发性中枢神经系统淋巴瘤(primary central nervous system lymphoma,PCNSL)的MRI表现与病理学特征。资料与方法对10例经病理证实的PCNSL患者的MRI表现及病理资料进行对照研究。结果10例中,单发7例,多发3例,共39个实性结节样病灶。其中,位于额叶4个,颞叶10个,脑室13个,脑干2个,小脑1个,累及胼胝体9个。非实性结节样病灶若干。单发者病灶多呈实性,致密,部分内可见坏死(5个)、出血(3个),与灰质信号相比,T1WI呈等、稍低信号,T2WI呈等、稍高信号,液体衰减反转恢复序列(FLAIR)呈高信号;多发者病灶多松散,部分不成形,表现为斑片状长T1、长T2信号。常规增强扫描后,所有病灶中除1例轻度强化外,余实质部分均呈团块状、结节状均匀明显强化,中心囊变坏死区无强化;弥漫性浸润病变呈点、片状强化。病理上所有PCNSL均为弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤。结论病理学基础决定PCNSLMRI表现有一定特征性:(1)单发病灶多位于脑白质深部,多发病灶常呈区域性分布。(2)肿块在T2WI上多呈等或稍高信号。(3)单发病灶多呈团块状均匀强化,多发病灶呈点、片状强化。(4)肿...     

Mr imaging of ventriculomegaly—a qualitative and quantitative comparison of communicating hydrocephalus,central atrophy,and normal studies

Both communicating hydrocephalus and central atrophy cause ventricular dilatation. However, patients with hydrocephalus may require treatment. The aim of this study was to asscss qualitatively and quantitatively the cffcacy of MR imaging in the differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus from central atrophy. The midsagittal T1-weighted MR images of 33 patients with communicating hydrocephalus, 31 patients with central atrophy, and 23 normal objects were evaluated qualitatively and quantitativly. This included configuration of the aqueduct; area of the sep-tum pellucidum, third ventricle, and fourth ventricle; and morphology of the corpus callosum. Distal dilatation of the aqueduct was detected in 33.3% of patients with communicating hydroccphalus and in none of those with central atrophy. The corpus callosum was elevated in patients with communicating hydrocephalus when compared with that in patients with central atrophy. In conclusion, an analysis of midsagittal T1- weighted images has identified useful qualitative and quantitative criteris in the differentiation of communicating hydrocephalus from central atrophy. The configuration of the aqueduct with funneling at the fourth ventricular end strongly suggests the presence of communicating hydrocephalus rather than central atrophy alone.     

Bilateral optic neuritis in a child diagnosed with Gd-enhanced MR imaging using fat-suppression technique

A 4-year-old boy developed bilateral optic neuritis. Although precise neuro-ophthalmological evaluation was difficult, the diagnosis was made with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging using fat-suppression technique in the initial stage of the disease. Enhancement and enlargement of the intraorbital and intracanalicular optic nerve were demonstrated bilaterally as well as protrusion of the optic nerve head. The disease responded dramatically to intravenous steroid therapy. The etiologies in children usually differ from those in adolescent and adult patients. Received: 6 April 1998; Revision received: 24 June 1998; Accepted: 30 June 1998     

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system: serial MRI of brain and spinal cord

MRI findings in primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) are highly variable, ranging from normal to diffusely abnormal. We describe brain and spinal cord abnormalities in patients with PACNS and changes over time, to provide criteria which could be useful for differential diagnosis. We reviewed six patients, with a final diagnosis of PACNS, who underwent serial contrast-enhanced brain and spinal MRI. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 60 months. Brain MRI showed multiple small abnormalities in all patients, giving high signal on T2-weighted images, focal or diffuse, mainly in deep and subcortical white matter; four patients had both supra- and infratentorial lesions. On the initial MRI, in five patients, almost 90 % of the abnormal foci showed contrast enhancement. Virchow-Robin perivascular spaces were enlarged and simultaneously enhancing in four patients. Three patients also had spinal cord abnormalities, in the cervical and thoracic segments in two, and exclusively cervical segment in one. Two patients had brain biopsy-proven PACNS; in the remainder, the diagnosis of PACNS was presumptive, considering similarities in clinical and MRI features and MRI follow-up. On MRI, after steroid and immunosuppressive therapy, a significant decrease in the number and size of the abnormalities, enhancing and nonenhancing and of enhancing perivascular spaces was observed. Simultaneous enhancement of brain and spinal cord lesions and of perivascular spaces, at the onset of the disease, which resolves during follow-up, can therefore suggest PACNS. Received: 1 July 2000 Accepted: 21 November 2000     

成人白血病中枢神经系统并发症的CT与MRI表现

目的 探讨成人白血病中枢神经系统并发症(CNSCL)的CT和MRI表现及其诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析18例经临床及手术病理证实的成人CNSCL的CT和MRI表现,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病7例,急性非淋巴细胞白血病10例,慢性粒单细胞白血病1例.CT平扫11例,其中增强1例;MR平扫16例,其中增强11例.结果 颅内受累14例:(1)颅内出血7例,其中脑内血肿4例,脑内血肿合并微出血1例,微出血2例.脑内血肿均为多发病灶.CT表现为团状高密度影;MRI表现为T1WI低信号或高低混杂信号,T2WI高信号或等高信号伴环状低信号环,病灶呈环形强化或无明显强化.脑微出血在磁敏感加权成像(SWI)上表现为多发斑点状及小条状低信号,其病灶检出率明显优于CT及MRI其他常规序列检查;7例中,伴脑梗死及蛛网膜下腔出血各1例.(2)颅内肿块5例:其中左额部内板下梭形病灶或跨颅板肿块2例,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈高低混杂信号,并有明显均匀强化,均见脑膜尾征;鞍区肿块1例,CT示鞍区高密度影,MRI示鞍区T1WI稍低信号,T2WI高信号,有不均匀强化;右侧脑室体旁肿块1例,T1WI、T2WI均呈等信号,有明显均匀强化.左额顶叶壁厚囊性肿块1例,呈环形强化.(3)梗阻性脑积水1例,表现为中脑导水管以上脑室系统扩张.(4)脑膜病变1例,MRI表现为广泛脑膜增厚伴明显均匀强化.椎管内病变4例:其中胸腰椎左侧椎旁软组织肿块2例,侵犯椎管内,伴邻近肋骨骨质破坏1例;椎管内肿块1例,表现为胸椎管后方梭形T1WI等高信号,T2WI等低信号灶,无明显强化;胸髓信号异常1例,表现为胸髓条状T2WI及液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列高信号影.结论 成人CNSCL影像表现多种多样,CT与MRI对该病的诊断价值相辅相成;白血病患者疑脑内病变者,建议常规使用SWI检查,以尽早发现脑微出血,降低脑内血肿发生的风险.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the CT and MRI findings and their diagnostic value of central nervous system complications of leukemia (CNSCL). Methods The CT and MRI findings of 18 adult patients with CNSCL proved by clinical features or pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Among 18 cases,7 were acute lymphocytic leukemia, 10 acute non-lymphocytic leukemia and 1 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Eleven cases underwent plain CT scan with one of them also receiving contrast-enhanced CT scan enhancement, 16 cases underwent plain MR scan with 11 of them receiving contrast-enhanced MR scan.Results Intracranial lesions in 14 cases: (1)intracranial hemorrhage was found in 7 cases, including intracerebral hematoma in 4 cases, micro-haemorrhage in 2 cases, and intracerebral hematoma accompanying by multiple intracerebral micro-haemorrhage foci in 1 case. All cases with intracerebral hematoma showed multiple lesions, which demonstrated high-density on CT images, and low or mixed signal on T1 WI, high- or intermediate signal with low-signal rim on T2 WI and ring enhancement or no evident enhancement. Microhaemorrhage manifested as multiple mini-mottling and strip hypointense foci on susceptibility weighted imaging, on which the detection rate of micro-haemorrhage foci was much higher than that on CT and other sequences of MRI. Among the 7 cases, one also had cerebral infarction and one subarachnoid hemorrhage.(2) Intracranial mass was found in 5 cases, among which two appeared as masses under or bestride cranium in the left frontal region with hypointensity on T1 WI, mixed signal on T2WI, strong homogeneous enhancement and dural tail sign;one showed a mass in saddle area, with high density on CT, slightly low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI and heterogeneous enhancement; one case displayed a mass near lateral ventricle with iso-intensity on T1 WI and T2WI and strong homogeneous enhancement; and one case manifested as cystic mass in the left fronto-apical lobe, with thick wall and ring enhancement (3)Obstructive hydrocephalus was found in 1 case, manifesting dilation of ventricles above the aquaeductus mesencephali. (4) Meningopathy was found in 1 case, manifesting diffuse thickening of meninges with strong homogeneous enhancement on MRI. Pathological changes of spinal canal was found in 4 cases among which two showed para-spinal mass involving vertebral canal and causing bone destruction of adjacent ribs; one case showed fusiform mass posterior to vertebral canal with high and intermediate signal on T1 WI and low and iso-signal on T2WI without enhancement; one showed zonale leison in thoracic cord with high signal on T2WI and fluid attenuated inversion recovery. Conclusion The radiologic manifestations of adult CNSCL are various and the role of CT and MRI for the diagnosis of CNSCL may complement each other. SWI is suggested as routine examination for patients of leukemia, in whom intracerebral lesions were suspected in order to find micro-haemorrhage as early as possible and reduce the risk of intracerebral hematoma occurrence.     

Primary central nervous system immunocytoma: MRI and spectroscopy

We report on a young woman with a primary cerebral immunocytoma. Most primary cerebral nervous system lymphomas (PCNSL) are highly malignant undifferentiated B-cell tumours, there are few data on the clinical course, MRI and spectroscopy findings of this rare PCNSL subtype. MRI revealed a radially enhancing tumour with mild perifocal oedema. MR spectroscopy indicated low cell turnover. Slow clinical progression, no significant changes with treatment, and imaging findings were consistent with a low-grade malignant tumour. Received: 21 January 2000/Accepted: 15 February 2000     

Diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging in the evaluation of primitive neuroectodermal tumors

The aim of our study was to determine whether fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) would be helpful in characterizing primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) from other pediatric brain tumors. We expected that the compact cellular nature and the relatively small extracellular space of this tumor would affect the signal intensity on both pulse sequences relative to the more sparsely cellular glial tumors that have larger extracellular spaces. Eighteen pediatric patients with PNET were examined on a 1.5 T MRI with routine imaging plus FLAIR and compared with 28 patients with non-PNET. DWI was also performed in 7 PNET and 18 non-PNET. Seventy-eight percent of PNET were isointense to gray matter on FLAIR while 82 % of non-PNET were hyperintense and only one was isointense (3 %). Diffusion was abnormally restricted in all 7 PNET examined (100 %) but was restricted in non-PNET in only 1 out of 18 (6 %) patients who had DWI. The differences in the histologic architecture between PNET and non-PNET are reflected in both FLAIR imaging and in DWI. Received: 3 February 2001/Accepted: 13 February 2001     

免疫状态正常人原发性中枢神经系统恶性淋巴瘤的CT、MRI特征(附26例报告)

目的:探讨CT和MRI对免疫状态正常人原发性中枢神经系统恶性淋巴瘤的诊断价值。方法:对26例经手术和病理证实的脑内淋巴瘤的CT和MRI影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果:26例患者共发现病灶39个,病灶除分布于额叶、颞叶、基底节等常见部位外,还可见于胼胝体、视交叉和松果体区。CT平扫:95%的病灶呈等或高密度,82%呈均匀密度。MRI:T1WI呈等或稍低信号病灶占90%,T2WI呈等或稍高信号病灶占100%。多数瘤灶呈轻至中度周围水肿(82%)和占位效应(82%)。CT和MRI增强扫描多为均匀强化。结论:脑内原发淋巴瘤少见,影像学表现与颅内其它肿瘤互相重叠,CT和MRI平扫和增强扫描的应用有助于脑内淋巴瘤的诊断和鉴别诊断。     

Neuroimagen y ensayos clínicos con células madre en la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica: perspectivas de presente y futuro

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rare neurodegenerative disease with a rapid fatal course. The absence of effective treatments has led to new lines of research, some of which are based on stem cells. Surgical injection into the spinal cord, the most common route of administration of stem cells, has proven safe in trials to test the safety of the procedure. Nevertheless, challenges remain, such as determining the best route of administration or the way of checking the survival of the cells and their interaction with the therapeutic target. To date, the mission of neuroimaging techniques has been to detect lesions and complications in the spine and spinal cord, but neuroimaging also has the potential to supplant histologic study in analyzing the relations between the implanted cells and the therapeutic target, and as biomarkers of the disease, by measuring morphological and functional changes after treatment. These developments would increase the role of radiologists in the clinical management of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.