飞机结构腐蚀损伤分布规律研究

选取四种分布对现役飞机结构腐蚀损伤进行统计特征研究。结果表明最大腐蚀深度服从三参数Weibull分布，该分布较好地反映了腐蚀损伤累积规律。统计检验采用Pearson统计量-线性相关系数r方法进行。满足假设分布的临界r-t分布函数变换得到。采用相关系数优化法求得三参数Weibull分布的位置参数。     

三参数Weibull分布的多因素作用下混凝土加速寿命试验

针对中国西部盐渍土地区混凝土耐久性较差的突出问题,设计了模拟自然环境的室内混凝土加速寿命试验,其中包括盐卤腐蚀、干湿循环、冻融循环和太阳辐射。采用动弹性模量作为评价混凝土耐久性失效阈值,得到混凝土加速寿命数据。基于三参数Weibull分布,运用概率分析软件对寿命数据进行分析预测,得到加速寿命分布概要图。结果表明,三参数Weibull分布能够很好地拟合加速寿命数据样本点;其阈值参数可直观反映混凝土开始退化失效的时间;其分布概要图可直观反映加速退化过程中的可靠性,从而为混凝土耐久性评估提供新的可靠性依据。     

玻纤和碳纤在低温下的强度统计特性

利用纤维强伸实验仪和自制的低温实验装置,研究了碳纤维与玻璃纤维在低温(77K)下的拉伸力学性能.由测试数据发现,低温下纤维的强度分布具有统计性,采用Weibull统计分布可以较好的进行描述.在低温下,两种纤维的强度Weibull分布尺度参数和平均强度都有不同程度的提高,而形状参数和弹性模量则基本保持不变.     

3D Hi-Nicalon/SiC复合材料室温三点弯曲强度分布

根据3D Hi-Nicalon/SiC复合材料室温三点弯曲强度实验数据,以Weibull分布为假设分布,采用图解法结合逐步回归优选法进行参数估计,探讨了该复合材料的弯曲强度分布。并根据Kolmogorov非参数检验,对假设分布进行了检验。结果表明:该3D Hi-Nicalon/SiC复合材料室温三点弯曲强度可以采用σ_u＝0,Weibull模数m=8. 1545的两参数Weibull分布表征,能够采用求解的Weibull分布很好地预测该3D Hi-Nicalon/SiC复合材料的室温弯曲强度。      

Weibull应力方法预测低合金钢的韧脆转化曲线

采用三参数的Weibull分布描述断裂韧度的统计规律。结合ASTM E1921-05标准,详细讨论了标准断裂试样韧脆转化曲线的建立过程;为了将标准断裂试样的测试结果用于低约束断裂试样,采用两参数的Weibull分布描述裂纹尖端局部区域的应力状态与失效概率之间的关系,并用Weibull应力将各种不同约束水平的裂纹尖端应力场联系起来,得到了预测低约束断裂试样韧脆转化曲线的公式。然后对两种A533B钢三点弯曲断裂试样进行了实例计算,进一步分析了Weibull应力的有限元计算结果,根据这些结果预测的韧脆转化曲线与试验数据相比非常吻合,证明了该文提出的方法是有效的。     

基于Weibull模型的C/C复合材料销钉剪切强度分布及本构关系

针对C/C复合材料销钉力学性能各向异性的特点,开展基于Weibull分布模型的C/C销钉剪切强度分布及本构关系研究,探讨不同剪切方向对C/C销钉剪切强度和剪切本构的影响规律。基于两参数Weibull分布模型,采用最小二乘法获得不同剪切方向上剪切强度的分布规律;根据C/C复合材料损伤失效机制,采用基于Weibull分布的弹性损伤模型表征材料的剪切本构关系,并通过试验数据获取损伤模型中的参数。结果表明:通过Kolmogorov-Smirnov拟合优度检验,两参数Weibull分布模型能较好地表征C/C销钉剪切强度的分布规律;沿45°方向剪切的C/C销钉,其剪切强度最高;随着剪切角度的增大销钉剪切刚度逐渐降低,从0°方向上的19.46 kN/mm下降到90°方向上的12.70 kN/mm。      

两种国产涡轮盘材料疲劳寿命概率分布规律初探

基于两种国产发动机轮盘材料GH4133和1Cr11Ni2W2MoV低循环疲劳实验数据,选择三种常用的分布函数(对数正态分布、双参数Weibull分布和三参数Weibull分布),用概率图法和柯尔莫哥洛夫-斯米尔诺夫检验方法进行拟合优度检验,以考察分布函数的总体拟合效果.通过经验失效率的变化趋势来评估分布函数是否符合疲劳失效机制.结果表明:形状参数大于1的三参数Weibull分布函数是建立国产轮盘材料GH4133和1Cr11Ni2W2MoV疲劳寿命分布的理想数学模型.对数正态分布函数在本工作所研究的轮盘材料低循环疲劳寿命范围内是合理的.双参数Weibull分布函数用作国产轮盘材料疲劳寿命分布模型时必须进行假设检验.     

碳纤维复合材料强度的复合Weibull分布模型

本文用图分析法按三参数复合Weibull分布模型对碳纤维复合材料层板静态拉伸强度和疲劳剩余强度进行了统计分析,并结合失效机理对分布模型进行了讨论。结果表明,这一分布模型能够更全面地描述复合材料层板静态强度和疲劳剩余强度的统计特性。     

准则法在风力机极限外推估计中的应用

风力机的载荷主要由外部风荷载确定。在发电工况载荷计算中,一般将风处理为服从双参数Weibull分布的随机变量。根据IEC2005,发电工况中的1.1NTM(Normal turbulence model)正常湍流风计算时需要进行极限外推,即计算50年一遇概率分布下的叶根面内面外的弯矩及叶尖变形量。该文假设风荷载作用下的叶根弯矩和叶尖变形服从三参数Weibull分布,根据样本点的分布,采用准则法估计Weibull分布参数,进而计算50年一遇概率分布下的特征值。     

经编用钼丝纤维强力的概率分布分析

钼丝是用于制造空间可展开网状天线反射体的关键材料之一,具有高强度、低伸长、低热膨胀系数等特性。对钼丝纤维分别在3种不同拉伸隔距下进行强力测试与统计分析,发现钼丝纤维强力符合二参数和三参数的Weibull分布规律,并且更适合采用三参数Weibull分布来描述;随着拉伸隔距的增加,钼丝纤维的强度下降,强度分散性减小,表现出...     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from