Pressure deformation and recovery of thermoluminescence in lithium fluoride

Tissue air ratios (TAR) for rectangular 60Co fields depend on the two dimensions of the field. Functions which make use of the two dimensions of the field as parameters have been derived. The accuracy of fit such functions can give to the standard tissue air ratio data have been studied and discussed.     

Operating experiences with electrolytes containing lithium fluoride

Additions of lithium salts to the cryolite bath of horizontal stud Soederberg cells have been tested for the last 10 years, at first with some pilot cells and then with full potlines of 35 and 40 kamp cells. Under special conditions, economic benefits result. Voltage, power, anode paste, and fluorine electrolyte consumptions are lower; current efficiency is increased. On the other hand, more attention is necessary in pot operations because the alumina solubility is reduced. The addition of a readily soluble alumina is advantageous. The LiF-content in the electrolyte seems to be limited according to type of pot to 2 to 5 pct. Type and method of adding the lithium salts affect the consumption of lithium salts. The influence of supplementary additions, as CaF₂, KF, MgF₂, and NaCl, will be discussed.     

Nanohardness of wear-resistant surfaces after electron-beam treatment

The nanohardness, Young’s modulus, and defect substructure of the metal layer applied to Hardox 450 low-carbon martensitic steel by high-carbon powder wire (diameter 1.6 mm) of different chemical composition (containing elements such as vanadium, chromium, niobium, tungsten, manganese, silicon, nickel, and boron) and then twice irradiated by a pulsed electron beam are studied, so as to determine the correct choice of wear-resistant coatings for specific operating conditions and subsequent electron-beam treatment. The metal layer is applied to the steel surface in protective gas containing 98% Ar and 2% CO₂, with a welding current of 250–300 A and an arc voltage of 30–35 V. The applied metal is modified by the application of an intense electron beam, which induces melting and rapid solidification. The load on the indenter is 50 mN. The nanohardness and Young’s modulus are determined at 30 arbitrarily selected points of the modified surface. The defect structure of the applied metal surface after electron-beam treatment is studied by means of a scanning electron microscope. The nanohardness and Young’s modulus of the applied metal after electron-beam treatment markedly exceed those of the base. The increase is greatest when using powder wire that contains 4.5% B. A system of microcracks is formed at the surface of the layer applied by means of powder wire that contains 4.5% B and then subjected to an intense pulsed electron beam. No microcracks are observed at the surface of layers applied by means of boron-free powder wire after intense pulsed electron-beam treatment. The boron present increases the brittleness. The increase in strength of the applied layer after electron-beam treatment is due to the formation of a structure in which the crystallites (in the size range from tenths of a micron to a few microns) contain inclusions of secondary phases (borides, carbides, carboborides). The considerable spread observed in the nanohardness and Young’s modulus is evidently due to the nonuniform distribution of strengthening phases.     

Density measurements of the lithium fluoride/lithium sulfide eutectic at high temperature

A straightforward and reliable method to determine densities of molten salts at high temperatures was de-veloped by Janz and Lorenz several years ago.^[1] This method was followed in order to determine the density of the LiF/Li₂S eutectic^[2] over the temperature range of 1176 to 1355 K in which the eutectic is liquid. The rel-ative lack of data for this eutectic is surprising given its potential usefulness in the study of advanced batteries'31 and electrowinning of metals from molten sulfides.^[41] The method is based on the fact that a solid piece of metal of known volume suspended from a pan balance into a molten salt will weigh less than if it were sus-pended in air at the same temperature. This difference in weight measured in grams will be equal to the buoyant force of the liquid at that temperature. The density of the salt bath can then readily be determined by dividing this difference by the volume of the solid piece of metal that is immersed in the bath. The procedure can be re-peated to give density values over a range of temperatures.     

The effect of high-energy electron-beam irradiation on microstructural modification of a high-speed steel roll

The purpose of this study is to investigate the microstructural modification in a high-speed steel (HSS) roll irradiated with an accelerated high-energy electron beam. The HSS roll samples were irradiated at the beam travel speeds of 2.5 to 25 mm/s using an electron accelerator (1.4 MeV). The microstructure was examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) capable ofin situ fracture testing and simultaneous measurement of the apparent fracture toughness. Irradiation changed the matrix phase from tempered martensite to a mixture of retained austenite and martensite. Coarse primary carbides were partially or completely dissolved, depending on the heat input. Irradiation greatly improved the fracture properties because of the presence of retained austenite, which could retard crack propagation, although hardness was decreased. Occasional interior quench cracks were found in the heat-affected region. Appropriate processing methods, such as pre- or postirradiation, were suggested. A heat transfer analysis of the irradiated surface layer was also carried out to elucidate the influence of the irradiation parameters on the microstructure.     

Microstructural analysis of vanadium carbide/steel surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation

This study is concerned with the microstructural analysis of vanadium carbide (VC)/steel surface-alloyed materials fabricated by high-energy electron-beam irradiation. The mixtures of VC powders and MgO-CaO flux were deposited on a plain carbon steel substrate, and then electron beam was irradiated on these mixtures using an electron-beam accelerator. Microstructures of the irradiated surface regions were examined by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Residual pores were found in the specimen processed without flux, but hardly found in the specimens processed with a considerable addition of flux. As a result of irradiation, vanadium content was homogeneously maintained throughout the melted region, and fine vanadium carbides were formed in the melted region. These microstructural modification including the formation of vanadium carbides greatly improved hardness, especially high-temperature hardness up to 500 °C.     

Salivary fluoride levels in overdenture wearers after topical fluoride gel application

This study describes salivary fluoride levels after topical fluoride gel application on overdenture abutments. Fluoride levels were evaluated separately for the subjects with normal unstimulated salivary flow rate (n = 16) and for those with a low flow rate (n = 8). One drop of fluoride gel (Karigel-N, Lorvic) was placed in two abutment depressions of the duplicated overdenture, after which unstimulated whole saliva was collected for 30 minutes. Samples for fluoride analysis were taken at 5-minute intervals. Two additional samples were taken at 45 and 60 minutes. Fluoride concentration at the abutment-denture interface (remaining fluoride concentration) was measured at the end of the study. Salivary fluoride concentrations decreased gradually in both groups of subjects, but after 1 hour they remained at a higher level in subjects with low flow rates. Subjects' salivary flow rates correlated negatively with remaining fluoride concentration at the denture-tissue interface. Consequently, mean remaining fluoride concentration was significantly higher in subjects with low flow rate than in their normal counterparts.     

Ultrastructural studies of spermiogenesis in rabbit exposed to chronic fluoride toxicity

OBJECTIVE: To compare skinfold thickness measurements with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a measure of body fat for use in a survey of children (the National Study of Health and Growth). DESIGN: Part cross-sectional, part repeated measurement study. SETTING: A junior school in Bath. SUBJECTS: 42 boys and 33 girls aged from 9 to 11 years. INTERVENTIONS: Measurements of BIA, height, weight, and triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds. RESULTS: All measurements were highly repeatable with intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.90. The level of agreement between estimates of percentage of body fat derived from prediction equations based on impedance or skinfold measurements respectively was poor: the mean difference (impedance estimate minus skinfold estimate) was 4.67% (95% range -3.47 to 12.82) for boys and 7.81% (95% range 1.27 to 14.34) for girls. The two estimates were found to correlate highly (r = 0.83 for boys and r = 0.81 for girls) because weight, used to convert estimates of fat-free mass derived from impedance to fat mass, was highly correlated with impedance and moderately highly correlated with skinfold thicknesses. The correlations of resistance (R) and (H)2/R with skinfold thicknesses were very low. There was a moderate correlation of R and H2/R with log(weight-for-height index), but lower than that of log(weight-for-height index) with each of the skinfolds. CONCLUSIONS: As currently available equations for converting impedance-based estimates of total body water to fat mass are not fully developed for use in children of varying ages, estimates of body fat calculated from skinfold thickness measurements remain preferable in epidemiological studies of children's health and growth.     

挥发除硼-硫酸锂重量法测定锂硼合金中锂

锂硼合金中锂元素的含量对电池的电化学性能起着决定性作用。而使用重量法测定锂时,流程较长,且大量共存的硼干扰锂的测定。试验探究了先使用甲醇除硼再采用硫酸锂重量法测定锂硼合金中锂的方法。样品经稀硝酸溶解后,加入2.0mL无水甲醇,于90℃左右恒温水浴锅中挥发除硼,然后加入2.0mL硫酸(1+1)和少量水溶解盐类,转移至铂坩埚中,高温加热至硫酸烟冒尽,将铂坩埚移入800℃马弗炉中灼烧3h,使锂生成硫酸锂并恒重、称量,并用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定固体中的氧化硼和硫酸镁的含量以修正测定结果。方法用于测定3种锂硼合金实际样品中锂,结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=11)为0.34%～0.56%;加标回收率为98%～103%。