黔西南二叠纪生物礁成岩作用特征及储集性

一、概述黔西南二叠纪生物礁形成于早二叠世茅口中晚期,延续至晚二叠世,全盛期在长兴期,属台地边缘生物礁类型,于罗甸、紫云、望漠、贞丰、册亨一线断续出现(图1)。礁带厚约100-300m,宽2km,延伸200km以上,并分别进入广西、云南两省,呈北东 向星点状展布。造礁生物以块状海绵、水螅为主,次有苔藓虫、管壳石和床板珊瑚,具原地埋藏特征。礁体中造礁生物量达45-80%,其中海绵类达25-60%,非骨骼蓝藻依附造礁生物和颗粒粘结缠绕成藻包壳,形成抗浪格架。其间附礁生物丰富,主要有棘皮、腕足、有孔虫、(竹蜓)、绿藻、腹足、介形虫、瓣鳃等,它们与灰泥基质、礁砾屑一起充填于礁架孔隙之中。岩石类型主要为骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩及它们之间的过渡型岩石。     

新疆巴楚地区中上奥陶统生物礁群落古生态学

新疆巴楚东部地区良里塔格山出露有中奥陶统达瑞威尔阶一间房组和上奥陶统中部凯迪阶良里塔格组的生物礁。一间房组礁的厚度为数米到十多米,以棘屑滩为礁基,主要造礁生物为托盘类,形成典型的骨架岩,托盘类中央腔形成的原生孔隙发育,基质为灰泥,纹层状、皮壳状的藻类缠结包裹托盘类生长,可定为皮壳状藻托盘类密群落。良里塔格组的礁体主要由分枝状绿藻形成骨架岩,基质为灰泥,原有的原生或次生孔隙现被亮晶方解石充填;该组下部一些直径约1 m的小型礁由丰富的分枝状绿藻和少量乳孔藻构成,为分枝状绿藻密群落。良里塔格组上部较大的礁体（直径10~30 m）由分枝状绿藻和一种未知的球状生物（可能也是绿藻）构成,可称为“球状藻”分枝状绿藻密群落。     

四川通江铁厂河长兴组生物礁～滩组合特征研究

通江铁厂河上二叠统长兴组生物礁是在川东北地区地表发现的生物礁的又一代表,通过野外四条剖面的测量及详细的室内研究,可以认为,该区长兴组发育有生物礁及生物碎屑浅滩组合相,圆丘状点礁与浅滩叠置构成纵向上三个旋回的礁、滩复合体。生物礁的造礁生物主要是海绵,含量为20%～50%,附礁生物主要有藻类、有孔虫、蜓类等。储层岩性主要以礁灰岩及生物屑亮晶灰岩为主,岩石白云化程度较低,孔洞较丰富,但多被方解石晶体充填。通过与普光气田地下剖面对比,该区的沉积微相、岩性特征及储层岩石类型,与普光地区有明显差异。     

重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式

通过对红花生物礁露头的精细解剖和微相分析,研究了礁的内部构成和成礁模式。红花生物礁发育3期礁体旋回：礁A、礁B和礁C。礁A由生屑泥晶灰岩和骨架岩构成;礁B由生屑泥晶灰岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成;礁C由粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成。红花生物礁造礁生物有钙质海绵、钙藻类、苔藓虫和水螅类,附礁生物为有孔虫、腕足类、双壳类、腹足类和棘皮动物等。单个礁体内,由下往上的生物演化为：腕足类+双壳类+有孔虫组合→钙藻类→钙质海绵+水螅类+钙藻类+苔藓虫组合→生物碎屑;岩性演化为：生屑泥晶灰岩→粘结岩→骨架岩→生屑灰岩。礁B的生屑滩内生屑间为泥晶充填,生屑分选、磨圆较好,是由相邻的高能生屑滩侵蚀搬运到礁B侧翼低能区沉积形成。3期礁都发育在碎屑滩上,礁A为低能环境下形成的礁,礁B和礁C在礁A形成的高地上成礁,为高能环境礁;单个礁体的完整成礁模式为：在浅滩之上,钙藻类大量生长、粘结吸附颗粒固结基底,钙质海绵和钙藻类在硬质基底上繁茂生长,形成具有抗浪格架的生物礁,礁体暴露水面死亡后遭波浪、水流改造形成生屑滩。     

贵州玉屏彰寨奥陶纪红花园期障积岩隆礁

该障积岩隆礁的造礁生物主要为海绵和藻,岩石类型有海绵灰岩、藻席岩、核形石凝决石灰岩、生物屑灰岩等。本文系统介绍其造礁生物的生态特征、岩石组合并分析其沉积相和礁的生长发育阶段,最后运用马尔柯夫概型分析研究期旋回沉积发育较好的礁核相地层的学积特征。     

贵州玉屏彰寨奥陶纪红花园期障积岩隆礁

该障积岩隆礁的造礁生物主要为海绵和藻,岩石类型有海绵灰岩、藻席岩、核形石凝决石灰岩、生物屑灰岩等。本文系统介绍其造礁生物的生态特征、岩石组合并分析其沉积相和礁的生长发育阶段,最后运用马尔柯夫概型分析研究期旋回沉积发育较好的礁核相地层的学积特征。     

广西二叠纪生物礁的特征和分布规律

广西二叠纪生物礁（丘）非常发育，自栖霞期至长兴朝的均有分布，以茅口期最繁盛，生物礁主要发育于具陡斜坡的孤立浅水台地边缘，包括堤礁，马蹄形礁，环礁，链状礁和块状礁，造礁生物以钙质海绵为主，另有水螅，管壳石、苔藓虫及红藻等。包覆粘结生物以古三石孔藻、层纹状蓝绿藻为主，附礁生物为底栖生物和藻类，礁岩类型以复合型为主，包括包覆骨架岩，粘结骨架岩，包覆障积粘结岩，包覆粘结岩等。生物丘则主要产在碳酸盐缓坡，孤     

贵州云干生物礁房室海绵重现率研究与蕾妮亚科leinidae蕾妮亚属leinia发现

贵州罗甸云干地区二叠系生物礁岩发育,尤其在云干地区出露丰富的、保存完好的造礁海绵化石,笔者初步野外观察和采样后将剖面划为A、B、C、D四段,由下至上分别为含有孔虫泥晶海绵骨架岩、泥晶海绵骨架岩、亮晶海绵骨架岩和含叶状藻海绵障积岩。初步共鉴定出纤维海绵纲下4科6个属和房室海绵纲下8科11属;其中,发现的雷妮亚科Leiniidae的雷妮亚属Leinia,为国内首次发现报道,本文对其进行了详细描述。另通过对造礁海绵房室海绵属统计,将本礁和贵州紫云、广西隆林的二叠世生物礁进行房室海绵相同属重现率进行计算比较,发现本礁和紫云礁重现率更高,说明他们的造礁生物群团相关性更加密切,群落结构相似度更高。     

贵州云干生物礁房室海绵重现率研究与蕾妮亚科leiniidae蕾妮亚属leinia发现

贵州罗甸云干地区二叠系生物礁岩发育,尤其在云干地区出露丰富的、保存完好的造礁海绵化石,笔者初步野外观察和采样后将剖面划为A、B、C、D四段,由下至上分别为含有孔虫泥晶海绵骨架岩、泥晶海绵骨架岩、亮晶海绵骨架岩和含叶状藻海绵障积岩。初步共鉴定出纤维海绵纲下4科6个属和房室海绵纲下8科11属;其中,发现的雷妮亚科Leiniidae的雷妮亚属Leinia,为国内首次发现报道,本文对其进行了详细描述。另通过对造礁海绵房室海绵属统计,将本礁和贵州紫云、广西隆林的二叠世生物礁进行房室海绵相同属重现率进行计算比较,发现本礁和紫云礁重现率更高,说明他们的造礁生物群团相关性更加密切,群落结构相似度更高。     

西沙海域新生代生物礁序列的沉积构成:以西科1井为例

生物礁是由原地的固着生物所建造的块状碳酸盐岩沉积。西沙海域自中新世以来发育了厚层生物礁地层。通过对最新全取心钻井西科1井岩心的宏观观察和微观分析,结合古生物及岩心测试成果,发现西科1井中新世和第四纪为主要造礁期,形成了两套分别以珊瑚藻和珊瑚为主要造礁生物的生物礁序列,底栖有孔虫为主要的附礁生物,而上新统为一套滩相沉积。生物礁序列发育骨架岩、粘结岩和障积岩三种礁相岩石,以骨架岩含量最高,非礁相岩石包括泥灰岩、颗粒灰岩和生物碎屑灰岩三种。白云岩地层以晚中新世到上新世早期最为发育,多为准同生白云石化作用所致,并受热液活动的影响。对生物礁序列的沉积分析,可为后期南海油气勘探以及生物礁储层分布研究提供一些基础材料。     

Upper Silurian lithistid sponge reefs on Somerset Island, Arctic Canada

The Upper Ludlow Douro Formation contains the first reported Silurian sponge reefs. These relatively small (5–35 m diameter), mound-shaped structures contain, on average, 35% lithistid demosponges. Reefs are surrounded by irregular haloes of crinoid debris; abundance and diversity of all fossil groups decreases away from the reefs. Each reef is underlain by a lens of crinoid wackestone to grainstone rich in crinoid holdfasts; trepostomate bryozoans, solenoporacean algae and rhynchonellid brachiopods are locally common. The bulk of each reef consists of lime mudstone with abundant lithistid sponges. This is capped by a thin layer of wackestone with abundant tabulate and rugose corals and fewer lithistid sponges, calcareous algae, trepostomate bryozoans and stromatoporoids. This zonation, in which a sponge colonization community was replaced by a coral diversification community, is similar to that reported from some Middle Ordovician, Upper Jurassic and Holocene sponge reefs. The Douro sponge reefs were relatively low structures, with about 3 m maximum topographic relief. They grew on a broad carbonate platform, probably in warm, tranquil, turbid waters of normal or near-normal marine salinity. Periodic influxes of terrigenous mud adversely affected reef size, and caused biotic changes. Some of the reef lime mud was derived from non-reef sources, but significant quantities were also produced on the reefs. Reefs underwent synsedimentary lithification, bioerosion and minor storm erosion. Fabrics and compositions of sparry calcite in cavities record three generations of meteoric cementation. Originally siliceous spicules of the lithistid sponges were dissolved and the moulds later filled with sparry calcite. Early dissolution of siliceous spicules is common in reef environments, and may have caused fossil sponges to be under-represented in ancient reefs.     

中国南方二叠纪钙质海绵的基本特征、分布与古生态

本文讨论了钙质海绵化石主要类别的基本特征,归纳了它们在中国南方二叠纪生物礁中的分布,对于不同地区的钙质海绵动物群进行了综合分析,并在此基础上开展了古生态讨论,初步揭示了钙质海绵在生物礁形成中的作用及其与礁体发育、消亡的相互关系。     

湖北宜昌地区下奥陶统生物礁古生态学研究

宜昌地区下奥陶统主要为一套台地相碳酸盐沉积,间夹页岩,其中的特征沉积为发育有较多的生物礁。造礁生物主要有海绵类、瓶筐石类、有柄棘皮类、苔藓虫及蓝细菌和Pulchrilamina等。在下奥陶统含礁层系中识别出四种生物相：(1)壳类生物相：发育有Tritoechia-Pelmatozans群落和Tritoechia-Pomatotrema群落;(2)礁生物相：包括Batostoma群落、Calathium--Archaeoscyphia群落、Pelmatozoans--Batostoma群落、Archeoscyphia群落和Calathium--Cyanobacteria群落;(3)静水生物相：发育有Acanthograptus--Dendrogptus群落和Yichangopora群落;(4)异地生物相：产有异地埋藏群,即Nanorthis--Psilocephlina埋藏群。含礁层系存在四个海平面变化旋回,生物礁的发育明显受海平面的升降速率与容纳空间增长速率的控制。生物礁多形成于高海平面时期。由于本区的海平面在上升过程中存在多个次一级旋回,致使生物礁具有数量多、分布广以及厚度薄和规模小等特点。造礁群落存在着演替和取代两种形式,前者有利于生物礁的发育,后者则表现为礁体的衰亡。     

青海南部赤布张错地区中侏罗世沉积环境及双壳类化石

赤布张错地区中侏罗统十分发育,最大沉积厚度达6311m,包括雀莫错组、布曲组、夏里组、索瓦组和雪山组等5个岩石地层单元。根据所含丰富的双壳类、菊石、腕足类等化石,将它们划归中侏罗统(巴柔阶至卡洛夫阶)。沉积盆地的性质、早期的地貌格局和同沉积断裂活动可能是导致该地区中侏罗统厚度巨大、横向变化大的主要原因。     

Growth and submarine fossilization of algal cup reefs,Bermuda*

Small charges of explosives were used to section cup-shaped reefs that occur on the margins of the Bermuda Platform. Study of these artificial outcrops, up to 10 m high, and the samples collected from them show how the reef-building community is rapidly converted to well-lithified reef rock in the marine development. The reefs, known locally as boilers and breakers, occur along the wave-swept south shore of the Bermuda Islands and around the northeast and northwest margins of the Platform. They are cup-shaped, up to 30 m in long dimensions, and rise up to the sea surface as much as 12 m above the surrounding sea floor. The reefs are built by an intergrowth of encrusting organisms, principally crustose coralline algae, an encrusting hydrozoan, Millepora sp., and an attached gastropod, Dendropoma irregulare. The growth framework of these algal cup reefs has extensive voids: large and intermediate-sized growth framework and shelter pores; borings of bivalves and sponges; and both intra- and inter-particle pores. A variety of vagile and sessile organisms (coelobites) inhabit these pores: an encrusting Foraminifera, Homotrema rubrum, is the most abundant attached coelobite; the tests of a variety of benthic Foraminifera and ostracods are common: branched coralline algae, barnacles, bivalves, ahermatypic corals, bryozoans, and burrowing crustaceans occur in varying abundance. Beginning millimetres below the living surface, internal sediments accumulate in the extensive voids. Coarse-grained skeletal sand derived from the surface of the reefs is characteristic of the larger voids; lime mud with the tests of planktonic Foraminifera and planktonic algae occurs generally in the smaller voids. Most specimens from the interior of the reefs show multiple generations of internal sediment that vary in grain size, composition, and colour. The sand-sized sediments are pumped into the voids by the frequent and intense wave action; the lime mud settles out in the smaller, less agitated pores. Cementation of internal sediments and surrounding growth frame begins centimetres below the living surface; it is so pervasive that marble-hard reef rock is developed within 1/2 m or less. The cement is principally high-magnesium calcite of micrite size, and subordinately acicular aragonite, but there are locally wide variations in crystal size and morphology. The occurrence of the cement within the reefs well below sea level, the isotope ratios of the cement crystals, the mineralogy, and the age inferred from radiocarbon age determinations of the growth frame all indicate that the cement is submarine and deposited from water of oceanic composition. The algal cup reefs of Bermuda demonstrate the reef-building ability of a community of encrusting organisms that form only crusts in the intertidal zone of the Mediterranean and Northern Brazil. The cup reefs of the northern margins of the Bermuda Platform are true reefs, not merely veneers covering eroded blocks of Pleistocene limestone. In their composition, location, and early diagenesis, the cup reefs closely resemble the algal or lithothamnion ridge of Pacific atolls. Synsedimentary cementation of internal sediments and growth frame makes a major contribution to the rigidity of these ocean-facing reefs and atoll rims. The assemblage of features that characterize the submarine fossilization of the cup reefs is widespread elsewhere in the modern seas: the floors of the Persian Gulf and parts of the Mediterranean; the margins of Pacific atolls; and the reefs off the north coast of Jamaica. This fossilization is characterized by reiterated generations of coelobites, internal sediments, and synsedimentary cements that can in time replace a major part of the original growth framework. Major variations in the sequence of these generations from pore to pore is the signature of this kind of fossilization. The same features of fossilization are described from reefs in the Devonian, Permian, and Triassic.     

Paleoecology of Early Ordovician Reefs in the Yichang Area, Hubei: a Correlation of Organic Reefs Between Early Ordovician and Jurassic

The Early Ordovician System is composed mainly of a series of carbonate platform deposits interbedded with shale and is especially characterized by a large number of organic reefs or buildups that occur widely in the research area. The reefs have different thicknesses ranging from 0.5 m to 11.5 m and lengths varying from 1 m to 130 m. The reef-building organisms include Archaeoscyphia, Recepthaculitids, Batostoma, Cyanobacteria and Pulchrilamina. Through the research of characteristics of the reef-bearing strata of the Early Ordovician in the Yichang area, four sorts of biofacies are recognized, which are (1) shelly biofacies: containing Tritoechia-Pelmatozans community and Tritoechia-Pomatotrema community; (2) reef biofacies: including the Batostoma, Calathium-Archaeoscyphia, Pelmatozoa-Batostoma, Archeoscyphia and Calathium-Cyanobacteria communities; (3) standing-water biofacies: including the Acanthograptus-Dendrogptus and Yichangopora communities; and (4) allochthonous biofacies: containing Nanorthis-Psilocephlina taphocoense community. The analysis of sea-level changes indicates that there are four cycles of sea-level changes during the period when reef-bearing strata were formed in this area, and the development of reefs is obviously controlled by the velocity of sea-level changes and the growth of accommodation space. The authors hold that reefs were mostly formed in the high sea level periods. Because of the development of several subordinate cycles during the sea-level rising, the reefs are characterized by great quantity, wide distribution, thin thickness and small scale, which are similar to that of Juassic reefs in northern Tibet. The research on the evolution of communities shows that succession and replacement are the main forms. The former is favorable to the development of reefs and the latter indicates the disappearance of reefs.     

柴达木盆地西部古近纪—新近纪湖相生物礁的发现及意义

在柴达木盆地西部古近纪和新近纪地层中发育了典型的湖相生物礁,可以分为由基质支撑的叠层石礁、凝块礁和骨架支撑的藻礁3大类型,并对每种类型中亚类的特征和建造生物进行了简要介绍。生物礁孔隙度高、渗透性好,是优质储层。孔隙类型丰富多样,主要有骨架孔隙、体腔孔隙、粒内孔隙、溶孔等10种孔隙类型。生物礁的地震响应和测井曲线特征明显,在研究取心井段生物礁地球物理响应特征的基础上可以有效的识别和预测生物礁。综合应用古生物分析、孢粉分析、同位素分析、古地磁分析、地球化学分析和地球物理特征分析等技术手段,并结合生物礁发育的沉积条件和构造背景,初步探讨了生物礁对柴达木盆地古气候、古地理位置、古构造、古水介质、古沉积环境和青藏高原的隆升等方面的研究意义以及对油气勘探方面的意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地靖边气田区中奥陶统马家沟组五1-五4亚段古岩溶型储层分布特征及综合评价

鄂尔多斯盆地中部中奥陶统马家沟组最上部的马五1-马五4亚段是靖边气田区主要的产气层之一.按岩性及天然气勘探潜力每个亚段又可划分出2-4个小层,共12个小层.其中最佳产层为马五.12和马五13层,其次有马五11、马五14、马五22和马五41层.储层最主要的岩石类型是含硬石膏结核或含硬石膏柱状晶和结核的粉晶白云岩,其次为含...     

塔中I号断裂带顺6井上奥陶统取芯段古生物群落演化及其古生态意义

本文研究了塔中I号断裂带西北端顺6井上奥陶统地层第一次取芯段的古生物群落,共划分出5种类型:分别为隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落、四分珊瑚-海得菌群落、四分珊瑚-红藻类稀群落、棘皮类稀群落,各群落的生物组成均不同。确定礁群落有3种:隐蓝细菌群落、海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚群落和四分珊瑚-海得菌群落。隐蓝细菌群落发育于台地边缘较深水的灰泥丘,海德菌-疑源类-四分珊瑚和四分珊瑚-海德菌群落发育于台地边缘较浅水的生物礁,红藻类稀群落和棘皮类稀群落发育于台地边缘滩。灰泥丘、四分珊瑚骨架礁和海德菌障积礁地层溶蚀孔洞很发育,但是均被亮晶方解石充填。生屑砂屑滩中的溶孔具有残余孔隙,可能构成油气的储集空间。