半边图模型之聚合归约演算

提出了实现自组织多层次归约的一个指导原则,即自组聚合与归约的协调准则,其核心思想是,基于多聚合准则的自组聚合演算中的各个聚合子集是可以相交的,相交的部分是下一步归约演算的基础。给出了符合上述协调准则的自组图聚合归约演算模型,聚合子图是聚合演算的结果,在归约演算中,聚合子图对应为归约顶点,子图的子边界对应为归约半边,而由子图相交部分抽象出的子图边界之间的关系则对应为归约边,从而构成了形式上完整统一的自组织多层次归约。     

QoS computing method for Web services composition based on topological seouence reduction

考虑有向无环图(DAG)描述的组合服务模型,提出了一种新的组合服务QoS度量方法——基于拓扑序列归约的Web服务QoS度量方法(QCMTSR).其借鉴迭代归约度量方法中的基本结构及Q6计算公式,定义了DAG图中的两类基本结构,串归约结构和并归约结构,并给出了两种基本结构的QoS属性计算公式;通过逐步归约DAG图拓扑序列中的每个节点,直至最后一个节点的QoS属性值就是组合服务的各QoS属性的度量结果.从理论上证明了QCMTSR算法适用于所有DAG描述的组合服务,并实验证明QCMTSR算法对可靠性和可用性能够更准确的度量.     

基于拓扑序列归约的Web服务组合QoS度量算法

考虑有向无环图 (DAG)描述的组合服务模型,提出了一种新的组合服务QoS度量方法--基于拓扑序列归约的Web服务QoS度量方法（QCMTSR）。其借鉴迭代归约度量方法中的基本结构及QoS计算公式,定义了DAG图中的两类基本结构,串归约结构和并归约结构,并给出了两种基本结构的QoS属性计算公式;通过逐步归约DAG图拓扑序列中的每个节点,直至最后一个节点的QoS属性值就是组合服务的各QoS属性的度量结果。从理论上证明了QCMTSR算法适用于所有DAG描述的组合服务,并实验证明QCMTSR算法对可靠性和可用性能够更准确的度量。     

EGG图文法语法分析算法的研究

EGG是一种基于边的上下文相关图文法形式化框架,其语法分析(归约操作)算法是该文法重要的组成部分。在简要介绍EGG的基础上,给出了EGG语法分析算法的设计,其中包括子图匹配算法、子图替换算法和算法计算复杂性的分析。为了展示如何用EGG来定义图语言,特别是如何用所设计的归约算法来分析图,文中以程序流程图为例,给出了相关的EGG形式定义以及对一个具体流程图的归约过程,并探讨了可能降低分析算法复杂性的一些途径。     

含有非独立型触发环的主动规则集归约算法研究

可终止性判定问题是主动数据库的一个核心问题。现有的研究工作提出了运用触发图和活化图的方法解决这个问题,其中的一个关键技术就是利用归约算法对主动规则集进行归约。已有的计算方法对一些可归约规则无法识别。本文提出了独立型触发环、非独立型触发环、活化路径、禁止活化环、禁止活化规则等概念。基于这些概念,提出了一个新的归约算法,从而可识别出更多的可归约规则。     

一种基于图归约的XPath高性能流数据查询方法

作为网络数据交换和数据共享的标准,XML数据越来越多地用于表示应用系统的流数据。然而,受制于流数据处理有限空间开销等特征,如何高效地实现这种查询成为值得探讨的问题。与传统的基于自动机或层次栈方法不同,文中提出了一种基于图归约的XML查询自动机(GRAT),采用一种图结构来表示针对不同XML流元素的子查询任务之间的关系,通过图的归约变化来实现XPath查询。实验结果表明,基于GRAT的查询算法能够高效地完成复杂的XML查询,流数据处理的吞吐量达到了较高水平。     

基于串归约的网格工作流费用优化方法

针对截止期限约束下有向无环图DAG(directed acyclic graph)表示的工作流费用优化问题,提出两个新的费用优化算法:时间约束的前向串归约算法FSRD(forward serial reduction within deadline)和时间约束的后向串归约算法BSRD(backward serial reduction within deadline).算法利用DAG图中串行活动特征给出串归约概念;基于分层算法对串归约组的时间窗口重定义,并提出动态规划的求解策略实现组内费用的最优化.两种归约算法综合考虑DAG图中活动的串并特征,改变分层算法中仅对单一活动的费用优化策略,实现了串归约组的时间收集和最优利用.模拟实验结果表明:BSRD和FSRD能够显著改进相应分层算法的平均性能,且BSRD优于FSRD.     

一种高效的凸连通子图枚举算法

在可配置处理器的定制指令设计过程中,需要提取热点代码数据流图的凸连通子图.为实现子图的快速枚举,对有向无环图内的凸子图特性进行了研究.根据凸子图特性和节点邻接关系,提出了一种AS(adjacent search) 算法用于枚举有向无环图内满足I/O端口约束的凸连通子图.实验数据显示,AS算法比现有算法具有更高的效率,加速比可达10～1000X.当现有算法因数据流图规模较大而失效时,应用AS算法仍能成功完成子图枚举.     

移动Ad Hoc网中基于任务图应用的实现

论文提出了一个基于任务图的应用结构模型,以及它在移动adhoc网中的实现。该结构通过一个由“节点”和“边界”组成的任务图描述了一种分布式的应用。它选择能完成任务并且满足一定属性的设备来执行应用程序,同时分离出部分应用程序让网络中的其它有效设备执行。为实现上述应用,论文提出了一个执行协议并进行了实验,结果表明该协议是可行的。     

一种自动抽取图像中可判别区域的新方法

图像分割是图像处理中的一个难题，为了自动抽取图像中的可差别区域，提出了一种基于自组织图归约算法的区域抽取新方法，首先，利用包括颜色、纹理以及位置在内的多模特征抽算法，原始图像被转换成特征，接着，通过自组织映射学习算法，特征图映射成自组织图，然后，对自组织图实施归纳算法得到一族约简的自组织图谱系；最后，利用一个 综合的聚类有效性分析指标从约简的自组织图谱系中得到一个最优约简的自组织图，以此实现图像区域的分割，新方法的有效性通过两个评价实验得到了验证。     

Efficient coding of labeled directed acyclic graphs

 We use an adaptation of the Prüfer code for trees to encode labeled directed acyclic graphs, which are often abbreviated to DAGs (or ADGs). In this paper, each DAG is assigned a unique DAG code, which allows an easy handling for several purposes. The set of all possible DAG codes (and therefore the set of all DAGs) for a fixed number of n vertices can be generated efficiently. Furthermore, we are able to rank DAGs, i.e., we provide an algorithm that assigns every DAG a unique number in the set {0,…,a _n −1}, where a _n is the cardinality of the set of labeled DAGs with n≥1 vertices, and we are able to unrank DAGs, which is the inverse operation. We also gain recurrence relations, which can be used to calculate a _n and a _n,q , i.e., the number of DAGs with n vertices and q edges. Finally, it is possible to generate, enumerate, rank and unrank DAGs with given number of edges and also DAGs with bounded indegree. RID="*" ID="*" This research was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF), P13261-INF. I want to thank the reviewers, specially the one who suggested to add the algorithm for unranking DAG codes, for reading the paper very carefully and for the helpful comments.     

Data broadcasting for dependent information using multiple channels in wireless broadcast environments

Data broadcasting is an effective approach to disseminating information to mobile clients and has attracted much research attention in recent years. In many applications, the access pattern among the data can be represented by a weighted DAG. In this paper, we consider the problem of efficiently generating the broadcast schedules on multiple channels when the data set has a DAG access pattern. We show that it is NP-hard to find an optimal broadcast schedule which not only minimizes the latency but also satisfies the ancestor property that retains the data dependency. We further derive a condition for the input DAGs under which one can generate an optimal broadcast schedule in linear time and propose an algorithm to generate the schedule. Due to the NP-completeness, we provide three heuristics for general DAGs based on the level of a vertex in the input DAGs and each heuristic uses a different policy to place vertices into the broadcast channels. There are two categories for the policies. The first category mainly considers the probability for a process to stop at a considered vertex. The second category takes the vertices which are affected most when assigning a vertex into consideration. We analyze and discuss these heuristics. A short experimental simulation is given for supporting and validating the discussion. In particular, the experimental results indicate that roughly considering the whole posterior vertices of each vertex is not precise and may not lead to good results and considering the vertices affected most when assigning a vertex will help reducing the latency.     

A reindexing based approach towards mapping of DAG with affine schedules onto parallel embedded systems

We address the problem of optimally mapping uniform DAGs to systolic arrays, given an affine timing function. We introduce an automatic allocation method based on a preprocessing by reindexing that transforms the initial DAG into a new one that enables the well known projection method to minimize the number of processors along a number of directions. We demonstrate its superiority to other methods, and establish the space-optimality of the proposed method. We also show an upper bound on the number of processors that corresponds to the best space complexity that both the projection method, and the so-called grouping method can give for the initial DAG. We also describe how the new allocation method can be implemented in tools.     

基于自适应模拟退火的NoC映射算法

在片上网络(Network on Chip,NoC)系统中,如何完成应用特征图到结构特征图的映射是影响系统实际性能的关键步骤之一。针对NoC系统越发庞大,映射算法耗时也随之增加的问题,提出了自适应模拟退火(Self-Adaptive Simulated Annealing,SASA)的NoC映射算法。采用相对平滑方式实现温度下降过程,针对模拟退火算法易陷于局部最优的缺点,采用自适应方法改变新解生成方式,提高了算法收敛于全局最优的概率。实验结果表明,该算法与常见NoC映射算法(如基于遗传的映射算法)相比,平均性能提升了5.3%,耗时缩短了11.1%。     

信任委托证书图搜索研究

分析了分布式信任管理的证书结构反证书授权模型,包括线性链式授权、门限授权、条件授权和复合证书授权等,探讨了不同模型下的证书表达与证书链处理机制．提出了基于有向无环图DAG的证书图结构,并对利用DAG表达证书图作出证明。在证书链的搜索算法中。通过对多重边的有向无环图用深度优先和广度优先算法结合实现对证书链的搜索,避免证书图中产生的环形链而导致低搜索效率问题。     

Evaluation of energy and buffer aware application mapping for networks-on-chip

Networks-on-Chip (NoC) is a communication paradigm for Systems-on-Chip (SoC). NoC design flow contains many problems, one of which is called as application mapping problem, which is generally solved in the literature by considering minimization of the communication energy consumption only. Energy and Buffer Aware Application Mapping (EBAM) is a recently proposed method, which handles the application mapping issue as a joint optimization problem for minimizing the energy consumption and buffer utilization simultaneously. EBAM avoids possible high input loads on router buffers at the early mapping stage by using a priori traffic characteristics of the application. Self similarity is already an accepted model in local and wide area networks and many on-chip applications have also been proven to have self similar characteristics. EBAM therefore employs self similar traffic in its joint optimization process and a genetic algorithm is already proposed for its solution.     

基于Prim初始种群选取优化遗传算法的三维片上网络低功耗映射

针对将计算任务合理地映射到三维片上网络（NoC）的问题,提出了一种基于遗传算法（GA）的改进算法。GA具有快速随机的搜索能力,Prim算法可在加权连通图内得到最小生成树,改进算法结合了两种算法的优势,将计算任务合理地分配到各个网络节点,对于优化三维片上网络功耗和散热等问题具有很高的效率。通过仿真实验,对所提出的基于Prim算法的改进GA与基本GA的3D NoC映射算法进行了对比,仿真结果显示,基于Prim算法的改进GA平均功耗更低,从总体趋势来看,处理单元数量的增加与功耗降低幅度成正相关,在101个处理单元情况下,平均功耗比基本GA降低32%。     

图结构XML文档上子图查询的高效处理算法

研究了图结构XML数据上子图查询处理,给出了一系列高效的处理算法.基于可达编码,首先提出基于哈希的结构连接算法(HGJoin)来处理图结构XML数据上的可达查询.然后,该算法被扩展来处理特殊的二分图查询.基于这些算法和所给出的代价模型,提出了一般DAG子图查询的处理算法和查询优化策略.这些算法经过简单修改即可有效地处理一般的子图查询.理论分析和实验结果表明,算法具有较高的效率.     

片上互连网络的功耗特征分析与优化

随着处理器核数的增加,片上互连网络NoC结构日趋复杂,导致片上互连网络功耗所占的比重和功耗分析的难度也在增加。片上互连网络的任务映射,既要保证多处理器核心之间通信的高性能,又要保证耗费尽可能少的功耗和面积,即在有限的功耗和面积开销下获得较高的性能。在进行任务映射时,核心之间的通信距离是减少任务通信功耗的关键。连续且近凸的区域有助于缩短任务的通信距离。分析了一种功耗最优的片上互连网络启发式映射算法（INC）,该算法由区域选择算法和节点映射算法组成。对区域选择算法的2个因子进行了改进,使应用总的通信开销最小化且保证后续应用以很小的通信代价进行区域选择。提出了新的基于选择区域的映射算法。它们在动态到达程序映射问题中的实验结果表明,新的区域选择算法和节点映射算法相比于INC,可以减少12.10%的通信功耗,并且带来11.23%的通信延迟优化。     

Advances in IC-Scheduling Theory: Scheduling Expansive and Reductive Dags and Scheduling Dags via Duality

Earlier work has developed the underpinnings of the IC-scheduling theory, a framework for scheduling computations having intertask dependencies - modeled via directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) - for Internet-based computing. The goal of the schedules produced is to render tasks eligible for execution at the maximum possible rate, with the dual aim of 1) utilizing remote clients' computational resources well by always having work to allocate to an available client and 2) lessening the likelihood of a computation's stalling for lack of eligible tasks. The DAGs handled by the theory thus far are those that can be decomposed into a given collection of bipartite building block DAGs via the operation of DAG decomposition. A basic tool in constructing schedules is a relation >, which allows one to "prioritize" the scheduling of a complex DAG's building blocks. The current paper extends the IC-scheduling theory in two ways: by expanding significantly the repertoire of DAGs that the theory can schedule optimally and by allowing one sometimes to shortcut the algorithmic process required to find optimal schedules. The expanded repertoire now allows the theory to schedule optimally, among other DAGs, a large range of DAGs that are either "expansive", in the sense that they grow outward from their sources, or "reductive", in the sense that they grow inward toward their sinks. The algorithmic shortcuts allow one to "read off" an optimal schedule for a DAG from a given optimal schedule for the DAG's dual, which is obtained by reversing all arcs (thereby exchanging the roles of sources and sinks).