光催化反应器降解VOCs模型研究

本文发展普适的光催化反应器降解VOCs模型,应用于光催化反应与对流传质沿反应表面分布不均匀的光催化反应器。根据该反应器模型,指出评价光催化反应器性能的主要参数NTUm由三个无量纲参数的线性乘积组成,分别是反应面积与流通截面面积的比值(A*),传质斯坦顿数(stm)和反应有效度(η),该三参数分别体现光催化反应降解VOCs过程中的面积因素以及传质一反应过程的影响。通过上述模型与无量纲参数,可评价光催化反应器的性能瓶颈,并为如何改进提高光催化降解VOCs的性能指明方向。     

二氧化钛修饰的微结构聚合物光纤预制棒制备及其在光催化中应用的探索研究

首次用二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米材料修饰的547孔微结构聚合物光纤(MPOF)二次预制棒作为阵列化微管式光催化反应器对亚甲基兰的光催化分解进行研究.将高光催化活性的P25型二氧化钛纳米粒子均匀分散在TiO₂溶胶中,对547孔微结构聚合物光纤孔洞内壁进行铺膜,得到了负载光催化剂的阵列化微管材料.该TiO₂MPOF有序复合的阵列化微管不仅对二氧化钛纳米粒子起到负载作用,还可以作为光波导介质(rolling-up薄膜波导,聚光、导光进入二氧化钛薄膜层)、污染物反应流体通道.以有机染料亚甲基兰为模拟污染物,研究了TiO₂负载量、亚甲基兰的初始浓度及溶液pH值等因素对光降解效果的影响.该反应器547个孔道的内表面用于负载光催化剂,不仅增加了固-液接触面积,也提高了光的吸收效率,从而提高了光催化效率.迄今为止,这种兼具导光、聚光、传质、负载功能于一体的光催化反应器还未见报道.     

光催化反应器性能参数及其简便测试方法

本文分析了光催化反应器降解有机挥发化合物(VOCs)的特性,提出了反应器总降解常数的概念,提出了一种测量光催化反应器性能参数-传质单元数、反应有效度和总降解常数的方法。管状光催化反应器降解空气中微量甲醛的实验验证了该方法的可行性。实验表明:在空气温度22-24℃,空气湿度40％附近,甲醛的光催化反应在不同浓度区间近似为一次反应,在1.6-12.4 mg/m3浓度区间内其总降解常数最大。     

光学导航、制导设备

对某型空地导弹电视导引头进行实测建模,通过建模和仿真分析,对系统提出改进意见。介绍了光纤图像制导系统的技术特点和基本原理,讨论了光纤图像制导的关键技术,如图像导引头、光纤双向传输系统、图像跟踪器等,给出了光纤制导系统应用的实例及试验结果,分析了其应用方向和发展前景。     

单光纤光纤陀螺的原理及应用前景

单光纤光纤陀螺是全光纤光纤陀螺的一种,它具有低成本、高可靠性、易于工程化的优点。它是应用在线制作技术,在一根光纤上制作光器件,形成无焊接点的光路。在线技术包括光纤环缠绕技术、耦合器制作技术、偏振器制作技术、发光模块制作和光接收模块制作技术等。详细地介绍了其原理、关键技术及生产工艺,并提出了提高其性能的措施。在分析不同型号单光纤光纤陀螺性能的基础上展望了其应用前景。随着单光纤光纤陀螺生产工艺的改进和信号处理技术的提高,将会进一步提高其性能、降低成本,促进光纤陀螺的普及和应用。     

传质特性对光纤生物制氢反应器性能的影响

光生物制氢反应器的传质特性是影响反应器特性的重要因素.本文通过构造新型的光纤生物制氢反应器,采用生物膜法细胞固定化技术,考察在连续产氢条件下,进口底物浓度和流速对与反应器产氢相关特性的影响.结果表明:高浓度下出现的底物抑制现象是限制反应器性能的原因;流速改变的传质特性对反应器性能的影响,反映在驱动势和反应时间两个方面.     

高效率掺Tm~(3+)双包层光纤及光纤激光器的研制

掺Tm3+光纤激光器有着广泛的应用前景,而掺Tm3+光纤是其核心与关键.本文采用改进的化学汽相沉积(MCVD)工艺和气相液相复合掺杂技术,在MCVD机车上实现了掺Tm3+石英光纤预制棒的制备,并制备了掺Tm3+石英双包层光纤(芯包比为10/125).利用上述光纤搭建直腔型全光纤激光器,在波长为793nm的LD抽运下,获得激光光谱中心波长为2002 nm,最大的激光输出功率30.7 W,光纤斜率效率为59.32%.     

干涉型光纤传感器相位生成载波解调方法改进与研究

提出了基于干涉型光纤传感器的相位生成载波解调方法（PGC）的改进方法,通过算法上的改进和增加抗混叠滤波器,有效地改善了解调结果,并大大降低了系统的采样频率,结论对设计干涉型光纤传感器解调系统有重要的参考意义     

光纤传感器及在窃听技术中的应用

主要阐述了基于光纤压力传感器的传声技术,即光纤麦克风,接着以光纤光栅型声音传感器为例,论述光纤传感器在窃听中的应用。     

我国光纤传感技术发展路线图

四十多年来,我国光纤传感技术在经济发展和市场需求的牵引下快速成长。针对我国光纤传感若干典型的细分技术领域,概括性地给出了各个细分技术的发展历程、技术现状及面临的主要问题,使读者能更好地理解我国光纤传感技术发展的样貌,把握我国光纤传感技术市场需求呈指数型增长的发展趋势。     

半导体光催化研究进展与展望

评述了目前半导体光催化在国内外的研究概况 ,并对存在的问题和未来的发展动向进行简要分析 .列举了近 30年来关于光催化研究的部分成果 ,内容涉及光催化剂的制备 (包括新催化剂的开发 ,TiO2 、ZnO、CdS等光催化剂的各种改性或修饰 )、光催化作用机理研究、光催化技术的工程化、光催化技术的各种应用研究和产品开发等等从基础到应用研究的各个方面 .总体上来看 ,半导体光催化基本上是一个没有选择性的化学过程 ,所以再进行大量的不同反应物的光催化活性的评价研究意义已不是很显著 ,认为未来的半导体光催化研究应该集中在机理的深刻认识、光响应范围宽和量子效率高的催化剂制备、半导体光催化技术工程化及新型光催化产品开发方面 .     

Role of Nanoparticles in Photocatalysis

The aim of this review paper is to give an overview of the development and implications of nanotechnology in photocatalysis. The topics covered include a detailed look at the unique properties of nanoparticles and their relation to photocatalytic properties. Current applications of and research into the use of nanoparticles as photocatalysts has also been reviewed. Also covered is the utilization of nanoparticles in doped, coupled, capped, sensitized and organic–inorganic nanocomposite semiconductor systems, with an effort to enhance photocatalytic and/or optical properties of commonly used semiconductor materials. The use of nanocrystalline thin films in electrochemically assisted photocatalytic processes has been included. Finally, the use of nanoparticles has made a significant contribution in providing definitive mechanistic information regarding the photocatalytic process.     

LaFe1-xCuxO3的光催化性及正电子湮没研究

研究ＬａＦｅＯ３及微量掺铜ＬａＦｅＯ３的光催化活性,利用正电子湮没谱分析掺杂的影响,发现随着掺杂百分比的增加,正电子奉命逐渐下降达到一最小值,然后又上升;而光催化活性随掺杂百分比的增加逐渐上升达到最大值,然后下降,结果表明：ＬａＦｅＯ３掺杂后光催化活性得以提高;正电子湮没技术是研究点阵缺陷结构的有效方法之一。     

The physics of accelerator driven sub-critical reactors

In recent years, there has been an increasing worldwide interest in accelerator driven systems (ADS) due to their perceived superior safety characteristics and their potential for burning actinides and long-lived fission products. Indian interest in ADS has an additional dimension, which is related to our planned large-scale thorium utilization for future nuclear energy generation. The physics of ADS is quite different from that of critical reactors. As such, physics studies on ADS reactors are necessary for gaining an understanding of these systems. Development of theoretical tools and experimental facilities for studying the physics of ADS reactors constitute important aspect of the ADS development program at BARC. This includes computer codes for burnup studies based on transport theory and Monte Carlo methods, codes for studying the kinetics of ADS and sub-critical facilities driven by 14 MeV neutron generators for ADS experiments and development of sub-criticality measurement methods. The paper discusses the physics issues specific to ADS reactors and presents the status of the reactor physics program and some of the ADS concepts under study.      

Variants of Regenerated Fissile Materials Usage in Thermal Reactors as the First Stage of Fuel Cycle Closing

At present, 240 000 t of spent nuclear fuel (SF) has been accumulated in the world. Its long-term storage should meet safety conditions and requires noticeable finances, which grow every year. Obviously, this situation cannot exist for a long time; in the end, it will require a final decision. At present, several variants of solution of the problem of SF management are considered. Since most of the operating reactors and those under construction are thermal reactors, it is reasonable to assume that the structure of the nuclear power industry in the near and medium-term future will be unchanged, and it will be necessary to utilize plutonium in thermal reactors. In this study, different strategies of SF management are compared: open fuel cycle with long-term SF storage, closed fuel cycle with MOX fuel usage in thermal reactors and subsequent long-term storage of SF from MOX fuel, and closed fuel cycle in thermal reactors with heterogeneous fuel arrangement. The concept of heterogeneous fuel arrangement is considered in detail. While in the case of traditional fuel it is necessary to reprocess the whole amount of spent fuel, in the case of heterogeneous arrangement, it is possible to separate plutonium and ²³⁸U in different fuel rods. In this case, it is possible to achieve nearly complete burning of fissile isotopes of plutonium in fuel rods loaded with plutonium. These fuel rods with burned plutonium can be buried after cooling without reprocessing. They would contain just several percent of initially loaded plutonium, mainly even isotopes. Fuel rods with ²³⁸U alone should be reprocessed in the usual way.     

Experimental study of the ultrasound attenuation in chemical reactors

Ultrasound is used in different domains, and in sonochemistry particularly, for different purposes and in various flow configurations: monophasic, two-phase and polyphasic reactors. In order to optimize and to design sonochemical reactors, it is important to describe the ultrasonic intensity space and time distribution. In addition, it is important to study the different parameters influencing the intensity profiles of the ultrasonic wave. In this work, a thermoelectric probe has been used to measure the ultrasonic intensity. This procedure has shown that the ultrasound propagation is influenced by the presence of cavitation bubbles, the flow regime and the presence of solid particles.     

Ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method of preparation of TiO2 nano-particles: characterization, properties and 4-chlorophenol removal application

Nano-size TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by sol-gel and ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel methods using two different sources of ultrasonicator, i.e., a bath type and tip type. The physicochemical characteristics of the catalysts were investigated by BET, XRD and TEM analyses and the photocatalytic properties of the TiO2 catalysts prepared by three different methods were compared. The intrinsic and extrinsic properties of TiO2, such as the particle size, surface area, pore-volume, pore-diameter, crystallinity as well as anatase, rutile and brookite phase ratios, could be controlled by the ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method. During this preparation method, the effect of such important operating variables as the ultrasonic irradiation time, power density, the ultrasonic sources (bath-type and tip-type), magnetic stirring during synthesis, initial temperatures and size of the reactors are discussed here. It was found that each of the parameters played a significant role in controlling the properties of the TiO2 nano-particles. Among the three different methods, TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by ultrasonic (tip-US) assisted sol-gel possessed the smallest particle size, highest surface area and highest pore-volume than the catalysts prepared by the other two methods. 4-Chlorophenol was used as a pollutant to observe the photocatalytic degradation ability of the prepared photocatalysts and the TiO2 catalysts prepared by the bath-US ultrasonic-assisted sol-gel method were shown to be the most highly active. This is due to their high surface area and high pore-diameter. This study clearly demonstrates the importance and advantages of ultrasonication in the modification and improvement of the photocatalytic properties of mesoporous nano-size TiO2 particles.     

Ultrasound assisted synthesis of doped TiO2 nano-particles: Characterization and comparison of effectiveness for photocatalytic oxidation of dyestuff effluent

The present work deals with the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles doped with Fe and Ce using sonochemical approach and its comparison with the conventional doping method. The prepared samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–visible spectra (UV–vis). The effectiveness of the synthesized catalyst for the photocatalytic degradation of crystal violet dye has also been investigated considering crystal violet degradation as the model reaction. It has been observed that the catalysts prepared by sonochemical method exhibit higher photocatalytic activity as compared to the catalysts prepared by the conventional methods. Also the Ce-doped TiO₂ exhibits maximum photocatalytic activity followed by Fe-doped TiO₂ and the least activity was observed for only TiO₂. The presence of Fe and Ce in the TiO₂ structure results in a significant absorption shift towards the visible region. Detailed investigations on the degradation indicated that an optimal dosage with 0.8 mol% doping of Ce and 1.2 mol% doping of Fe in TiO₂ results in higher extents of degradation. Kinetic studies also established that the photocatalytic degradation followed the pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. Overall it has been established that ultrasound assisted synthesis of doped photocatalyst significantly enhances the photocatalytic activity.     

研究性核反应堆的现状、应用和发展

回顾了世界过去50多年研究堆的发展历程,分析了世界研究堆的现状以及未来的应用发展趋势,同时结合我国脉冲堆的实际情况,对其应用发展前景进行了初步展望。     

太阳能光催化制氢的科学机遇和挑战

面对人类对能源的需求持续增长,以及化石能源的日益枯竭和其带来的环境污染问题,太阳能成为主要的可再生清洁能源的来源。讨论了利用太阳能催化生氢或消耗二氧化碳,探索在半导体基光催化剂表面的光催化反应和光化学反应。半导体材料被认为是最有前景的光催化剂,其材料合成是发展先进催化剂的核心。减少电荷重新复合,是提高太阳能转化为化学能的关键,关系到太阳能的转换效率。研究结果发现了提高光催化制氢的关键因素,通过Pt-PdS/CdS催化体系使其量子效率提高到93%,提供了发展高效催化剂体系的方法。