LC-MS/MS检测强力追风活络胶囊中非法添加的双氯芬酸

目的 采用LC-MS/MS法鉴别强力追风活络胶囊中非法添加的双氯芬酸.方法 色谱柱为Shim-pack VP-ODS(150 mm ×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.02 mol·L-1乙酸铵的0.1%乙酸水溶液-乙腈(55:45),流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长280 nm;Agilent 6310高子阱质谱仪,电喷雾离子源(ESI),雾化气压力40 psi,干燥气温度350℃,流速9 mL·min-1,扫描范围150～500 m/z.结果 在高效液相色谱图、质谱图中,样品出现与双氯芬酸成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰.结论 所建方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于强力追风活络胶囊中添加双氯芬酸成分的定性鉴别.     

LC-MS/MS法对风湿骨痛宁胶囊中非法添加双氯芬酸的检查

目的采用LC-MS/MS联用技术,建立风湿骨痛宁胶囊中非法添加双氯芬酸的鉴别方法。方法色谱柱为SHIMADZU shim-pack VP-ODS,(0.02mol.-L1乙酸铵-0.1%乙酸)水溶液-乙腈(55:45)为流动相,流速为1.0mL.min-1,检测波长为280nm;Agilent 6310离子阱质谱仪,电喷雾离子源(ESI),雾化气压力为40psi,干燥气温度为350℃,流速为9mL.min-1,扫描范围150~500m.z-1。结果在高效液相色谱、质谱中,样品出现与双氯芬酸成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论本方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于风湿骨痛宁胶囊中添加双氯芬酸成分的定性鉴别。     

液质联用法同时测定骨头帮胶囊中非法添加的4种化学成分

目的采用液质联用法同时测定骨头帮胶囊中非法添加的吡罗昔康、醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸钠和布洛芬。方法采用Kromasil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-20 mmol.L-1乙酸铵溶液(0.1%乙酸)(43∶57),测定波长为330、240、280、220 nm,流速0.8 mL.min-1,柱温45℃。离子源为ESI源,正、负离子模式进行定性检测,采用HPLC法测定含量。结果在HPLC-MS/MS中,受试制剂中分别检测出与吡罗昔康、醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸钠及布洛芬对照品一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论所用方法选择性强、灵敏度好,结果准确可靠,可作为检测骨头帮胶囊中违禁添加吡罗昔康、醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸钠及布洛芬的有效方法。     

LC-MS/MS法同时检测筋骨痛消胶囊中非法添加的醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸及布洛芬

目的:采用LC-MS/MS联用技术建立检测筋骨痛消胶囊中非法添加醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸及布洛芬的方法。方法:色谱柱为SHIMADZU shim-pack VP-ODS（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）,0.02mol·L^-1醋酸铵0.1%醋酸水溶液:乙腈（53:47）为流动相,流速1.0ml·min^-1;Agilent6310离子阱质谱仪,电喷雾离子源（ESI）,雾化气压力38psi,干燥气温度350℃,流速9ml·min^-1,扫描范围50～500m/z。结果:在高效液相色谱、质谱中,样品出现与醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸及布洛芬成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论:本方法选择性强,灵敏度高,可用于筋骨痛消胶囊中非法添加醋酸泼尼松、双氯芬酸及布洛芬的定性鉴别。     

LC-MS／MS法检查乌蛇木瓜胶囊中非法添加的双氯芬酸

目的：采用LC—MS／MS联用技术,建立乌蛇木瓜胶囊中非法添加双氯芬酸的鉴别方法。方法：色谱柱为SHIMADZU shim—pack VP．ODS（150mm×4．6mm,5μm）,0．02mol·L^-1乙酸铵-0．1％乙酸水溶液：乙腈（55：45）为流动相,流速1．0ml·min^-1,检测波长为280nm;Agilent 6310离子阱质谱仪,电喷雾离子源（ESI）,雾化气压力40psi,干燥气温度350℃,流速9ml·min^-1,扫描范围150—500m／z。结果：在高效液相色谱、质谱中,样品出现与双氯芬酸成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论：本方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于乌蛇木瓜胶囊中添加双氯芬酸成分的定性鉴别。     

LC-MS2法鉴别菊花槐米胶囊中掺加的尼群地平成分

目的:建立菊花槐米胶囊中非法掺加尼群地平成分的鉴别方法。方法:采用色谱柱C18(250 mm×2.0 mm);乙腈-水(50∶50)为流动相;流速:0.2 mL.min-1;采用电喷雾离子化(ESI)方式;二级质谱母离子m/z359,碰撞能量20 V。结果:在高效液相色谱、质谱中,样品出现与尼群地平成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论:本方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于菊花槐米胶囊中掺加尼群地平成分的定性鉴别。     

高效液相色谱-质谱联用法检查止喘灵胶囊中非法添加的醋酸泼尼松和茶碱

目的采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用技术,检查止喘灵胶囊中非法添加的醋酸泼尼松和茶碱。方法色谱柱为Shimadzu shim-pack VP-ODS柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm）,0.02 mol/L乙酸铵-0.1%冰醋酸水溶液∶乙腈（71∶29）为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min;Agilent6310型离子阱质谱仪,电喷雾离子源（ESI）,雾化气压力为50 psi,干燥气温度为380℃,流速为9.5 mL/min,毛细管电压为3 500 V,扫描范围为100～500 m/z,检测方式为正、负模式一级、二级同时扫描。结果在高效液相色谱、质谱中,样品出现与醋酸泼尼松、茶碱成分一致的色谱峰、质谱峰。结论所用方法简单可行,结果准确可靠,可用于止喘灵胶囊中非法添加醋酸泼尼松、茶碱的定性鉴别。     

肠内营养对高血糖症危重患者的应用分析

目的应用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测(RP-HPLC-DAD)技术分析检测抗风湿中药制剂中可能存在的西药成分。方法采用的色谱柱分别为Kromasil KR100-5 C18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm)和Kromasil C8(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为甲醇-0.1%醋酸水溶液(60∶40),流速:1 mL.min-1,色谱检测波长230 nm。结果为醋酸泼尼松、醋酸地塞米松、萘普生、吲哚美辛、双氯芬酸钠、布洛芬等6种成分,能在该色谱条件下得到分离和鉴定。结论本方法可用于抗风湿中药制剂中西药成分的分析。     

一种自适应局部概念漂移的数据流分类算法

目的：建立神脑舒胶囊中非法添加盐酸多塞平成分的鉴别方法。方法：采用色谱柱C18（250mm×2．0mm）；乙腈-10mmol·L^-1醋酸铵-三乙胺（65：35：0．5）（用醋酸调pH6．2）为流动相；流速：0．2mL·min^-1；电喷雾离子化（ESI）seall方式；二级质谱母离子m／z280，碰撞能量15V。结果：在高效液相色谱、紫外光谱、质谱中，样品出现与盐酸多塞平成分一致的色谱峰、光谱图、质谱峰。结论：本方法简单可行，结果准确可靠，可用于神脑舒胶囊中添加盐酸多塞平成分的定性鉴别。     

LC-MS法检测人血浆中双氯芬酸的浓度

目的:建立LC-MS测定人血浆中双氯芬酸浓度的方法。方法:待测血浆样品经乙酸乙酯萃取后,用HPLC-MS法进行检测,以格列吡嗪为内标。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为10 mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液-甲醇(35∶65),流速为0.5 mL.min-1;质谱采用电喷雾离子化(ESI)方式和选择性离子检测(SIM)模式,检测离子为负离子。结果:本方法线性范围为3.936 0~492.000 0 ng.mL-1,最低定量浓度3.936 0 ng.mL-1,准确度、精密度以及稳定性均符合有关要求。结论:该方法简便、准确,灵敏度高,专属性强,适用于人血浆中双氯芬酸浓度的测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.