不平衡电网电压下光伏并网逆变器滑模直接电压/功率控制策略

不平衡电网电压下,光伏并网逆变器的输出功率和输出电流都将产生波动,给电力系统的稳定运行造成不利影响。根据光伏并网系统的数学模型,提出了光伏并网逆变器基于滑模控制的直接电压/功率控制策略。该控制策略可在电网电压不平衡时有效抑制并网逆变器输出有功功率和无功功率的波动。根据光伏并网逆变器输出功率和正、负序电流的关系,提出了以消除负序电流为控制目标的改进控制策略。此外,为提高系统的运行性能,提出了功率电流协调控制策略。最后,对所提出的控制策略进行了仿真分析,仿真结果验证了所提出控制策略的有效性。     

Decoupled control of grid connected inverter with dynamic online grid impedance measurements for micro grid applications

This paper presents a decoupled control of grid connected inverter using dynamic online grid impedance measurements for a micro grid application. The proposed controller is implemented in synchronous reference frame (SRF) and controlled using linear PI controllers. The mutual coupling introduced between the d and q control loops due to the transformation into SRF is accurately decoupled using the dynamically measured grid impedance using a feed-forward control. The decoupling allows independent control of active and reactive powers against step changes in the active/reactive power references. The online measurement of the actual impedance and its use further for decoupling is proposed in this paper for making the decoupling accurate inspite of the network configuration being altered like in micro grids. Here the grid resistance and inductance are measured during the operation using a non-characteristic frequency current continuously injected into the grid, and subsequently calculating the impedance using discrete Fourier transforms. The continuous injection of non-characteristic current at 75 Hz avoids the injection of sub-harmonics into the grid during measurements. The control loop is updated periodically with the estimated grid impedance, thus enabling the independent control of active and reactive powers delivered by the inverter. The proposed decoupled controller with grid impedance measurement is tested through simulation studies and hardware experiments. The experiments are conducted with the proposed controller on a scaled down laboratory model of micro-grid with a 1 kVA solar inverter, and the performances are presented for step changes in the power references and the results are presented.     

A new digital control method for a voltage source inverter to compensate for imbalance of output voltage

This paper provides a new signal compensation method for digital inverters, which is aimed at improving the voltage source inverter. Because of the non‐ideal characteristics of components of the inverter (e.g., metal oxide semiconductor field‐effect transistor module), the output voltage is unequal at positive and negative half cycles. This will result in inductive load saturation, and the switches will be damaged. The method proposed in this paper utilizes a combination of pulse signal and reference signal for adjusting the height and the width of pulse signal, with small direct current offset compensated by the average voltage of the signal. This method can also be adopted in a built‐in, low‐resolution pulse width modulation digital controller, which has advantages such as automatic compensation of output voltage and low cost. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于载波相移THI-PWM技术的多电平逆变器研究

针对传统的电压型多电平逆变器直流电压利用率低的问题,在对载波相移SPWM调制技术进行数学分析的基础上,将三次谐波注入(Third Harmonic Injection,THI)的思想引入到载波相移技术中,提出了一种适用于多电平逆变器的载波相移THI-PWM调制技术,使得系统的波形系数从1.732上升到2,直流电压利用率提升15%左右。在Matlab/Simulink中搭建了三相五电平逆变器模型进行仿真验证,结果证明了该方法理论的正确性和可行性。     

A pre-filter based PLL for three-phase grid connected applications

This paper proposes a phase estimator based on a pre-filter based phase locked loop (PF-PLL), which overcomes serious limitations of existing PLL routines under frequency variation, distorted power grid conditions and measurement errors. This is achieved by a chain of pre-filters, which systematically attenuates all distortion components and extracts the fundamental, positive-sequence signal. The reported PF-PLL is capable of fast and precise phase estimation, even with unbalanced and highly distorted threephase electrical variables, which may be measured with low-cost transducers of reduced accuracy. Consequently, it is appropriate for control of all grid connected equipment, including the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), where it is often required to synchronize with line currents, which experience much higher levels of harmonic distortion than voltages. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the PF-PLL, its evaluation through simulation and experiments, using a fixed-point DSP based laboratory prototype.     

死区对开环和闭环控制SPWM逆变器输出基波电压的影响

在SPWM逆变器中,为防止同一桥臂的上下两个开关器件产生直通,必须将驱动信号注入若干微秒的死区时间,这会使逆变器输出电压产生谐波电压。通过对基于瞬时输出电压反馈控制的SPWM逆变器死区效应造成的谐波电压的分析,建立了死区效应时SPWM逆变器控制模型,研究了逆变桥臂控制信号死区时间对开环与闭环控制SPWM逆变器输出基波电压的影响。分析结果表明,对于开环控制的SPWM逆变器,随着死区时间增加,逆变器输出基波电压有效值降低,输出电压谐波分量显著增加;对于单电压闭环控制的SPWM逆变器,死区时间对逆变器输出基波电压的影响与负载有关。通过仿真研究验证了理论分析的正确性。     

单相电压型并网变换器功率预测控制

将功率预测控制思想用于单相电压型并网变换器,通过二阶广义积分构造与电网电压、电流正交的虚拟电压、电流分量来形成αβ坐标系下的两相系统.建立了单相并网变换器在两相静止和两相旋转坐标系下的数学模型.推导和分析了在旋转坐标系下的瞬时功率模型.利用此瞬时功率模型来预测单相并网变换器的控制电压进而产生触发脉冲控制变换器.该策略具有控制系统结构简单、开关频率固定、无需整定控制器参数、功率响应速度快、实现功率解耦控制的特点.1kW样机的实验结果表明了方案的正确性和可行性.     

基于预测虚拟转矩控制的DFIG并网逆变方法

针对双馈风力发电机组(DFIG)高性能并网控制问题,提出一种DFIG并网逆变系统预测虚拟转矩控制方法。虚拟转矩的概念衍生于直接转矩控制中的电磁转矩,是由DFIG的转子磁链和电网虚拟磁链合成产生的。在建立DFIG并网逆变系统数学模型的基础上,分析了不同扇区中电压矢量对系统虚拟转矩、转子磁链的影响趋势,选取一个包含两个有效电压矢量和一个零电压矢量的三矢量序列,并给出功率无差拍跟踪时的矢量作用时间求取方法。最后,基于55 kW双馈风力发电实验样机对所提预测虚拟转矩方法进行性能验证。实验结果表明,该方法可实现DFIG系统平滑、无冲击并网,保证了并网接入点的动、稳态电能品质。     

基于电感电流无差拍控制的三相并网逆变器

针对传统并网逆变器的电流矢量PI控制存在功率耦合问题,需要进行复杂的解耦控制,难以实现并网逆变器系统无稳态误差控制。为了解决这一问题,文章采用瞬时功率外环和电感电流无差拍内环的控制策略,推导了三相并网逆变器的离散数学模型,减少了大量坐标变换,简化了并网逆变器控制系统的设计。通过Matlab仿真结果表明,在并网电流发生变化时,该控制策略仍可以实现并网逆变器输出有功、无功的功率解耦,且并网逆变器的输出电流具有良好的动态跟踪性能,电流谐波含量较低,满足并网要求。     

闭环SPWM逆变器死区时间对输出基波电压的影响

针对瞬时输出电压反馈控制的SPWM逆变器逆变桥臂控制信号死区时间造成输出谐波电压问题,建立了考虑死区效应时的SPWM逆变器闭环控制模型,研究了逆变桥臂控制信号死区时间对闭环控制SPWM逆变器输出基波电压的影响。仿真和实验结果表明,对于采用瞬时输出电压反馈控制技术的SPWM逆变器,其输出电压在空载时随着死区时间的增加而增加,负载电流超过临界电流后其输出电压随死区时间增加而下降;其阻性负载时的外特性曲线是一条先下降后上升的曲线。     

一种新颖的单相光伏并网发电系统控制策略

针对两级式单相光伏并网发电系统,提出一种新颖的系统控制策略。在传统的双环控制策略基础上加入功率跟踪环节,提高逆变器输出电流对前级功率输入变化时的响应速度;采用BP神经网络自整定PI控制器实现电流闭环的跟踪控制,提高系统动态性能,改善功率突变时逆变器的电流波形,提高系统运行效率。利用MATLAB/simulink对提出的控制策略进行仿真研究,结果表明该系统能可靠稳定地向电网传输电能。最后在2 k W实验样机上进行实验验证,结果证明控制策略和仿真结果的正确性。     

不平衡电网电压下基于FPNSC算法的逆变器并网输出电流峰值控制策略

针对电网电压不平衡下电压负序引起的逆变器输出功率波动、电流峰值上升、谐波增大等问题,提出了一种基于灵活正负序控制(FPNSC)算法的逆变器并网输出电流峰值控制策略,在降低了并网电流畸变率的同时,将输出电流约束在允许范围内,保障了有功传输与动态无功支撑。通过引入正负序控制因子,FPNSC算法使输出正负序有功与无功的控制更加灵活。文中给出了不同控制目标下正、负序控制因子的选取及参考电流的计算方法;根据不平衡电网电压下逆变器控制目标,提出了基于FPNSC算法的电流峰值限制方法。仿真与实验验证了所提方法的正确性与有效性,该方法可推广应用于分布式并网发电系统中。     

三相五电平逆变器光伏并网系统的建模与仿真

针对传统三电平逆变器光伏系统最大功率跟踪(maximum power point tracking,MPPT)响应速度慢、输出电流波形失真严重以及直流母线电压波动大的问题,提出了一种三相五电平中点箝位型(neutral point clamped,NPC)逆变器光伏并网系统。该系统采用模糊MPPT功率外环、直流电压中环以及电流内环的三环控制方案,实现了对最大功率的快速跟踪,降低了输出电流波形的总谐波畸变率(total harmonic distortion,THD),有效抑制了直流母线电压的波动。用MATLAB搭建模型,仿真结果证明了所提出的含五电平逆变器拓扑结构及其控制方法的有效性。     

基于C-MEX建模的全数字单相并网逆变器的研究

介绍了一种基于Matlab中C-MEX建模的全数字单相并网逆变器的研制方法。在Matlab环境下由分立器件搭建主电路,由C-MEX进行建模,整机开发手段采用C语言源代码编译,可直接移植入嵌入式开发平台,有效提高开发效率。整机直流侧MPPT采用扰动观测法,交流侧采用电压外环、电流内环的控制方式,其中亦包含了直流偏磁抑制方法、虚拟单相锁相环以及PR调节等控制方法。最后在该仿真建模的基础上,研制了一台3 kW的单相光伏并网逆变器,将C-MEX中的C源代码移植入DSP嵌入式开发平台,经试验测试,验证了该仿真建模的正确性及该开发模式的优越性。     

A simple method for output voltage control of a three‐phase multilevel inverter considering DC voltage fluctuation

Multilevel inverter circuit generates the stair‐like voltage without using transformer and interphase reactor, and it is the circuit which realizes reduction in the harmonics and enlargement of the capacity. In addition, the application of PWM control improves the waveform, and reduces the switching component to the conventional half, and the filter capacity is reduced. In this paper, improvement on the voltage utilization factor and feedback control of output voltage are applied to multilevel inverter circuit. For the DC power supply with the intense fluctuation, it is necessary to construct inverter circuit which can supply stabilized AC voltage. One‐chip microcomputer with various functions is used for the control equipment of this circuit, and miniaturization and cost reduction of the control equipment are realized. Here, the control principle and experimental results of this equipment are mainly reported. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(3): 40–47, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20906     

两级式光伏并网逆变器母线电压稳定算法研究

母线电压的稳定控制是两级式光伏逆变器长期、稳定运行的前提。目前常用于单相逆变器中点电位平衡控制的方法有：增加分压电容容值法和并联功率电阻法等,但这些方法并不能彻底消除母线电容偏压,并且增加了电路复杂性、降低了系统效率。提出了一种通过调节并网电流的大小来控制母线电压稳定的方法,分别对高、低端母线电压进行采样,将采样值与期望值进行比较,将误差送到控制电路,并通过各自的母线控制器实现母线控制算法使其电压达到稳定状态。对基于这种控制算法的3 kW半桥光伏并网逆变器进行了针对性测试,测试结果证明了所提出的新型控制策略准确可行,适用于两级式光伏并网逆变器。     

三电平ANPC并网逆变器损耗分布平衡的研究

采用三电平拓扑的光伏并网逆变器能有效提高系统的容量、输出电能质量和效率。本文以三相三电平有源中点钳位型光伏并网逆变器为研究对象,采用特定谐波消除脉宽调制方法,分析了在不同输出状态之间进行切换时器件损耗分布情况,研究了3种冗余零状态换流模式,通过合理选择不同的冗余零状态使电流通过不同的路径,提出了每相桥臂轮流采用这3种换流模式的控制策略,从而有效地实现了器件损耗平衡分布。最后搭建三电平有源中点钳位光伏并网逆变器实验平台对提出的控制策略进行了验证,实验结果表明了提出的控制策略能有效地实现器件的损耗分布平衡。     

基于数学推导的级联型多电平容错逆变器输出性能研究

载波相移SPWM技术应用于级联型多电平逆变器,其载波相移角度差π／N和2π／N两种相移方式,对不同级联数目的逆变器输出有不同影响。当三相逆变器中功率单元发生故障被切除后,输出电压不再平衡．而利用中性点偏移技术,可使逆变器输出线电压重新达到平衡,从而具备较好的容错能力：通过对载波相移PWM技术和中性点偏移原理的数学推导,得出采用载波相移角π/N方式与中性点偏移技术,逆变器输出性能有较大提高的结论。最后对级联型九电平逆变器A相中某一功率单元故障后状况进行仿真实验．验证了数学推导的正确性。     

基于降阶线性扩张状态观测器的风电并网逆变器线性自抗扰控制*

针对风电并网逆变器直流母线电压易受电网电压波动和负载扰动影响的问题,文中提出了一种电压外环改进型线性自抗扰控制(LADRC)。首先建立了风电并网逆变器在d-q旋转坐标系下的数学模型,在此基础上,设计了基于降阶线性扩张状态观测器的线性自抗扰控制,减小了观测器的相位滞后,提高了系统的扰动观测精度;然后在观测器总扰动通道上增加了一个超前滞后的校正环节以减弱观测器的噪声放大效应;最后对改进型LADRC控制策略进行了频域特性分析。仿真结果表明,相比于传统LADRC控制策略,文中所提的控制策略对并网逆变器直流母线电压具有更好的控制效果。     

Design of passivity‐based stabilized control of grid‐connected inverter system with LCL filter

Instabilities due to mutual interactions between inverters and grid impedance are observed sometimes. This paper proposes a new stabilization method, which improves the output frequency impedance characteristics, satisfying the Nyquist stability criterion. The principle is that the output impedance is designed to be passive with the feedfoward loop characteristics and the system is stable even for an unknown grid system impedance. The design principle for the proposed stabilization method is described and investigated and validated on the basis of simulation and experimental results.