植物分子生物学研究极具前景的模式系统--小立碗藓

小立碗藓作为植物分子生物学研究极具前景的模式系统已日益受到人们的重视,它的生活史周期短,易于培养,转基因植株易于分析,核基因组容易和外源DNA发生同源重组,这些特点使它成为研究基因功能的良好材料.一些成功的基因敲除和基因破坏已经在小立碗藓中实现,这些基因的功能也通过小立碗藓转化植株的特点得以证实.小立碗藓标签突变文库已经建立,其应用为小立碗藓基因的进一步研究打下了基础.关于小立碗藓的ESTs数据库已经建立,已有67 000条ESTs信息.     

小立碗藓（Physcomitrella patens）植物microRNA结合靶位预测

利用857条植物miRNA序列对27546条小立碗藓mRNA序列进行搜索,预测出162个植物miRNA家族在小立碗藓中存在结合靶位。miRNA结合靶位数目和miRNA协同作用网络分析结果同时显示,miR482和miR1168在小立碗藓中结合靶位多、协同作用广,提示它们对于小立碗藓可能具有重要生物学功能。52个菜茵衣藻特有的miRNA被预测在小立碗藓中存在结合靶位,显示小立碗藓在从藻类向种子植物进化过程中处在独特演化位置。     

小立碗藓萜类物质的合成酶基因分析及其UPLC-QTOF检测

根据基因组信息和KEGG数据库分析小立碗藓基因组中合成萜类物质的基因,比较小立碗藓与酵母和拟南芥合成萜类物质基因的氨基酸序列同源性同时利用UPLC-QTOF分析小立碗藓中物质组成,来分析小立碗藓基因组中萜类物质合成的基因及小立碗藓中存在的萜类物质。与酵母相比,小立碗藓两条萜类次生代谢途径完整,途径中的基因及氨基酸丰富性更高,提示可以合成更丰富的前体物质如FPP,GPP等;小立碗藓与拟南芥的序列相似性较高,萜类背景简单。UPLC-QTOF分析检测到小立碗藓中次生代谢物质主要是芳香族化合物及各类生物碱,一种萜类物质ent-16beta-Methoxy-19-kauranoic acid。小立碗藓中本身具有合成萜类前体物质和二萜的基因,检测到少量萜类物质,适合作为萜类活性物质异源合成的底盘细胞。     

植物分子生物学研究极具前景的模式系统——小立碗藓

小立碗藓作为植物分子生物学研究极具前景的模式系统已日益受到人们的重视,它的生活史周期短,易于培养,转基因植株易于分析,核基因组容易和外源DNA 发生同源重组,这些特点使它成为研究基因功能的良好材料。一些成功的基因敲除和基因破坏已经在小立碗藓中实现,这些基因的功能也通过小立碗藓转化植株的特点得以证实。小立碗藓标签突变文库已经建立,其应用为小立碗藓基因的进一步研究打下了基础。关于小立碗藓的ESTs 数据库已经建立,已有67 000 条ESTs 信息。     

小立碗藓扩展蛋白基因家族的鉴定与生物信息学分析

扩展蛋白(Expansins,EXP)是一类基因家族,几乎参与了植物发育的全过程,从种子萌发到果实成熟都有扩展蛋白的参与。该研究利用生物信息学的方法对小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens) Expansin基因家族成员进行鉴定,分析了其基因结构、染色体定位以及系统发生关系。结果表明:小立碗藓基因组中含有Expansin A(EXPA) 32个、Expansin-like A(EXLA) 6个,并未发现Expansin-like B(EXLB)及Expansin B(EXPB)。扩展蛋白氨基酸序列长度在228～290 aa之间,编码蛋白质具有两个保守的结构域Pollen_allerg_1和DPBB_1。蛋白质亚细胞定位预测结果表明:运用CELLO在线工具预测发现小立碗藓中约4/5的EXP家族基因定位于细胞外;而Euk-mPLoc预测结果则显示小立碗藓EXP基因家族成员全定位于细胞外。基因结构分析表明,小立碗藓中约68%Expansin基因有含有1～3个内含子。以上结果可为深入研究小立碗藓扩展蛋白基因的分子进化与生物学功能奠定基础。     

小立碗藓LysM型类受体激酶基因家族生物信息学分析

植物LysM型类受体激酶(lysin motif receptor-like kinase,LYKs)是植物中发现的一类重要的RLK,在植物生长发育、抵御逆境胁迫等方面具有不可忽视的作用,是植物中基因功能的研究热点。为更好地了解小立碗藓中的LYK基因,该文利用生物信息学的方法对小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens) LysM型类受体激酶基因家族成员进行鉴定及分析。通过分析小立碗藓LYK家族成员的基本物理信息、基因结构、染色体定位及系统发生关系,初步探讨了其LYK基因结构、进化与功能间的联系。结果表明:(1)小立碗藓中共有21个LYK基因,其氨基酸序列大小在625～755 aa之间,分子量为69.54～82.02 kDa,等电点在5.98～7.78之间。(2)将小立碗藓所有LYK蛋白与3种典型模式植物(水稻、拟南芥和蒺藜苜蓿)的LYK蛋白共同构建系统进化树,所有LYK蛋白被分为4个亚组(LYK-I、LYK-Ⅱ、LYR-I和LYR-Ⅱ)。小立碗藓各亚组内成员的基因结构、保守域特征显示出较为相似的特征,由此推测其可能具有相同或相似的功能。(3)染色体定位发现21个LYK基因集中分布于4条染色体上并出现小型基因簇,这可能与基因功能相联系。该文分析了小立碗藓LysM型类受体蛋白激酶基因家族的基本信息,可为后续深入研究其LYK基因家族成员的生理生化功能奠定基础。     

基因打靶技术在模式植物小立碗藓的应用

介绍了基因打靶技术在新型模式植物小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens)中的应用.     

小立碗藓对重金属镉胁迫的应答特征

镉是植物非必需的微量重金属元素, 镉胁迫引起植物细胞的代谢紊乱, 甚至导致细胞死亡。为了探索苔藓植物对镉胁迫的应答机制, 采用高通量测序及生物信息学技术分析了藓类模式植物——小立碗藓(Physcomitrella patens)在镉胁迫下的基因表达特征。结果表明, 在镉胁迫下, 小立碗藓细胞骨架组织、微管运动、DNA修复系统、端粒维护、配子体形成与有性生殖以及与氮代谢等相关基因的表达具有明显的镉胁迫应答特征, 暗示了这些基因可能共同参与小立碗藓对镉胁迫的调控反应。该研究结果为阐明植物对镉胁迫的应答机制提供了新的线索。     

有前景的模式植物小立碗藓的研究新进展

小立碗藓是在分子生物学研究方面有广阔应用前景的模式植物。该文主要综述了有关小立碗藓在功能基因组学、进化和适应性及植物生理等方面最新的研究进展。     

模式生物小立碗藓遗传转化系统的研究进展

苔藓植物小立碗藓是迄今发现的同源重组率最高的陆生植物,堪与酵母媲美,具有"绿色酵母"之称。高的同源重组频率、简单的发育模式以及单倍体配子体为主的生活史使其渐渐成为研究生物学进程和发育模式的新型模式生物。现对近年来小立碗藓遗传转化系统研究的进展进行总结和分析,为相关研究工作者充分利用这一体系提供帮助。对小立碗藓遗传表达系统的载体构建、转化方法及宿主细胞准备等方面的进展进行了综述,对小立碗藓在基因打靶方面的应用进行了简要总结。     

Plant Callus: Mechanisms of Induction and Repression

Plants develop unorganized cell masses like callus and tumors in response to various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Since the historical discovery that the combination of two growth-promoting hormones, auxin and cytokinin, induces callus from plant explants in vitro, this experimental system has been used extensively in both basic research and horticultural applications. The molecular basis of callus formation has long been obscure, but we are finally beginning to understand how unscheduled cell proliferation is suppressed during normal plant development and how genetic and environmental cues override these repressions to induce callus formation. In this review, we will first provide a brief overview of callus development in nature and in vitro and then describe our current knowledge of genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying callus formation.     

A Corn Tissue Culture Cell Line with Altered Lipid Metabolism

A variant corn callus line derived from callus which originatedfrom etiolated leaves of Illinois High Oil corn (Zea mays L.)has been identified. The variant corn callus line had increasedlipid content concomitant with increased acetyl-CoA carboxylaseactivity and altered biotin-con-taining protein patterns relativeto the wild type callus. The variant callus line also had alteredfatty acid composition concomitant with decreased oleate desaturaseactivity compared to the wild type callus. The altered variantcorn callus line has been designated High Oil Callus (HOC). ¹Part of a dissertation submitted by Y.C.H. to the Universityof Illinois in partial fulfillment of the Ph.D. degree. Thispaper reports results of research only and the research wassupported in part by the University of Illinois, College ofAgriculture Fellowship awarded to Y.C.H. Mention of a trademark,proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guaranteeor warranty of the product (Received September 18, 1990; Accepted May 21, 1991)     

Karyological features of barley callus tissues culturedin vitro

Long-term callus cultures of two barley cultivars have been investigated at the cellular level. One slowly growing, root forming callus of the barley cv. Bulgarische Nackte consists of cells the majority of which contain the diploid chromosome number. Contrarily, a fast growing callus of the cv. Elgina having no regeneration potency at all, is highly polyploid and includes more than two thirds of aneuploid cells. Tn this callus strain, a great number of multinucleate cells has been found. Some problems are discussed with respect to the relationships between growth rate, karyological stability and regeneration capacity in long-term callus cultures of cereals.     

Anthurium andraeanum Plantlets Produced from Callus Tissues Cultivated in vitro

During the last 3 years a method has been developed to reproduce Anthurium andraeanum Lind. through callus cultures. The procedural sequence is as follows: callus induction on excised leaf fragments, callus subculture on solid and in liquid media, adventitious sprout formation in callus on solid media, and rooting of excised sprouts. Recently 20 adult genotypes were propagated by this method.     

The early ontogeny of embryoids and callus from pollen and subsequent organogenesis in anther cultures of Datura metel and rice

Summary Haploidy induction through anther culture has been examined in Datura metel and rice with a view to tracing the precise sequence of development of the pollen, either directly or through an intervening callus, into an embryo and seedling. In D. metel, the vegetative cell of the young pollen grain assumes the major role in formation of embryos whereas the generative cell and its few derivatives degenerate. Embryos and seedlings arising directly from pollen without an intervening callus phase always proved to be haploids, whereas those differentiating from pollen-derived callus gave haploid, diploid and even triploid plants. Cytological analysis of callus tissue showed cells of various ploidy levels ranging from haploid to triploid, and in rare instances even with higher chromosome numbers.In rice anther cultures the embryoids arose from an initial callus phase. Of 15 different rice cultivars tried, only four produced a callus, and in only one, was there differentiation of plants, both haploid and diploid ones. Among other species tried, egg plant has also yielded plantlets through a callus phase whereas only callus production has been achieved in jute, tea and petunia. No response has been obtained in wheat, maize, cotton and coconut.Coconut milk (CM) appears to be the most important component of the medium for the initial induction of embryoids and callus in anther cultures of most of the species tried. However, further growth and differentiation of plants may require a simpler medium; in D. metel, continued culture on CM led to dedifferntiation.Dedicated to the memory of the late Dr. J. P. Nitsch.     

The Effects of Naphthalene Acetic Acid,Kinetin and Wound on the Callus Formation with Relation to the Biosyntheses of Tryptophan and Indole Acetic Acid in the Cotyledon of Mung Bean

The effects of the exogenous auxin——NAA, kinetin and wound on the callus formation of the cotyledon of mung bean (Phaseolus radiatus L.) with relation to the biosyntheses of endogeonous tryptophan (Trp) and IAA have been studied. The results indicate that wound plays an important role in the callus formation. The size of wounded surface is directly proportional to the proliferation of the callus tissue. The levels of free Trp and endogenous 1AA decreased in the initial period of the callus formation of mung bean cotyledon but increased in the later period. The substitution of L-Trp for NAA in the culture medium would play almost the same role in the callus proliferation. It has proposed that the exogenous phytohormones affect the biosyntheses of endogenous Trp and IAA, thereafter induce the callus formation. The wound has an important synergism with the phytohormones in this process.     

Involvement of phytochrome in stomatal movement: Effect of blue and red light

The effect of various experimental parameters upon the frequency of callus formation from cultured anthers of Oryza sativa has been investigated. Although certain medium components were found to be critical to callus formation, the concentration of these components had little effect upon the frequency of callus formation. The degree to which the callus formation frequency was influenced by cold pretreatment of the flowers was variable. Even though plants were grown under uniform conditions and flowers containing pollen in the microspore stage of development were selected for dissection, the frequency of callus formation varied nonrandomly between flowers. In experiments with populations of flowers in a physiological and developmental state favorable to callus formation 35% of plated anthers produced callus and at least 60% of these calluses gave rise to green plants.     

棉花体细胞胚胎发生的研究进展

经过30多年的发展, 已经在多个不同的棉花品种中获得了体细胞胚, 并再生成苗。但由于体细胞胚胎发生往往受多种因素影响, 如何从愈伤组织高效率地转化为胚性愈伤组织依然是限制棉花组织培养与遗传转化的关键问题之一。本文概述了棉花体细胞胚胎发生的研究进展, 分别从棉花体细胞胚胎发生的起源、影响棉花体细胞胚胎发生的内外因素以及寻找棉花体细胞胚胎发生特异表达基因等几方面进行综述, 并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

Image-based radiodensity profilometry measures early remodeling at the bone-callus interface in sheep

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - Bone healing has been traditionally described as a four-phase process: inflammatory response, soft callus formation, hard callus development, and...     

棉花体细胞胚胎发生的研究进展

经过30多年的发展,已经在多个不同的棉花品种中获得了体细胞胚,并再生成苗。但由于体细胞胚胎发生往往受多种因素影响,如何从愈伤组织高效率地转化为胚性愈伤组织依然是限制棉花组织培养与遗传转化的关键问题之一。本文概述了棉花体细胞胚胎发生的研究进展,分别从棉花体细胞胚胎发生的起源、影响棉花体细胞胚胎发生的内外因素以及寻找棉花体细胞胚胎发生特异表达基因等几方面进行综述,并对研究中存在的问题进行了讨论。