泛素蛋白酶系统在四氧嘧啶诱导的糖尿病大鼠视网膜中的表达

目的:建立泛素蛋白酶系统(UPS)在正常和8周糖尿病大鼠视网膜的表达图谱,探讨其在糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生发展中可能的分子机制。方法:在限制片段差异显示PCR(RFDD-PCR)技术建立正常和8周糖尿病大鼠视网膜基因表达谱的基础上,对差异片段进行生物信息学分析,筛选UPS DR相关基因,并以免疫组织化学、半定量RT-PCR技术进行验证。结果:RFDD-PCR结果显示,泛素蛋白酶系统DR相关基因UBS3A、PSMD8和PSMD11在糖尿病组表达上调。RT-PCR结果显示,糖尿病组UBS3A表达比正常组明显增高,PSMD8和PSMD11则仅在糖尿病组中表达。免疫组织化学结果显示,正常组UBE3A阳性免疫反应物见于内丛状层,外丛状层和锥、杆体细胞层,PSMD8和PSMD11未见阳性细胞;糖尿病组UBE3A、PSMD8和PSMD11阳性细胞明显增多,见于节细胞层、内核层和外核层。结论:UPS与DR发生发展有关。     

EF延缓HPAT轴衰老的基因表达谱研究

目的：淫羊藿总黄酮(EF)延缓下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺-胸腺(HPAT)轴衰老的分子机制。方法：利用基因芯片技术，分别检测淫羊藿总黄酮组、右归饮组、桃红四物汤组、老年大鼠对照组及青年大鼠对照组下丘脑、垂体、肾上腺、脾脏淋巴细胞的基因表达谱。结果：老年大鼠和青年大鼠相比，HPAT轴多种神经递质、激素、细胞因子或其受体表达下调；EF组HPAT轴多种神经递质、激素、细胞因子或其受体表达上调；右归饮组及桃红四物汤组未见广泛的调节作用。结论：老年大鼠HPAT轴与生长、发育、衰老相关的基因表达以衰退的表现为主；EF能上调神经递质受体的表达并通过NEI网络的下行通路激活神经内分泌和免疫系统；通过下调促凋亡、抗增殖基因，上调抗凋亡、促增殖基因的表达，重塑淋巴细胞基因表达的平衡，延缓免疫衰老。     

正常及糖尿病鼠眼胰岛素样生长因子I基因表达的研究

用原位杂交、点杂交及Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交技术研究了正常及糖尿病大鼠眼组织的胰岛素样生长因子Ⅰ（ＩＧＦ－Ｉ）基因。ＩＧＦ－Ｉ基因在眼组织的表达呈区域性：视网膜内核层及神经节细胞表达最强；脉络蟆、视网膜色素上皮细胞及外核层次之；巩膜最弱；角膜、晶体未见表达信号。糖尿病眼组织ＩＧＦ－Ｉ基因表达显著增强（Ｐ＜０．０５或Ｐ≤０．０１）。每微克正常及糖尿病眼球壁总ＲＮＡ中含ＩＧＦ－ＩｍＲＮＡ分子拷贝数分别为：１．２×１０４及７．７×１０４个，后者的表达强度高出前者５．４倍，而且两者的表达不仅在数量上存有差异，表达的ＩＧＦ－ＩｍＲＮＡ片段长度也可能存在不同。糖尿病眼组织除具有正常组织的７．２ｋｂ片段还出现了４．３ｋｂ片段。结果表明，整个眼球组织形成了一个ＩＧＦ－Ｉ旁分泌、自分泌作用系统；糖尿病眼组织ＩＧＦ－Ｉ基因高表达预示ＩＧＦ－Ｉ可能诱发并加速糖尿病视网膜病变的发生发展。     

基因芯片筛选抗胸腺细胞血清性肾炎大鼠肾组织基因表达差异的初步研究

目的： 利用基因芯片检查大鼠系膜增生性肾炎，即抗胸腺细胞血清性肾炎(ATSN)模型大鼠发病 40 min 和 5 d 时肾组织相关基因的表达情况，探讨ATSN大鼠不同时相肾组织基因表达的差异并作功能分析。 方法： 用抗胸腺细胞抗血清（ATS）复制大鼠ATSN模型，抽提发病 40 min 和 5 d 时肾组织RNA，分别用逆转录合成荧光分子掺入的cDNA作探针进行基因芯片杂交。用Agilent 扫描仪扫描，Imagene软件读取数据，最后用Genespring进行normalize处理和差异表达基因的筛选。差异基因筛选标准为实验组/对照组比值（ratio）>或=2为上调基因，实验组/对照组ratio<或=0.5为下调基因。然后选取上调和下调基因登录GenBank查找其相关功能。 结果： 在 9 234 个大鼠基因中（去除质控基因），ATSN大鼠 40 min 时肾组织上调基因为341个，其中部分为凋亡相关的调控基因，部分为增生相关基因及一些与信号转导有关的基因；下调基因为392个，其中一些是酶类基因，部分为生长因子和细胞因子受体基因等，其余大多上调和下调基因功能不详。ATSN发病 5 d 时，肾组织上调基因是213个，包括增生相关基因、信号转导相关基因等；下调基因119个，其中部分为酶类和细胞因子相关基因。5 d 时上调和下调基因大多功能不清楚。 结论： 大鼠ATSN发病早期（40 min），致病相关基因已被激活（如凋亡和增生相关基因），其中相关信号转导分子基因也表达上调，而在ATSN大鼠发病 5 d 时，基因表达谱有所改变，其中涉及的基因多为增生相关基因和信号转导相关基因。     

膀胱移行细胞癌免疫相关基因的研究

目的 探讨人膀胱移行细胞癌组织中免疫功能相关基因的表达变化。方法使用人肿瘤基因表达谱芯片检测11例膀胱移行细胞癌组织基因表达谱的变化，以寻找与免疫功能相关的差异表达的基因。结果以正常膀胱黏膜组织为对照，膀胱肿瘤组织中有87个基因表达明显下调，102个基因表达明显上调。其中与免疫功能相关的基因有17个，明显上调基因8个，明显下调基因9个。结论膀胱肿瘤的发生、发展与多种免疫功能相关基因的异常表达有关。     

遗传性P77PMC癫痫大鼠海马基因表达谱的研究

目的利用cDNA表达阵列构建遗传性癫痫大鼠海马基因表达谱,寻找其中的差异表达基因,为从分子水平探讨癫痫的发病机理打下基础。方法采用32P-α-dATP逆转录标记探针与cDNA阵列杂交,构建P77PMC大鼠和Wistar大鼠海马基因表达谱,用图象分析仪分析两者基因表达谱差异。结果在P77PMC大鼠海马中共发现有15个差异表达基因,其中12个基因表达上调,3个基因表达下调。并用逆转录-聚合酶链反应进一步证实了结果的可靠性。结论P77PMC大鼠与正常Wistar大鼠海马中存在多个差异表达基因,这些差异表达的基因可能在癫痫的发生中具有重要作用。     

糖尿病大鼠视网膜N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸受体表达的变化

目的:观察糖尿病不同时期视网膜 N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体各亚基的表达.方法:采用雄性 SD 大鼠腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素建立糖尿病大鼠模型,分别于4、8、12周灌注,取眼球、冷冻切片;免疫组织化学、原位杂交方法检测NMDA 受体 NRl、NR2A、NR2B 亚基表达的变化;用 RS IMAGE 软件进行图像分析.结果:NRl、NR2A、NR2B 基因及其蛋白表达在糖尿病第 4 周时开始升高,至12周升高具有统计学意义,特别是 NRl 的变化更为显著.结论:NMDA 受体各亚基的高表达参与了糖尿病视网膜病变.     

糖尿病大鼠视网膜脂肪酸合成酶表达水平的研究

目的 建立糖尿病SD大鼠模型，探讨脂肪酸合成酶（fatty acid synthase，F-As）在糖尿病大鼠视网膜中的表达情况，为脂肪酸合成酶在糖尿病发病机制中的作用提供基因表达和免疫组织化学证据。方法四氧嘧啶制备SD大鼠糖尿病模型，运用RT-PCR和免疫组化法分析FAS在糖尿病组和对照组SD大鼠视网膜中的表达情况。结果糖尿病组大鼠视网膜FAS的mRNA和蛋白质表达水平比对照组明显增高。结论F-AS在糖尿病视网膜病变形成过程中可能有重要作用。     

年龄相关性白内障晶体上皮细胞的基因表达谱变化的初步分析

目的:探讨年龄相关性白内障与正常透明晶状体前囊上皮细胞基因表达差异，为年龄相关性白内障发病机制的研究及治疗提供理论依据。 方法:提取年龄相关性白内障病人晶状体和正常透明晶状体前囊中央上皮细胞RNA，分别用cy3、cy5标记，再与含 8 064 个基因点的芯片杂交，筛选两个样本间表达差异的基因，并对这些基因进行初步功能分析。按不同功能类型分别选择9个存在显著表达差异的基因，应用实时荧光定量PCR技术验证基因芯片可靠性。 结果:年龄相关性白内障前囊中央上皮细胞中有724个差异表达基因，包括438个表达下调基因和286个表达上调基因。进行初步功能分类分析发现这些表达差异基因主要涉及晶状体结构蛋白基因、细胞骨架蛋白基因、细胞增殖及细胞凋亡以及细胞应激反应等方面。 结论:年龄相关性白内障与透明晶状体前囊上皮细胞存在基因表达差异，其中多数基因呈表达下调。表达下调基因功能涉及的生物学过程导致晶状体维持内环境稳定的能力下降，形成白内障。     

限制片段差异显示聚合酶链反应建立人类疾病表达谱的研究

目的 用限制片段差异显示聚合酶链反应(restriclion fragment differential display-polymerase chain reaction，RFDD-PCR)技术建立基因表达谱，分析比较人类疾病表达谱差异的可行性。方法 采集乳腺癌根治术患者的乳腺癌组织、乳腺癌转移淋巴结及正常乳腺组织，用RFDD-PCR技术平行操作，获得3种组织全部转录物组片段。然后以7％尿素变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳进行表达差异基因片段的分离、显示，结合http：//www．Qbiogene．com／display／数据库资料，进行生物信息学分析，初步筛选各组织问有表达差异的基因。结果 建立了乳腺癌组织、乳腺癌转移淋巴结及正常乳腺组织的基因表达谱，获得基因片段5407个，其中在癌组织和正常组织问有表达差异的片段为1491个，癌组织与转移淋巴结问的差异片段有1176个，而转移淋巴结与正常组织问的差异片段为1462个，分别占表达数的40．9％，33．9％，39．6％。这些差异片段涉及细胞增殖分化，信号转导，炎性反应，肿瘤转移等多方面功能。结论RFDD-PCR技术可以检测出大量表达基因，并同时比较3种或3种以上样本的表达差异，适用于人类疾病差异表达谱分析，筛选出疾病的候选基因。同时，还有可能找到新基因或新表达序列标签。     

Application of two-dimensional electrophoresis in the research of retinal proteins of diabetic rat

Diabetes mellitus （DM） is a chronic disease which is associated with numerous serious health complications such as diabetic retinopathy, and is the leading cause of new cases of blindness in adults at the age of 20-74 years old. The aim of the study was to establish and optimize a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis （2-DE） technique for retina proteomics to improve the resolution and reproducibility, and to observe the proteomic changes of retinal tissues in diabetic and normal rats. Proteins were extracted from retinal tissues of normal and 8 weeks diabetic SD rats and used in two-dimensional electrophoresis. Various conditions of retina proteomic 2-DE were adjusted, optimized and protein spots of differential expression were obtained through analysis of 2-DE images with PDQuest software. By choosing appropriate sample amount, using pre-cast IPG dry strips （pH 5-8） and casting 12% equal gel, satisfactory 2-DE images of retina were obtained and a steady 2-DE technique was established. In this way, we found 36 spots in 2-DE gel of diabetic retinas that exhibited statistically significant variations, including up-regulation of 5 proteins in diabetic rat retinas, down-regulation of 23, and disappearance of 8, in comparison with normal tissues. The differences of protein expression were observed in retinas between diabetic and normal rats. Our established 2-DE technique of retina proteins could be effectively applied in proteomics of retina diseases. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2007;4（1）：65-70.     

Basic and clinical aspects of gene therapy for retinopathy induced by diabetes

Diabetes mellitus invariably induces retinopathy which causes a loss of vision that is the major cause of blindness in people of working age across most ethnic groups. Although there have been major advances in gene therapy technologies, there is still no effective cure-all gene therapy for diabetes mellitus. This may be due to (i) involvement of multiple genes that may have different influences on diabetes across different ethnic groups, (ii) immune response to viral vectors, (iii) local, specific transfection only and not into systemic circulation, (iv) lack of stable long-term expression, and (v) lack of control of gene expression. Hence, a separate approach to gene therapy of diabetic retinopathy is necessary due to the difficulties in treating the underlying diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy is the inevitable microvascular complication in the retina from diabetes mellitus. There are possible genetic bases in several pathophysiological pathways for diabetic retinopathy, including oxidation of retinal cells, polyol accumulation pathways, increased non-enzymatic glycation in retinal cells and the release of growth factors by endothelial cells. We review the candidate genes in these putative pathways for diabetic retinopathy and discuss the challenges for gene therapy. The eye is an isolated system with a strong blood-retinal barrier and therefore provides a challenge for delivery of drugs and vectors from the systemic circulation using traditional approaches. Newer delivery approaches include the use of nanoparticles, liposomes, and iontophoresis. We also consider the social and health economic dimension of diabetic retinopathy gene therapy. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common cause of blindness for people of working age. The loss of visual acuity caused by diabetic retinopathy creates a detrimental impact on the patient's quality of life. This results in quality-of-life costs to the individual, the health care system and to society. Significant progress has been made in gene therapy approaches for diabetic retinopathy, and it appears that this is an important area for continued research in order to improve visual outcomes and reduce the healthcare costs of diabetic retinopathy in our communities.     

核运输因子2在糖尿病大鼠视网膜的时空表达及其意义

目的:探讨糖尿病大鼠视网膜中核运输因子2(NTF2)的时空表达变化及意义。方法:伊凡思蓝(EB)灌注铺片观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管分布和形态。逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)检测与糖尿病大鼠不同时点鼠龄匹配的对照组(N2w,N1m,N3m,N6m)和糖尿病成模后2周、1月、3月、6月(D2w,D1m,D3m,D6m)大鼠视网膜中NTF2、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)mRNA的表达。免疫组化法检测NTF2蛋白在视网膜中的表达和分布位置。结果:正常组大鼠可见在低背景荧光下视网膜血管对EB有很好的屏障作用,成模1月后糖尿病大鼠视网膜血管仅见背景荧光增强,成模3月后血管出现异常节段性扩张,局部血管周围EB渗漏。与糖尿病大鼠年龄匹配的正常大鼠视网膜NTF2和VEGF并未随时间延长而变化,mRNA表达稳定。糖尿病成模2周后开始,NTF2mRNA有轻度增高,并随病程的延长保持较高水平,病程达6个月时,NTF2表达开始回落,与正常大鼠基本一致。NTF2蛋白在正常大鼠及糖尿病大鼠视网膜中免疫组化均可以检出,主要分布在视网膜内层,以节细胞层、内核层为主。结论:NTF2mRNA水平在糖尿病大鼠视网膜中升高,主要分布在视网膜内层。NTF2很可能在糖尿病视网膜病变中起着一定的调控作用,其作用途径及机制可能与VEGF的作用通路有一定的联系。     

The role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) in the diabetic retinopathy inflammation and apoptosis

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of the late phase diabetes, and also a common cause of blindness. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB-1) is considered to be an inflammatory mediator in the late phase that promotes inflammation and neovascularization in diabetes. Therefore, this paper discussed the role of HMGB-1 in diabetic retinopathy inflammation and neovascularization. 96 adult SD rats were randomly divided into control and diabetes group. The diabetic rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptomycin (0.1 mol/L). Western blot was applied to determine HMGB-1 and its receptor RAGE and TLR2 protein expression in the serum. TUNEL was used to detect retinal apoptosis. Immunofluorescence was performed to test HMGB1 protein expression in retina. HBGM-1 and RAGE expression in diabetic rat retina was significantly higher than the control (P < 0.05), while TLR2 expression was lower (P < 0.05). TUNEL detection showed that diabetic rat retinal cells presented obviously higher apoptosis rate (P < 0.05). Immunofluorescence test revealed that HMGB1 largely expressed in the diabetic rat retinal cells (P < 0.05). HMGB1 may involve in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy by binding with RAGE receptor to accelerate rat retinal cells apoptosis.     

糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经源性一氧化氮合酶表达及乙酰胆碱酯酶的变化

目的:观察糖尿病大鼠视网膜神经源性一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)蛋白和基因水平的表达以及乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的变化。方法:注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病大鼠模型,于注射后12周和16周时将模型组及对照组大鼠的眼球冰冻切片。用原位杂交法、免疫组织化学法和组织化学法分别显示nNOS mRNA、nNOS和AchE阳性神经元或神经纤维,RS IMAGE软件进行图像分析处理。结果:与对照组比较,糖尿病大鼠视网膜nNOS mRNA、nNOS、AchE的光密度值均降低,12、16周都有显著性差异。结论:糖尿病大鼠视网膜nNOS基因转录和表达均下降,AchE含量降低,导致了NO水平下降,成为糖尿病性视网膜病变的主要因素之一。     

Angiotensin II stimulates platelet-derived growth factor-B gene expression in cultured retinal pericytes through intracellular reactive oxygen species generation

Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is a potent mitogen and chemoattractant for microvascular endothelial cells and glial cells in the retina and is thus involved in the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. However, relatively little is known about the regulation of PDGF-B gene expression in retinal cells. In this study, we cloned partial complementary DNAs (cDNAs) encoding bovine PDGF-B and examined the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II), which is also implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, on PDGF-B gene expression in bovine cultured retinal pericytes. Ang II was found to up-regulate PDGF-B messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in bovine retinal pericytes. Telmisartan, a newly developed Ang II type 1 receptor antagonist, or an antioxidant N-acetylcysteine significantly inhibited PDGF-B gene induction in Ang II-exposed pericytes. The present results suggest that Ang II-type 1 receptor interaction could stimulate PDGF-B gene expression in cultured retinal pericytes through intracellular reactive oxygen species generation and could thus be involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy.     

NADH-细胞色素b5还原酶在视网膜色素变性rds小鼠中的差异表达

目的:寻找遗传性视网膜色素变性动物模型rds小鼠发病时差异表达的基因。方法:采用差异显示技术比较25drds小鼠和正常对照小鼠的视网膜mRNA。对差异表达的基因片段进行克隆、测序和同源性比较。用基因特异引物RT-PCR观察其在不同日龄两种小鼠中的表达情况。结果:rds小鼠与同龄正常对照小鼠相比,视网膜存在相当明显的基因表达差异。其中一个差异片段克隆的序列与大鼠NADH-细胞色素b5还原酶(b5R)的cDNA序列有91%的同源性,可以认为是小鼠b5R的cDNA片段。基因特异引物RT-PCR证实12d、25d和37drds小鼠视网膜中b5RmRNA水平高于同龄正常对照小鼠。结论:可能由于某种氧化因素使b5R表达增高,大量消耗NADH并生成NAD⁺,促进视网膜细胞凋亡。     

Rpe65在2型糖尿病模型大鼠视网膜病变中的表达研究

目的检测2型糖尿病(T2DM)模型大鼠不同病程中色素上皮细胞特异蛋白65(Rpe65)在视网膜组织上的表达,探讨其在2型糖尿病视网膜病变过程中的作用。方法采用实时荧光定量多聚酶链反应(Real-TimePCR)技术,分析Rpe65在2型糖尿病大鼠不同病程视网膜组织上的表达。结果 Real-Time PCR结果显示,与对照组相比,Rpe65在实验组各期表达量降低,且随着周龄的增加表达越来越低,即4W时开始下降并延续至24W,差异具有统计学意义。结论 Rpe65表达的变化可能参与了2型糖尿病视模型大鼠网膜病变的发展,其表达与糖尿病的病程呈负相关性。