提高骨组织免疫组织化学方法质量的若干问题探讨

免疫组织化学方法 (Immunohistochemistrystaining,IHCS)技术是用已知标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜 ,荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察其颜色变化 ,从而了解抗原抗体结合部位和数量的一门新兴检测技术 [1～ 2 ]。它具有敏感性高、特异性强、方法步骤统一等特点 ,能将形态、代谢和机能密切结合在一起 ,已广泛应用于临床病理诊断、鉴别诊断和相关学科的研究之中。近年来 ,我们针对骨及其 IHCS技术的特点 ,对如何…     

骨组织的脱钙及其免疫组织化学技术的探讨

骨组织的免疫组织化学染色 (ＩＨＣＳ)技术不同于普通石蜡切片常用的ＩＨＣＳ技术 ,有许多特殊性。为了提高骨组织ＩＨＣＳ的质量 ,本文根据骨组织及其ＩＨＣＳ技术的特点 ,对影响ＩＨＣＳ质量的几个问题进行了探讨。免疫组织化学染色 (Ｉｍｍｕｎｏｈｉｓｔｏｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｓｔａｉｎｉｎｇ,ＩＨＣＳ)技术是用已知的标记的特异性抗体或抗原对组织内相应抗原或抗体进行定性、定位或定量检测 ,经组织化学反应 ,使标记于特异性抗体的酶、金属及荧光素等呈现出某种颜色 ,并借助于光镜、荧光显微镜及电子显微镜等观察所显示的颜色和变化 ,从…     

抗原修复技术在免疫组织化学中的作用

免疫组织化学是一门免疫学与病理形态学相结合的新兴学科 ,是现代生物医学的一项重要方法学 ,具有操作简单、敏感性高、特异性强等特点 ,已经广泛应用于临床病理及其相关学科的研究之中 [1,2 ] 。目前采用甲醛为常规标本固定剂 ,醛基与组织蛋白质中的氨基形成交联使抗原决定簇被遮蔽 ,从而影响免疫组织化学结果 ,而且这种作用随着固定时间增长而加重 [3 ]。抗原修复技术的出现 ,使得原来许多只能在冰冻切片作免疫组织化学得以在石蜡切片上实现 ,抗原修复技术在免疫组织化学中的作用愈加明显 ,并且对免疫组织化学方法的敏感性起着决定性作用[…     

有关抗原修复若干问题的探讨

在免疫组织化学反应过程中 ,组织由于固定等方面的问题常导致表达不佳 ,或者假性。为了解决这些问题 ,需要做抗原修复。目前抗原修复的方法较多 ,有真空负压抗原修复法 ,微波辐射抗原修复法 ,高压抗原修复法 ,隔水热抗原修复法和电炉加热抗原修复法。本文根据上述各种方法 ,在实际操作中常可发生的一些问题如 p H的应用范围的选择 ;抗原修复最佳温度的选择 ;有效温度所需要持续的时间 ;抗原修复液必须遵循自然降温的规律 ,否则将达不到抗原修复的目的 ;尽量使用足量的抗原修复液 ;切片必须附贴牢固等。并详细介绍了各种方法的使用过程。在…     

免疫组织化学技术制片的规范和质量控制

随着免疫组织化学技术的不断发展,该技术在组织学研究和病理诊断尤其是在肿瘤鉴别诊断的应用越来越广泛.     

免疫组织化学中的抗原修复技术

概述了免疫组织化学中固定对组织抗原性的影响,综述了抗原修复的方法及其原理。组织块的大小、固定液的种类、浓度及固定时间的长度都影响组织的抗原性。免疫组织化学实践中常用酶消化法、酸水解法、微波金属盐法、高压锅加热法等修复组织的抗原性。     

免疫组织化学技术常见问题分析及对策

免疫组织化学染色是目前常规病理诊断及鉴别诊断的重要方法和手段,但在制作免疫组织化学切片中存在着影响结果的许多因素,本文较全面地阐述了影响制片质量的常见因素,并对出现的问题进行了分析和提出了切实可行的对策。     

免疫组织化学切片质量的探讨

在大中型医院,免疫组织化学检测在临床病理诊断中已成为重要的辅助手段,对疾病的确诊、治疗方案的确定及预后评估等非常重要。免疫组织化学切片质量的好坏直接影响结果的判断。虽然免疫组化方法简单,但影响因素较多,常导致结果不稳定。以往有许多献从组织的固定、抗原修复及显     

Ramos免疫组织化学技术的敏感性研究

观察快速微波一步法（Ｒａｍｏｓ法）免疫组织化学技术的敏感性。选用１５种辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）标记的特异性抗体（ＥＰＯＳ）,对５９例相应的恶性肿瘤组织进行快速微波免疫组织化学一步法标记。结果显示５８例为阳性（９８．３％）,其中弱阳性４例,中度阳性和强阳性为５４例。结果表明,Ｒａｍｏｓ法具有敏感性高、特异性强、快速而简便等特点,有广阔的应用前景     

免疫组织化学双标技术中应注意的几个问题

免疫组织化学技术是利用抗原抗体反应进行的检测方法,它具有高度特异性和敏感性。因此：免疫组织化学技术作为一种研究手段在科研和教学工作中得到了较为广泛的应用,而随着各项研究工作的需要,免疫组织化学的双标技术也随之产生且应用越来越广泛。根据我们的实践,免疫组织化学双标技术中应注意的事项如下：（1）固定的时间不宜过长,以免抗原的过度丢失。     

蛹虫草几个问题的最新研究进展

蛹虫草由于具有多种生理活性功能, 在医疗保健及食品开发中具有很好的经济价值。本文重点评述了蛹虫草研发中的(1)无性型菌种的分类地位, (2)有意义的培养研究方法, (3)菌种 “退化” 与遗传变异, 和(4)生物活性物质及生理功能的新研究进展等问题。     

A contribution to the theory of biological staining based on the principles for structural organization of biological macromolecules

Biological staining is to a large degree explainable based on the principles governing folding and aggregation of macromolecules in aqueous solution. Most macromolecules are polyions, which, except for heteropolysaccharides, have a large proportion of nonpolar or only slightly polar residues. Because they are amphiphilic, they react in water by a complex set of hydrophobic interactions involving charged residues, nonpolar residues and water molecules. The hydrophobic interactions lead to complex folding systems or micelle-like structures. Dyes are amphiphilic molecules with a tendency to form micelles, but with limitations due to geometric constraints and charge repulsion. Macromolecules and dyes react with each other in aqueous solution following the same principles as for the structural organization of macromolecules, as in protein folding for example. Dye binding requires near contact between nonpolar groups in both the dye and macromolecule, and this is accomplished by choosing a pH at which the dye and macromolecule have opposite net charges. Charge attraction is insufficient for binding in most cases, but it is directive because it determines which macromolecules a given dye ion is able to contact. These considerations apply to the staining of globular (cytoplasmic) proteins and to nucleic acid staining. The staining mechanism is by hydrophobic interactions. Above approximately pH 3.5, DNA may also bind dyes by hydrophobic intercalation between the bases of the double helix; at lower pH the double helix opens and dye binding is as for RNA and globular proteins. Heteroglycans (mucins) have virtually no nonpolar groups, so nonpolar interactions are restricted to the dye molecules. Metachromatic staining of heteroglycans is due to hydrophobic bonding or micelle formation between the monovalent planar dye molecules aided by charge neutralization by the negatively charged heteroglycans. Alternatively, as the charge attraction increases with the number of closely placed charges, acidic heteroglycans may be stained by a polycation such as alcian blue or colloidal iron. For elastic fiber and collagen staining, actual hydrophobic interactions are less important and hydrogen bonding and simple nonpolar interactions play a major role. These macromolecules may therefore be stained using a nonaqueous alcoholic solution.     

A contribution to the theory of biological staining based on the principles for structural organization of biological macromolecules

Biological staining is to a large degree explainable based on the principles governing folding and aggregation of macromolecules in aqueous solution. Most macromolecules are polyions, which, except for heteropolysaccharides, have a large proportion of nonpolar or only slightly polar residues. Because they are amphiphilic, they react in water by a complex set of hydrophobic interactions involving charged residues, nonpolar residues and water molecules. The hydrophobic interactions lead to complex folding systems or micelle-like structures. Dyes are amphiphilic molecules with a tendency to form micelles, but with limitations due to geometric constraints and charge repulsion. Macromolecules and dyes react with each other in aqueous solution following the same principles as for the structural organization of macromolecules, as in protein folding for example. Dye binding requires near contact between nonpolar groups in both the dye and macromolecule, and this is accomplished by choosing a pH at which the dye and macromolecule have opposite net charges. Charge attraction is insufficient for binding in most cases, but it is directive because it determines which macromolecules a given dye ion is able to contact. These considerations apply to the staining of globular (cytoplasmic) proteins and to nucleic acid staining. The staining mechanism is by hydrophobic interactions. Above approximately pH 3.5, DNA may also bind dyes by hydrophobic intercalation between the bases of the double helix; at lower pH the double helix opens and dye binding is as for RNA and globular proteins. Heteroglycans (mucins) have virtually no nonpolar groups, so nonpolar interactions are restricted to the dye molecules. Metachromatic staining of heteroglycans is due to hydrophobic bonding or micelle formation between the monovalent planar dye molecules aided by charge neutralization by the negatively charged heteroglycans. Alternatively, as the charge attraction increases with the number of closely placed charges, acidic heteroglycans may be stained by a polycation such as alcian blue or colloidal iron. For elastic fiber and collagen staining, actual hydrophobic interactions are less important and hydrogen bonding and simple nonpolar interactions play a major role. These macromolecules may therefore be stained using a nonaqueous alcoholic solution.     

基因组学中几个遗传学问题的探讨

新兴的基因组学(genomics)极大地发展了基因与单倍型等遗传学的经典概念,但还有许多概念原理尚需进一步探究和规范.就基因组学中几个遗传学问题进行了探讨,如现代基因的概念与分类,交换、Lod值和作图群体,单倍型和单倍型块等.     

对郭德栋主编《遗传学》中若干问题的商榷

本参阅有关献及十多年遗传学教学中所使用的不同版本的教材,对郭德栋主编的《遗传学》教材中的若干问题进行了商榷。     

遗传学实验（十五）两倍体细胞株培养

实验原理 组织培养是把动物或植物细胞自机体取出放在玻 璃器皿里,选择和控制某些外界条件,使细胞继续分裂 生长的一种基础性实验技术;现在已广泛应用于生理 学、免疫学、病毒学、遗传学等方面,对细胞分化、发育、 肿瘤发生以及染色体研究等领域起着很大的作用。     

浅谈遗传规律教学中的几个问题

本文在遗传学教学内容和教学方法改革方面作了一些探讨,认为改革的方向应符合“深化教育改革、全面推进素质教育”的指导思想。主要采取了下列措施：（1）压缩教材中的一般内容,突出重点和难点,保证其讲授时间;（2）打破章节界限,将相关的内容联系在一起讲授;（3）注意启发式教学,克服和纠正“填鸭式”教学,培养学生创新精神;（4）让学生参与课堂内外教学,使学生掌握学习方法;（5）讲清关键、前后联系、比较异同、加深理解。这些措施达到了预期效果,受到学生好评。 Abstract：This paper makes some approaches in the teaching contents of genetics and the reform of teaching methods.It agrees that the direction of reform should correspond to the education and to develop diathesis education comprehensively.Five measures have been taken.(1)To reduce the general contents,meanwhile to emphasize the important and difficult contents and assure the teaching time .(2)Not to consider the scope of chapters and connect the relative contents when teaching.(3)To use the method of implication and overcome the methods of stuffing the students as to cultivate the students with creativity.(4)To let students take part in the teaching both in and out of class as to make them master learning methods.(5)To make clear the key problems and to find the same and different points of the similar things as to make students understand it deeply.These measures have received the expected effect and are welcomed by the students.     

Porcelain Color Plates for Immunohistochemical Incubation of Free-Floating Tissue Sections

Porcelain color plates are a convenient alternative to multiwell plastic plates for immunohistochemical incubations. The advantage of the plates are that they allow relatively large tissue sections to float freely in small volumes of liquid and allow easy access to the sections.     

青紫蓝兔体内Ghrelin的免疫组化定位

采用免疫组织化学方法研究了Ghrelin在青紫蓝兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)体内的分布定位。结果显示,Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞分布于下丘脑、大脑皮质、延髓、脊髓、胃、小肠和大肠。下丘脑内的阳性神经元胞体主要分布于弓状核、室旁核、腹内侧核、背内侧核和下丘脑外侧区。胃肠道内的Ghrelin免疫阳性细胞存在两种类型,即"闭合型"细胞和"开放型"细胞。实验结果表明,兔体内Ghrelin的分布与人和其他动物的分布基本相似,但也存在一些差异。     

Immunohistochemical localization of endothelin in human vascular endothelial cells

The cellular localization of endothelin (ET), a novel vasoconstrictor peptide, was studied in human vascular tissues by immunohistochemistry. Distinct and diffuse staining for ET-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of vascular endothelial cells, but not in smooth muscle cells or adventitial fibroblasts. The specificity was confirmed by the negative results following immunoabsorption. These findings suggest that human vascular endothelial cells function as an endocrine and/or paracrine cells for ET secretion.