南极大陆边缘研究进展

本文综合国外有关资料,介绍了70年代以来南极大陆边缘地球物理调查、尤其是多道反射地震调查,深海钻探,地震地层研究,以及面积大、赋有油气远景的两个海区——威德尔海和罗斯海研究的进展情况。     

南黄海浮游动物群落结构研究

根据2014年春、秋季南黄海16个站位的生物样品进行了浮游动物群落结构研究。共鉴定出99种浮游动物,其中春季68种,秋季78种。除浮游幼虫外,种类较多的类群是桡足类(34种,占总种类数的34.3%)、水螅水母(13种,13.1%)和端足类(5种,5.0%)。春季优势种为夜光虫(Y=0.259 7)、桡足幼体(Y=0.135 3)、拟长腹剑水蚤(Y=0.060 8)和伪长腹剑水蚤(Y=0.022 4),秋季时桡足幼体(Y=0.335 9)、伪长腹剑水蚤(Y=0.115 7)、强额拟哲水蚤(Y=0.053 3)、桡足类无节幼虫(Y=0.051 4)和拟长腹剑水蚤(Y=0.041 0)是优势种。春季浮游动物平均生物量为1 555.1 mg/m~3,秋季为425.8 mg/m~3。春季平均丰度为9 551.4个/m~3,秋季为2 103.7个/m~3。秋季香农-威纳指数、丰富度和均匀度结果皆比春季的高。浮游动物生物量与温度和水深相关性更高;丰度和温度相关性最高,其次和水深相关。     

Short-term changes of marine bacterioplankton in antarctic coastal environment

Observations of the short-term changes of seawater bacterioplankton were carried out during the summer of 1988 in Antarctic coastal surface waters. The studies were designed to compare the variations of bacterioplankton in freemoving and enclosed seawater. Even when a diurnal cycle is present the data collected from the enclosed seawater experiments remain much more constant than the corresponding data in free-moving seawater. The wide range of parameters used in the two experiments reveals common properties which illustrate the major role of displacements of water masses at a fixed sampling station in the temporal changes observed in free-moving Antarctic coastal seawater.     

几种海洋浮游动物染色体初步研究

采用秋水仙素溶液浸泡，空气干燥，Ｇｉｅｍｓａ染色等方法对火腿许水蚤Ｓｃｈｍａｃｋｅｒｉａ ｐｏｐｌｅｓｉａ，太平洋纺锤水蚤Ａｃａｒｅｔｅａ ｐａｃｉｆｉｃａ（桡足类），百陶箭虫Ｓａｇｉｔｔａｂｅｄｏｔｉ（毛颚类）和厦门隔膜水母Ｌｅｕｃｋａｒｔｉａｒａ ｈｏｅｐｐｌｉｉ（水母类）等海洋游动物染色体的数目和形态作了初步分析。结果表明：火腿许火蚤染色体数目为２ｎ＝２４，太平洋纺锤水蚤２ｎ＝２０，百陶箭虫     

东山湾浮游动物的生态

本文根据1988年5月至1989年2月于东山湾采集的浮游动物样品及水文、化学实测资料,共鉴定本海域浮游动物109种,分析结果,可分为河口、近岸及外海等3个生态类群。本海域浮游动物的总生物量系秋季最高,春季最低;总个体密度夏季最高,冬季最低;少数种类具明显的昼夜垂直移动;潮汐对浮游动物的影响主要为种类数的增减,其种类的季节演替、数量变动及分布规律与本区各种水系的运动状况密切相关。     

Seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of mesoplankton in the northwestern Japan Sea

Based upon four decades of observations in the northwestern part of the Japan Sea, the seasonal and inter-annual variations of zooplankton abundance and species composition in the epipelagic layer are considered. Seasonal characteristics of the zooplankton community are described in detail for five domains that occur within this part of the Japan Sea. Inter-decadal variation was not significant, but inter-annual variation was considerable and generally opposite to water temperature changes in the upper layer. Exceptional years such as 1996 were noted when a maximum abundance of zooplankton in summer occurred along with a slowing of the seasonal pattern of succession.     

单个体浮游动物脂肪酸的气相色谱分析

为使浮游动物脂肪酸测定充分实现规范化及微量化,便于浮海动物自然生态及实验生态的研究,借助于毛细管气相色谱微量测定技术建立了浮游动物单个体或多个体样品测定的流程及技术,并实际测定了采自厦门附近海域的实际浮游动物样品中脂肪酸的含量。虽然这些数据来自几个甚至一个浮游动物样品,单个数据仍然显示充分的合理性及可靠性。这些数据显示出浮游动物不同种之间、游浮动物与浮流植物之间都有着明显的不同;同时,某些种之间或者某些样品之间又存在着各种的联系。这样,脂肪酸组成在化学分类学上的作用也得到了明显的体现。     

夏季莱州湾浮游动物群落特征

根据2009 年8 月监测资料, 研究了夏季莱州湾海域浮游动物种类组成、生态分布、群落结构及其环境影响因子。共记录包括浮游幼虫在内的浮游动物38 种(类), 优势种类为长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫及太平洋纺锤水蚤等。浮游动物丰度101.3～3620.0 个/m³, 平均602.8 个/m³, 丰度平面分布呈现湾西部高, 向中东部逐渐降低趋势; 长尾类幼虫、强壮箭虫、短尾类溞状幼虫出现频率100%,太平洋纺锤水蚤出现频率40.9%; 长尾类幼虫丰度7.8～1747.9 个/m³, 平均96.3 个/m³, 高值区分布于莱州湾西部黄河口以南近岸水域; 强壮箭虫丰度2.5～747.8 个/m³, 平均85.4 个/m³, 偏离近岸趋深水、低温区分布; 短尾类溞状幼虫丰度3.3～271.7 个/m³, 平均20.5 个/m³, 主要分布于莱州湾南部近岸水域; 太平洋纺锤水蚤丰度0～968.3 个/m³, 平均29.0 个/m³, 密集分布区在莱州湾西南部小清河外近岸低盐水域。浮游动物丰度分布与NO₂-N、DO、COD 及NO₃-N 呈显著正相关关系, 与盐度呈显著负相关关系(P＜0.01)。等级聚类分析(CLUSTER)将莱州湾的浮游动物分为湾西部和湾中东部两个群落。相比于湾中东部群落, 湾西部群落占据着莱州湾西部近岸较狭窄的地理范围, 其所在水域水浅, 盐度低, 无机氮、活性磷酸盐、叶绿素a、浮游动物丰度高及物种多样性高, 群落内生物相似性弱。     

Productivity, trophic levels and size spectra of zooplankton in northern Norwegian shelf regions

Many studies have been conducted in northern Norwegian shelf regions to assess distributions and abundances of zooplankton in the last decade using towed Scanfish-conductivity, temperature and depth sensors (CTD)–optical plankton counter (OPC), and plankton nets. Significant progresses have been made in understanding dominant species, life histories and behavior, and in using size-structured data to identify dominant species in a certain size range. Using these Scanfish–CTD–OPC data, the analysis of zooplankton community size structures, compositions and their relationships with water types is made along the shelf region from Lofoten, North Cape to Varangerfjorden. From the relationships between the water types and zooplankton communities, the transports and exchanges of zooplankton communities between the Norwegian Coastal and Norwegian Atlantic Waters in regions near Malangsgrunnen and Nordvestbanken are examined. The biovolume (biomass) spectra are further analyzed for the productivity, trophic levels and seasonality of communities in these regions, indicating a steeper slope of the biovolume spectrum for a community dominated by herbivorous species in spring and a flatter slope for a community dominated by carnivorous–omnivorous species in winter. The comparison with the zooplankton biovolume spectra obtained in areas west of Antarctic Peninsula is made to examine and understand the differences in the zooplankton biovolume spectra, their trophic dynamics and potential human impacts between different regions.     

硇洲岛大型海藻群落的季节演替*

2011年4月至2012年1月对硇洲岛潮间带大型海藻进行了周年的季节调查, 结果表明, 调查海域大型海藻共有64种。其中褐藻门15种, 占总种类数的23.44%; 红藻门28种, 占总种类数的43.75%; 绿藻门20种, 占总种类数的31.25%; 蓝藻门1种, 占总种类数的1.56%。其种类数春季最多, 共43种; 夏季24种; 秋季29种; 冬季31种。有9个物种为4个季节共有种, 有14个物种为3个季节共有种。各季节间共有种类数为12~26种, 季节间种类更替率为0.42~0.78, 春夏季种类更替率最高, 秋冬季种类更替率最低。优势种共有13种, 仅拟鸡毛菜Pterocladiella capillacea为全年优势种, 而半叶马尾藻Sargassum hemiphyllum和小珊瑚藻Corallina pilulifera为3个季节共有优势种。调查海域大型海藻生物量季节变化明显, 平均生物量春季最高, 冬季次之, 夏季最低。不同物种其垂直分带明显, 从高潮区往低潮区种类数不断增多; 生物量也是从高潮区往低潮区逐渐增大。物种多样性指数变化范围为0.03~2.33, 年均值为1.10; 均匀度变化范围为0.01~0.70, 年均值为0.36; 种类丰富度指数变化范围为0.15~1.65, 年均值为0.72; 辛普森优势度指数变化范围为0.01~0.78, 年均值为0.39。各大型海藻含水率变化范围在51.92%~97.52%, 平均值为85.21%; 总有机碳含量变化范围在4.34%~42.06%, 平均为27.99%。相关性分析发现, 调查海域大型海藻生物量与无机氮(DIN)呈显著负相关, 相关系数为0.49(P＜0.05), 与其他环境因子的相关性不明显。在大型海藻生长旺盛的冬春季, 海水中的无机氮(DIN)含量最低, 与其他自然海域冬季营养盐积累规律显著不同。     

Comparison of marine gas hydrates in sediments of an active and passive continental margin

Two sites of the Deep Sea Drilling Project in contrasting geologic settings provide a basis for comparison of the geochemical conditions associated with marine gas hydrates in continental margin sediments. Site 533 is located at 3191 m water depth on a spit-like extension of the continental rise on a passive margin in the Atlantic Ocean. Site 568, at 2031 m water depth, is in upper slope sediment of an active accretionary margin in the Pacific Ocean. Both sites are characterized by high rates of sedimentation, and the organic carbon contents of these sediments generally exceed 0.5%. Anomalous seismic reflections that transgress sedimentary structures and parallel the seafloor, suggested the presence of gas hydrates at both sites, and, during coring, small samples of gas hydrate were recovered at subbottom depths of 238m (Site 533) and 404 m (Site 568). The principal gaseous components of the gas hydrates wer methane, ethane, and CO₂. Residual methane in sediments at both sites usually exceeded 10 mll^?1 of wet sediment. Carbon isotopic compositions of methane, CO₂, and ΣCO₂ followed parallel trends with depth, suggesting that methane formed mainly as a result of biological reduction of oxidized carbon. Salinity of pore waters decreased with depth, a likely result of gas hydrate formation. These geochemical characteristics define some of the conditions associated with the occurrence of gas hydrates formed by in situ processes in continental margin sediments.     

南黄海近岸海域初夏浮游动物的群落特征

采用2016年7月和2017年6—7月在南黄海近岸海域获取的浮游动物样品,研究了种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种和生物多样性的变化,并分析其与环境因子的相关性关系。结果显示,两个航次的温盐及浮游动物群落特征差异较大。2016年7月表层平均温度为(22.8±1.8)℃,表层平均盐度为30.0±1.6; 2017年6—7月表层平均温度为(25.7±3.6)℃,表层平均盐度为(27.8±4.3)℃。2016年浮游动物的种类数为70种(含浮游幼虫24类), 2017年种类数为56种(含浮游幼虫18类)。2016年浮游动物平均丰度(4 838.2±5 186.7 ind·m^–3)和平均湿重生物量(324.9±481.5mg·m^–3)均高于2017年(2652.4±3 507.5 ind·m^–3, 216.6±245.2 mg·m^–3)。两个航次共同的优势种为小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)、近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)和双毛纺锤水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)。...     

Distribution of biomass of zooplankton in the Kuroshio area of the East China Sea

ＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｂｉｏｍａｓｓｏｆｚｏｏｐｌａｎｋｔｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＫｕｒｏｓｈｉｏａｒｅａｏｆｔｈｅＥａｓｔＣｈｉｎａＳｅａ￥ＭｅｎｇＦａｎ;ＣｈｅｎＳｈｉｑｕｎａｎｄＷｕＢａｏｌｉｎｇ（ＦｉｒｓｔｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅＯｆＯｃｅａｎｏｇｒａ...     

渤海湾秋季浮游动物群落特征及影响因素

本研究基于2017年秋季在渤海湾海域以浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物样品,分析了浮游动物的种类组成、丰度分布和生物多样性;通过结合现场获取的环境参数,探讨了环境因子与浮游动物群落特征之间的关系。结果如下:秋季浮游动物调查共鉴定各类浮游动物22种、浮游幼虫6类,合计种类数为28。桡足类为最为优势的类群,其在浮游动物的物种丰富度中占46.4%。渤海湾秋季浮游动物的优势种类共5个,包括中华哲水蚤、小拟哲水蚤、真刺唇角水蚤、近缘大眼水蚤和强壮箭虫。秋季浮游动物平均丰度为86.9ind./m³,平均湿重生物量为640.7mg/m³,香农-威纳指数和物种丰富度指数分别为1.87和1.08。浮游动物丰度与环境因子间的相关性分析表明,秋季影响渤海湾海域浮游动物分布的主要环境因子组合为盐度、叶绿素和浊度。与同期历史数据相比,浮游动物的丰度和生物量均有所下降。     

海涂盐碱水培育钝顶螺旋藻的研究

以简易的Ｚａｒｒｏｕｋ培养液（ＣＫ－Ｍ）为标准,根据上虞海涂盐碱水的化学组成,用计算的方法确定将海涂盐碱水配制成螺旋藻培养液（Ｔ－Ｍ）应添加Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｐ等营养元素的用量,并驯化和筛选出能在Ｔ－Ｍ中快速生长的钝顶螺旋藻新品系（Ｓｐ－Ｓ（Ｔ））。结果表明,用计算的方法来设计不同水质的培养液配方是切实可行的;在海涂室外用Ｔ－Ｍ培养Ｓｐ－Ｓ（Ｔ）,产量高达１３．８ｇ／（ｍ２·ｄ）,而培养液的成本比用淡水配制的低１６％;藻粉蛋白质含量高达６５．６％,氨基酸组成均衡,水分、灰分、重金属等理化指标优于或符合食用级螺旋藻粉的标准。     

Non-destructive porosity determinations of antarctic marine sediments derived from resistivity measurements with an inductive method

The fractional porosity of marine sediments is one of the fundamental index properties of rocks. For the determination of porosity a nondestructive, inductive method was used on unsplit sediment cores. The results were compared with galvanically measured resistivities using a miniature Wenner array on split cores. The measurements agree well except for cores with high clay content where measurement frequency related effects cause a resistivity difference of about 10%. Porosities were derived from resistivities using a published resistivity-porosity relationship by Boyce (1968) and compared with sample porosities. A comparison of both data sets shows good agreement.     

三沙湾浮游动物的分布及其与兴化湾,东山湾的比较

本文分析了三沙湾浮游动物的种类组成、生态娄群、数量分布及其与环境因子的相关性。文中还就物种多样性,生物量以及中优势度等民兴化湾和东山湾进行了比较     

Preliminary study on seasonal succession and development pathway of phytoplankton community in the Bohai Sea

IThe Phytoplankton spoteS succession is a major characteristic Of PhytOPlankton behavior inthe an, and is Of major swificance tO PhytOPlankton d~cs and in coupling the PhytOPlankton cornxnunity to hasher trophic levels (Smayda, 1980). But another conception species ence that be defined by BraarUd often confUSeS with speCies sucCeSSion. Spotes su~ is thechange of speCies compeition within a given water mass resulting from changing physical,chemical and biological factors within the wa…     

春末海南万宁海域浮游动物群落结构研究

根据 2012 年春末在海南万宁海域所采集的浮游动物样品, 对该海域浮游动物的种类组成、饵料生物量、丰度和生物多样性进行了探讨, 采用大型多元统计软件 PRIMER5.0 对浮游动物的群落结构进行了分析。结果表明调查海域共有浮游动物 70 种、浮游幼虫 10 个类群, 其中优势种共有 6 种: 双尾溞 纽鳃樽、多毛类幼虫、短角长腹剑水蚤、鸟喙尖头 、尖额真猛水蚤和小拟哲水蚤。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布相似, 主要分布在调查海域的北部和中部近岸处。 浮游动物具有较高的均匀度(0.70), 生物多样性指数较高(3.10)。群落结构聚类分析显示浮游动物可以分为 5 个生态类群。     

2014年春季黄、渤海浮游动物群落特征

为了解黄、渤海浮游动物群落特征, 利用2014年春季在黄、渤海采集的浮游动物样品, 对浮游动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、优势种和生物多样性进行分析, 分析浮游动物群落结构与环境因子间的相关关系, 并划分了浮游动物群落。共记录浮游动物78个种类(南黄海69种、北黄海42种、渤海47种), 浮游幼虫占比最高。研究海域的浮游动物平均丰度为3 183.8±7 829.7 ind./m³, 剔除夜光虫(Noctiluca scintillans)后, 平均丰度为537.3±554.2 ind./m³; 平均生物量为409.1±517.5 mg/m³。夜光虫、中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)和强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)是黄、渤海的共同优势种。结合香农-威纳指数和累积优势度曲线分析, 渤海浮游动物的生物多样性最低, 北黄海次之, 南黄海的多样性最高。聚类分析表明, 研究海域浮游动物群落可划分为渤-黄海沿岸群落、黄海中部群落和南黄海-东海近岸混合水群落。相关性分析显示, 研究海域与浮游动物群落结构相关性最高的环境因子组合为温度、盐度和叶绿素a浓度。