Fe-40Ni-Ti合金中晶界高温迁移特征

利用金相观察、定量统计及透射电子显微镜分析,研究了含Ti和无Ti的Fe-40Ni合金在高温等温过程中的晶界迁移行为。结果表明:Fe-40Ni-Ti合金原始试样中存在两种析出,分别是凝固过程中形成的尺寸较大的Ti N颗粒及锻压过程中形成的应变诱导析出相,尺寸为10 nm左右。在1100℃等温30 min后,没有发现应变诱导析出相存在。直接观察结果则显示粗大的Ti N颗粒对晶界迁移有明显的阻碍作用,以类似于位错绕过析出颗粒的Orowan机制绕过Ti N颗粒,其主要原因可能是高温时晶界自由能明显各向同性,只有直接面对析出相的局部晶界受到析出相的阻碍,能够发生大曲率弯曲,晶界表现出较强的"柔性",此时析出粒子必然无法对其运动产生强烈的阻碍作用。     

杂质元素（C，Si）对Zr-4合金板材试样微观结构及腐蚀性能的影响

在ASTM范围内,利用板材试样研究了不同杂质元素C、Si含量对Zr-4合金微观结构及耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果显示：降低C含量、提高Si含量,对于Zr-4合金样品400℃均匀腐蚀性能有利。微观检测表明：杂质C易于在基体表面以Zr-C形式富集,其含量高低主要通过影响第二相粒子的析出能力影响腐蚀性能。含量越低,淬火时坯料越易于形成平行板条组织,含量越高越趋向于形成网篮组织,而第二相粒子更易于沿板条组织晶界析出。淬火温度低于1200℃时,Si含量高低对于坯料形成平行板条组织无明显影响。同时,3DAP分析显示,Si易于在第二相粒子周围以SiO2形式偏聚,这对于第二相粒子可起到阻碍或延缓其被氧化的作用,从而改善了锆合金的耐腐蚀性能。     

Yb对2519A铝合金抗剥落腐蚀性能的影响

采用铸锭冶金法制备了不同Yb含量的2519A铝合金试样,通过硬度测试、力学性能测试、金相显微镜、扫描电镜与透射电镜等分析方法研究了稀土Yb对2519A铝合金抗剥落腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:在2519A铝合金中添加0.2%Yb(质量分数)时,Yb与Al,Cu,Fe和Mn形成稀土相,合金内粗大Al Cu相和Al Cu Fe Mn相数量减少,含Yb第二相粒子化学活泼性低于Al Cu相和Al Cu Fe Mn相。适量的Yb能细化合金的时效强化相,使其析出密度增加,阻止θ(Al2Cu)相在晶界上连续析出,减小晶界无沉淀析出带(PFZ)宽度,使晶界析出相变成非连续分布,从而改善了合金的剥落腐蚀抗力。当Yb含量进一步增加时,合金力学性能及抗剥蚀性能下降。     

淬火无析出区对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金断裂行为的影响

根据超高强铝合金淬火、时效组织透射电镜观察结果,以及合金断裂行为与断口形貌分析,提出了一种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金产生延性断裂的物理模型。对平衡相、基体沉淀相、无析出微区的断裂行为进行了分析。研究结果表明,在晶内同步变形条件下,平衡相粒子最先断裂;晶内沉淀区内裂纹的形成与扩展早于无析出区,沉淀区内初始孔洞扩展与聚合,导致沉淀区断裂,这是合金断裂的主要原因;无析出区最后断裂。引起淬火敏感性的平衡相粒子,不是造成合金断裂的直接原因,粒子周围的无析出微区起到了限制裂纹扩展和协调变形的作用,是合金形成延性拉伸断口的原因。     

细晶高强IF钢无沉淀析出区的形成机制及其对材料性能的影响

采用透射电子显微镜(TEM),对细晶高强IF钢在不同退火温度条件下无沉淀析出区(PFZ)的形成机制及其对材料力学性能的影响规律进行研究。结果表明,由于析出相粒子的固溶和粗大化与晶界迁移造成的扫动效应,导致仅在晶界一侧形成独特的无沉淀析出区,退火过程中无沉淀析出区优先在晶界经过的区域形成。在退火过程中,随着退火温度的升高,细晶高强IF钢无沉淀析出区的平均宽度增大,其屈服强度降低,n值逐渐增加。     

复合细化变质多元铝硅合金强化机制的研究

为改善力学性能,采用新型Al-5Ti-1B-1RE中间合金细化剂和Al-10Sr中间合金变质剂对铸态多元铝硅A356铝合金及在铸态A356铝合金中按一定比例添加Cu、Mn、Ti等元素组成的新型铝合金进行复合细化变质处理。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱、透射电镜(TEM)和电子式万能试验机(CSS-44100)等技术对多元铝硅合金中的第二相粒子的形态分布特征及强化机制进行分析。结果表明：经复合细化变质处理的A356铝合金中的第二相粒子共晶硅相由粗大的片层状转变为典型的纤维状,在软韧相α-Al基体晶界处较均匀的析出,α-Al相晶粒尺寸显著变小,其强化机制主要是第二相粒子共晶硅Hall-Petch晶界细晶强化;在新型铝合金中除第二相粒子共晶硅外,还存在其它较弥散分布在晶界或晶内的第二相强化粒子,多种强化机制共同起作用,当分布在晶界上时,主要是Hall-Petch强化机制;当分布在晶内时,主要是Orowan强化机制,成为阻碍位错运动的有效障碍,起到强化作用。     

强变形诱导析出相回归后的再时效行为

利用透射电镜和硬度测量实验手段,研究了强变形诱导析出相回归后的合金在再时效过程中的组织、性能变化.发现:多相合金Al-Zn-Mg-Cu经固溶、时效处理后,析出相粒子在强变形过程中破碎细化并可重新回归于基体内.强变形导致回归后的合金在再时效处理时可再次沉淀析出第二相粒子,但析出相的析出顺序与强变形后合金的晶粒尺有相关,当晶粒细化到某一临界尺寸以下时,析出顺序发生改变,非均匀形核的平衡相可抑制GP区、η亚稳相等前期粒子的析出.     

预变形对Zr-Sn-Nb合金淬火时效晶粒及析出相的影响

采用SEM附带的背散射电子通道衬度（ECC）像、二次电子（SE）像及能谱（EDS）分析技术,研究了β相水淬后预变形处理对Zr-Sn-Nb合金在时效过程中再结晶和第二相析出的影响规律.结果表明,未引入预变形直接时效时所得组织中再结晶晶粒尺寸粗大且形状不规则,第二相粒子尺寸差异也较大,其中尺寸大的第二相粒子为含Cu的Zr₃Fe,主要沿原β晶界分布;预变形后再时效的组织中再结晶晶粒显著细化且尺寸均匀,第二相粒子尺寸差异减小,大尺寸的Zr₃Fe粒子主要沿α再结晶晶界分布.无论有无预变形或时效时间长短,晶粒内部析出相均为弥散分布的小尺寸Zr（Fe,Cr,Nb）₂粒子.引入预变形会减弱沉淀相沿晶界析出和急剧长大的倾向,使锆合金的微观组织和第二相分布特征改变.     

变形条件下镍基耐蚀合金微观组织演化

在未变形、冷变形、热变形3种不同加工条件下,对UNSN08028镍基合金的微观组织及第二相的析出规律进行研究.结果表明:028镍基合金为单相奥氏体组织,第二相为颗粒状、杆状金属间化合物相,且在晶界析出.变形后合金中储存的塑性能对第二相析出起到促进作用.冷变形后第二相的析出抑制合金发生再结晶;热变形过程中发生动态再结晶,消耗部分塑性能;未变形合金中第二相析出量最少,呈颗粒状沿晶界离散分布;冷变形合金中第二相析出量最多,几乎覆盖整个晶界.     

形变热处理对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金板材组织与硬度的影响

研究了形变热处理(TMT:固溶—淬火—预析出—轧制)Al-7.81Zn-1.81Mg-1.62Cu合金板材中MgZn2等第二相粒子的析出形貌和数量及其对板材组织、织构和硬度的影响.结果表明,在TMT过程中形成的纳米/亚微米尺寸MgZn2粒子,在固溶处理过程中对亚晶界/晶界迁移形成了强烈的阻碍作用,但不会诱发粒子激发形核...     

Effect of different aging processes on the corrosion behavior of new Al–Cu–Li–Zr–Sc alloys

The intergranular corrosion and exfoliation corrosion behaviors of Al–Cu–Li–Zr–Sc alloys under different aging effects, such as single‐stage aging, strain aging, and double‐stage aging, were studied. Among the three aging treatments, single‐stage aging resulted in the best resistance to corrosion, followed by double‐stage aging; strain aging resulted in the worst corrosion resistance. A 3.5% precooling strain could increase the dislocation density, which promoted the precipitation of corrosion‐prone T₁ phase and increased the corrosion driving force of the alloy. Double‐stage aging made the precipitated T₁ phases finer and more uniform and reduced the number of equilibrium phases at grain boundaries, thus improving the corrosion properties of the alloy. The corrosion susceptibility of the alloy was attributed to the T₁ phase and precipitate‐free zone (PFZ), and the underlying corrosion mechanism was revealed as preferential dissolution of the equilibrium phase at grain boundaries and its surrounding distortion zone, followed by expansion of the PFZ along the grain boundaries, resulting in the development of corrosion from the grain boundaries to the intragranular regions.     

On grain growth in the presence of mobile particles

The ability of second phase particles to migrate along with grain boundaries is shown to be determined not only by the particle mobility but also by the migration rate of the grain boundary where they locate. This leads to a duality in the mobile particle behaviour: they behave as either movable or immovable depending on the boundary migration rate. In the first case, they reduce the boundary mobility; in the second one they decrease the driving force for boundary migration. It is demonstrated by numerical modeling that mobile particles with low mobility can suppress grain growth even in nanocrystalline material, the limiting grains size being several times smaller than in the case of randomly distributed immobile particles. It is also shown that the Zener solution to the problem of the grain growth retardation by disperse particles is a specific case of the proposed approach.     

形变及冷却速率对热轧超高强汽车钢板中纳米析出的影响

为精确控制热轧780 MPa级Nb-Ti微合金化C-Mn钢中的纳米析出物(Nb,Ti)C,利用热力模拟实验技水,通过透射电镜观察及统计分析,研究形变及冷却速率对纳米析出的影响规律.结果表明,形变可显著地提高析出物形核率,并细化析出物平均直径;析出物数量随冷却速率的增大逐渐减小;既定的实验条件下,冷却速率达到15℃/s可完全抑制析出物在冷却过程中形核;随着冷却速率的增大,析出物的形核区间由奥氏体区形核向铁素体或贝氏区转变,析出物平均直径明显细化;在低冷却速率条件下的变形实验钢中,形变提高组织中的空位浓度,促进析出物空位形核的发生;晶界或亚晶界是过饱和空位的主要陷阱,但空位的扩散活性很高致使低冷却速率条件下晶界或亚晶界附近的空位浓度低于析出物形核的临界形核浓度,从而无法形核,形成晶界附近无析出带;无析出带宽度随冷却速率的增大而减小,这归因于空位扩散活力随冷却速率的增大而降低.     

Effect of step-quenching on microstructure of aluminum alloy 7055

The effect of step-quenching on the microstructure of aluminum alloy 7055 after artificial aging was studied by hardness testing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Step-quenching leads to decomposition of solid solution and heterogeneous precipitation of equilibrium phase mainly on dispersoids and at grain boundaries; thus lower hardness after aging. Prolonging isothermal holding at 415 ℃ results in coarser and more spaced η phase particles at grain boundaries with wider precipitates free zone, and lower density of larger η′ hardening precipitates inside grains after aging. Isothermal holding at 355 ℃ results in heterogeneous precipitation of η phase both on dispersoids and at grain boundaries. Isothermal holding at 235 ℃ results in heterogeneous precipitation of η phase first, and then S phase. Precipitates free zones are created around these coarse η and S phase particles after aging. Prolonging isothermal holding at these two temperatures leads to fewer η′ hardening precipitates inside grains, larger and more spaced η phase particles at grain boundaries and wider grain boundary precipitates free zone after aging.     

MICROSTRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 8090 Al-Li ALLOY

The change of mechanical properties of the 8090 Al-Li alloy influenced by aging is attributedto the change of δ′-phase particle size and the precipitation of S′-phase.The δ′-phase mayeasily precipitate and rapidly grow,but the S′-phase can only precipitate with a longer stageof incubation.The precipitation of S′-phase would be promoted by cold working prior to ag-ing.The co-precipitation of δ′- and S′-phase could improve the strength and plastieity of thealloy,for which aging at 190℃.for 20—30 h seems to be optimal.In addition,the precipitatefree zone( PFZ)can form at high angle grain boundary and its width is over 200 nm in peakaging condition.But at sub-grain boundary,the formation of PFZ is difficult.     

Phase-field theory of grain growth in the presence of mobile second-phase particles

We have developed a phase-field model for grain growth in the presence of mobile second-phase particles. In this model, each grain and particle is represented by a unique order parameter. The grain boundaries sweep the mobile particles during grain growth. The particle velocity is taken to be proportional to the driving force arising from the curvature of the phase boundary in the neighborhood of the particle. The proportionality factor is the constitutive parameter representing the mobility of the particle. We first study the model in a one-dimensional axisymmetric setting and compare the results with theoretical calculations. We then study the interaction of a bicrystal grain boundary with a dilute distribution of particles. Finally we show the effect of particles on polycrystalline grain growth.     

时效处理工艺对1975合金腐蚀性能的影响

采用恒温浸泡、极化曲线、金相、扫描电镜和透射电镜技术研究不同时效处理工艺对1975铝合金的晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和应力腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明,1975铝合金单级时效后的晶间腐蚀、剥落腐蚀和应力腐蚀的敏感性变化规律为：欠时效(120 ℃/12 h)>峰时效(120 ℃/24 h)>过时效(120 ℃/36 h)。合金的腐蚀敏感性与晶界析出相η (MgZn₂)和无沉淀析出带（PFZ）的特征有关,析出相分布越不连续,尺寸越大,无沉淀析出带越宽化,合金的腐蚀敏感性越低;反之,如果晶界析出相链状分布且尺寸较小,则合金的腐蚀敏感性高。     

时效制度对6156铝合金力学性能及腐蚀性能的影响

通过常规拉伸、慢应变速率拉伸和晶间腐蚀实验研究了T6及双级时效处理对6156铝合金力学性能与腐蚀性能的影响,并采用透射电镜(TEM)观察了析出相特征。结果表明:6156合金在T6欠时效状态下晶内析出相主要为GP区,晶界无明显析出相;T6峰时效晶内析出相主要为β″相,出现少量的Q′相,晶界析出物呈连续分布,合金虽然具有最高强度,但晶间腐蚀严重,应力腐蚀敏感性最大;随时效时间延长,Q′相增多并逐渐粗化,晶界析出物粗大非连续分布;T78时效态晶内析出大量的Q′相,晶界析出相球化且析出相之间的间距增大,呈断续分布,无沉淀析出带(PFZ)变宽,因此相比T6态而言T78状态合金强度损失不大而耐蚀性得到明显提高。     

微量Sc对2195铝锂合金应变时效态的显微组织和力学性能的影响

采用拉伸试验机、光学金相显微镜、透射电镜、扫描电镜等设备研究了添加微量Sc对2195铝锂合金应变时效态的显微组织和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明：微量Sc加入后能生成细小弥散Al3(Sc，Zr)质点，起到抑制再结晶的作用；微量Sc的加入既促使合金晶内析出的T1相分布更弥散均匀，又能使亚晶界和晶界上析出的T1相变得细小，几乎不出现明显的晶界无析出带，因而可在不降低合金强度的前提下有效地改善其塑性。