影响女性生育力的卵巢及输卵管相关疾病

女性的生育力是指女性产生健康的卵母细胞、正常受精并孕育胎儿的能力。影响女性生育力的重要疾病可以概括为卵巢相关疾病、输卵管相关疾病、子宫相关疾病,但这些疾病影响女性生育力的具体机制尚不明确。文章主要对影响女性生育力的卵巢和输卵管相关疾病,以及具体机制进行总结,提出应重视疾病对女性生育力的影响,积极开展基础研究,为女性生育力的保护提供理论支持。     

异位妊娠与输卵管/卵巢绒毛膜癌的鉴别

输卵管/卵巢绒毛膜癌(绒癌)是一种高度恶性的滋养细胞肿瘤(GTT),因分泌大量的β-hCG,临床主要表现亦为停经和不规则阴道流血,故易误诊为异位妊娠,如不规范地干预,易致肿瘤播散、转移甚至延误治疗。因此,如何进行鉴别诊断成为治疗的关键。文章就易误诊为异位妊娠的输卵管/卵巢绒癌的流行病学、疾病特点、临床表现、诊断及治疗等进行总结分析,以期为临床医生提供参考。     

不孕妇女卵巢血供彩色多普勒特点与卵巢功能的相关性研究

目的:研究不孕妇女卵巢血供彩色多普勒特点与卵泡发育及卵巢功能的相关性,为不孕症的诊治提供依据.方法:经阴道彩超监测68例不孕妇女和60例正常育龄妇女的排卵情况,测量卵泡发育期、围排卵期、黄体期卵巢血流,同期测定血激素并对比分析.结果:①不孕妇女卵巢干动脉、卵巢基质动脉、卵泡壁动脉、黄体血流收缩期最大血流速度(S)、舒张期最低血流速度(D)均显著低于正常育龄妇女,而阻力指数(RI)则相反(P＜0.05);②优势卵泡壁动脉血流S、D与卵泡直径、血雌二醇(E2)正相关,RI则负相关(P＜0.05);③黄体血流S、D与血孕酮(P)和黄体功能正相关,RI则负相关(P＜0.05).结论:不孕妇女不孕与其卵巢血供显著降低有关,观察不孕妇女卵巢血供可提示并预测卵巢功能状态,利于诊治.     

卵巢妊娠与输卵管妊娠的临床特点比较分析

卵巢妊娠系受精卵在卵巢组织内着床和发育,属罕见的异位妊娠.因其缺乏特异性症状和体征,与输卵管妊娠临床表现相似,故术前易误诊.现就近7年我院收治卵巢妊娠36例进行临床分析,并与输卵管妊娠进行比较,以探讨其发病和诊治特点.     

输卵管手术对IVF-ET卵巢反应性及妊娠结局影响的研究

目的:探讨输卵管手术对体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)过程中卵巢反应性和妊娠结局的影响。方法:接受IVF-ET治疗、符合纳入标准的650例不孕症患者共650个周期。曾因输卵管妊娠或输卵管阻塞、粘连或积水行输卵管切除术或修复整形手术的共304例,其中行输卵管切除术155例(A组),单侧输卵管切除126例(单侧输卵管切除组),双侧输卵管切除29例(双侧输卵管切除组);输卵管修复整形术149例(B组)。同期因输卵管因素不孕或单纯男方因素行IVF-ET者为对照组,346例。检测各组的性激素水平及AFC,比较卵巢反应性及妊娠结局。结果:1A组与对照组相比,低反应发生率增加(P0.05),而B组与对照组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2A组与对照组相比,基础促卵泡生成素(b FSH)、b FSH/黄体生成素(b LH)、雌二醇(b E2)水平均明显增高(P0.01,P0.05),B组b E2显著高于对照组(P0.01)。3A组、B组与对照组相比,促性腺激素(Gn)天数延长(P0.01,P0.05)、Gn用量均增加(P0.01),A组Gn天数长于B组(P0.05)。3组间优质胚胎率、正常受精率、临床妊娠率、种植率和流产率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。4单侧输卵管切除患者术侧卵巢与对侧卵巢比较,术侧卵巢的窦卵泡数与获卵数均明显减少(P0.01)。5双侧输卵管切除组与单侧输卵管切除组相比,Gn天数延长,Gn用量增加(P0.01)。结论:输卵管手术会影响卵巢储备功能和卵巢反应性,影响程度与手术范围和手术损伤程度有关,但不会明显影响IVF-ET的结局。     

腹腔镜下处理输卵管积水方式对卵巢储备功能影响的相关研究

目的:探讨腹腔镜处理输卵管积水的不同方式对卵巢储备的影响及可能机制。方法:选取因输卵管积水不孕行腹腔镜处理积水的患者111例,分3组:造口组(A组,n=48)、离断组(B组,n=33)、切除组(C组,n=30);另选取因其它原因行腹腔镜检的无输卵管积水患者为对照组(D组,n=20),比较各组手术前、后的卵巢储备情况。结果:A、B、C组患者术后2～6mm窦卵泡数、B组术后卵巢动脉RI均低于术前,有统计学差异(P<0.05),D组手术前、后各指标无差异。术后A、B、C组间卵巢动脉RI比较均有差异(P<0.05),其中B组均值最低;余各指标无统计学差异。结论:输卵管积水会降低卵巢储备,腹腔镜处理积水的3种术式均可在近期改善卵巢储备,其中,离断术可能是最有利于术后近期卵巢储备改善的术式。     

输卵管手术对体外受精-胚胎移植患者卵巢血流及反应性的影响

目的:探讨在体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)中输卵管手术对控制性超排卵(COH)患者卵巢的血流及卵巢储备功能的影响。方法:选择因异位妊娠或输卵管阻塞粘连行一侧输卵管切除或修复整形(单侧手术组)、双侧输卵管切除或双侧输卵管修复整形(双侧手术组)以及双侧输卵管均未行手术(对照组)的输卵管性不孕患者共70例,观察其在IVF-ET控制性超排卵中卵巢的血流变化及卵巢对COH的反应。结果:①3组患者的年龄、不育年限、用药天数及用药量均无统计学差异(P>0.05),单侧手术组术侧卵巢月经d3卵巢基质血流的搏动指数(PI)、收缩期峰流速(PSV)及hCG注射日(dhCG)PI与健侧卵巢差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但术侧卵巢d3血流阻力指数(RI)、RI(dhCG)明显大于健侧卵巢,PSV(dhCG)则明显小于健侧卵巢(P<0.05)。术侧卵巢的基础窦卵泡数(AFC)、dhCG≥14mm卵泡数以及获卵数明显少于健侧卵巢(P<0.05);②3组患者在d3的PI、RI、PSV,PI(dhCG)、RI(dhCG)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。但双侧手术组PSV(dhCG)明显低于对照组(P<0.05),其基础AFC、hCG注射日≥14mm卵泡数及获卵数也明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:输卵管手术会影响卵巢的血运,降低卵巢的储备功能。     

多囊卵巢综合征与CYP_(17)基因多态性的关联性研究

目的：探讨多受卵巢综合征（PCOS）及其高雄激素血症与CYP(17)基因多态性的关联性。方法;用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法检测56例PCOS患者（实验组）及30例正常妇女（对照组）CYP(17)基因的多态性,该基因翻译起始点-34bp处因存在单一碱基的变异（C取代T）产生A1（无变异）及A2（有变异）两个等位基因,经PCR扩增后,用限制性内切酶（MspA1I）消化后电泳检测和比较。结果：PCOS组A1和A2等位基因频率分别为45．5％和54．5％,与对照组差异无显著性;有高雄激素血症的PCOS组A2等位基因出现频率（33／43）显著高于无高雄激素血症者（6／13）（P＜0．05）。结论：CYP(17)基因多态性不是PCOS的主要致病因素,但其A2等位基因的存在可能会改变该基因的表达,对PCOS高雄激素血症的形成起重要的辅助作用。     

血β-hCG 2000～8000 IU/L的输卵管妊娠保守治疗方案研究

目的:探讨较高水平血β-hCG(2 000~8 000 IU/L)输卵管妊娠的保守治疗方案。方法:将106例输卵管妊娠要求保守治疗的患者随机分为复方组和对照组,每组53例。复方组口服复方米非司酮片+肌内注射氨甲蝶呤(MTX)+口服本院协定处方宫外孕方+口服大黄蛰虫胶囊;对照组除不服用复方米非司酮片外,其余治疗同复方组。结果:临床总有效率复方组为96.2%,对照组为75.5%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);复方组45例1个疗程内治愈,对照组23例1个疗程内治愈,组间差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),阴道流血时间、平均住院时间、血β-hCG转阴时间和盆腔包块消失时间组间比较均有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:复方米非司酮协同MTX及中药治疗输卵管妊娠,能明显提高有较高水平血β-hCG(2 000~8 000 IU/L)输卵管妊娠的治愈率。     

输卵管性不孕者FHC综合征发生率及与输卵管、卵巢粘连程度的关系探讨

目的:探讨输卵管性不孕患者Fitz-Hugh-Curtis综合征(FHCS)的发生率及与输卵管、卵巢周围粘连程度的关系。方法:前瞻性调查308例输卵管性不孕患者,在腹腔镜手术中常规探查盆腔、升结肠、肝脏、横膈、脾、降结肠,以确定输卵管、卵巢周围粘连程度分级和FHCS遗留的典型病理改变。结果:308例中发生FHCS 38例,发生率12.3%。术中见输卵管与卵巢周围无粘连、轻微、轻度、中度及重度粘连分别为12、14、60、169和53例,发生FHCS依次为1、1、5、17及14例,重度粘连者FHCS发生率与前4组比较,差异有非常显著性(P<0.001)。结论:输卵管性不孕患者有一定的FHCS发生,故对此综合征需引起足够的重视,尤其对于输卵管、卵巢周围重度粘连者。     

Tuboperitoneal fistula,ectopic pregnancy,and remnants of fallopian tube: a confocal microtomography analysis and 3D reconstruction of human fallopian tube pathologies

Objective: The aim of this study was to provide a three-dimensional (3D) microscopic reconstruction of morphological modifications of the fallopian tube (FT) following surgical sterilization (including tuboperitoneal fistula) and ectopic pregnancy (EP) using confocal microtomography (micro-CT).

Methods: Six specimens of FT from elective and emergency surgeries were selected: three remnants of the FT (RFT) from surgical sterilization, including one presenting tuboperitoneal fistula, and three FTs with EP. The specimens were fixed in formalin and stained with Lugol solution. Micro-CT studies were conducted on the specimens using protocols adapted from biological studies.

Results: Three RFTs from surgical sterilization and three FTs affected by EPs were successfully scanned using micro-CT. There was good contrast impregnation, allowing tissue segmentation and analysis of different sections of the FTs. Three FT specimens from EP exhibited considerable distortion of the tubal anatomy, mainly from the blood clot in the tubal abortion. Three RFT specimens exhibited some features observed in traditional microscopy, such as tubal distension and loss of normal anatomical characteristics of a normal FT, and indicated the presence of a tuboperitoneal fistula in one of the three specimens.

Conclusion: Micro-CT can identify morphological characteristics of FT pathologies previously described in a microscopic scale, with tissue contrast and the possibility of 3D reconstruction. Micro-CT is also useful in guiding traditional sectioning of specimens for histopathological studies.     

Primary adenocarcinoma of the fallopian tube. Review of the literature

An extensive review of the currently available literature on primary fallopian tube carcinoma is presented. The role of vaginal ultrasonography and the importance of an aggressive evaluation of every tubal deformity is stressed. A staging system which takes into account recent data on the biology of this malignancy is proposed. We emphasize the largely underestimated importance of early lymphatic spread of this disease, necessitating a thorough staging laparotomy with pelvic and para-aortic lymph node sampling in the apparent early stages. The need for adjuvant treatment is obvious, but until now no firm data exist as to what the optimal strategy should be. We recommend that until more representative studies are available, ovarian carcinoma protocols should be used in clinical practice.     

输卵管炎症性病变的病理特征

输卵管日益受到重视，与输卵管肿瘤性病变相比，输卵管炎症性病变相对更为常见。输卵管在生殖过程中有着重要生理功能，输卵管感染引起的炎症性疾病也是一个日益严重的问题，熟悉输卵管炎症性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断是非常必要的，从而提高输卵管炎症的诊治正确性，并为不孕症患者提供帮助。输卵管炎症性病变主要包括感染性输卵管炎以及其他伴有炎细胞浸润的非肿瘤性病变。     

Carcinoma of the fallopian tube. A clinical and histopathologic review. The Radiumhemmet series

A histopathologic and clinical review of the Radiumhemmet series of primary fallopian tube carcinoma (PFTC) treated from 1923 to 1991 revealed that 128 cases fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for PFTC. These cases were staged according to the new FIGO staging rules for PFTC. Survival was studied with respect to prognostic factors such as age, stage, histologic subgroups, degree of differentiation and mode of treatment. The mean age at diagnosis was 56 years. Seventy-four per cent were found to be in stage Ia–IIa and 26 % in stage III–IV. Forty-five per cent were nulliparous and 22 % had evidence of previous pelvic inflammatory disease. Treatment modalities changed during the studied period. Thirty-three per cent of patients underwent surgery with total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy while 67 % were incompletely operated. A trend towards improvement in results was noticed—however, it was not statistically significant. Among the 14 prognostic variables tested in the multivariate analysis the first in rank were stage ( P = 0.001) and degree of differentiation of the tumors ( P = 0.070). Patients receiving chemotherapy had superior survival rates compared with those without chemotherapy ( P = 0.0006) and patients with cisplatinum-containing chemotherapy did better than those without cisplatin.     

输卵管异常与体外受精反复失败的关系

反复体外受精（IVF）失败一直是辅助生殖过程中的痛点,输卵管一直被认为仅仅是一种用于运输的管道,忽略了其在胚胎着床过程中起到的重要作用。IVF反复失败的原因主要为胚胎因素,子宫内膜容受性以及其他因素。文章主要围绕各类输卵管病变对上述3个因素产生的影响,分析各种输卵管慢性炎性病变与IVF失败的关系。     

卵巢癌的输卵管起源学说对妇科手术决策的影响

近年来有观点认为卵巢浆液性癌和腹膜浆液性癌可能起源于输卵管。因此,手术方式上的一些简单改变,如对于有基因风险人群行预防性双侧输卵管切除术取代双侧输卵管卵巢切除术,在降低卵巢癌和腹膜癌的发生风险的同时尚可避免卵巢切除术后的一些相关并发症。     

康妇炎胶囊在治疗输卵管通而不畅性不孕中的临床应用

目的 探讨康妇炎胶囊在治疗输卵管通而不畅性不孕中的临床应用效果。方法 2012年1月至2014年1月在天津医科大学第二医院根据子宫输卵管造影结果选择轻度输卵管通而不畅患者143例（治疗组89例和对照组54例）和重度输卵管通而不畅患者120例（治疗组77例和对照组43例）。轻度输卵管通而不畅治疗组采用输卵管通液术联合康妇炎胶囊口服,对照组仅行输卵管通液术。重度输卵管通而不畅治疗组采用宫腹腔镜再通手术联合康妇炎胶囊口服,对照组仅行宫腹腔镜再通手术。记录患者12个月内妊娠的情况并计算宫内妊娠率和异位妊娠率等指标。结果 轻度输卵管通而不畅治疗组宫内妊娠率显著高于对照组（70.8%对51.9%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;输卵管妊娠率显著低于对照组（1.1%对7.4%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;生化妊娠率两组比较（4.5%对7.4%）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。重度输卵管通而不畅患者治疗组宫内妊娠率显著高于对照组（37.7%对20.9%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;输卵管妊娠率显著低于对照组（5.2%对16.3%）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;生化妊娠率两组比较（6.5%对9.3%）,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。12个月后轻度输卵管通而不畅治疗组未妊娠患者的输卵管通而不畅率（26.2%对50%）和阻塞率（4.8%对22.2%）均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;重度输卵管通而不畅治疗组未妊娠患者的输卵管通而不畅率（32.1%对52.2%）和阻塞率（7.7%对21.7%）均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。结论 康妇炎胶囊在辅助治疗输卵管通而不畅性不孕中具有良好的疗效,可以提高输卵管通而不畅性不孕患者的宫内妊娠率和再通率,同时降低输卵管妊娠率。     

Modulation of leukemia inhibitory factor gene expression and protein biosynthesis in the human fallopian tube

OBJECTIVE: The fallopian tube is the site of fertilization and early embryonic growth and a common site of ectopic implantation. Although the factors responsible for early embryogenesis and implantation are incompletely understood, leukemia inhibitory factor may have an important role in early embryonic development and implantation. We set out to evaluate the production and modulation of leukemia inhibitory factor in the fallopian tube. STUDY DESIGN: We first investigated leukemia inhibitory factor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in fallopian tubes. We then investigated leukemia inhibitory factor messenger ribonucleic acid and protein production in tubal epithelial and stromal cell cultures. RESULTS: Leukemia inhibitory factor messenger ribonucleic acid is expressed in the fallopian tube with only slight variation during the menstrual cycle; however, it is markedly elevated in association with ectopic pregnancy. The level is higher in the tubal mucosa than in the remaining layers and is higher in the more distal segments of the fallopian tube. Estradiol and progesterone did not modulate leukemia inhibitory factor expression in epithelial or stromal cell cultures. Interleukin-1α, tumor necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β enhanced leukemia inhibitory factor expression in epithelial and stromal cells, with transforming growth factor-β1 enhancing expression by fourfold in stromal cells. Epithelial cells secreted high levels of leukemia inhibitory factor compared with stromal cells (332 ± 89 vs 25 ± 42 pg/mg total protein). Yet stromal cells treated with transforming growth factor-β alone or in combination with epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor, as well as TNF-α alone or in combination with interleukin-1α enhanced secretion of leukemia inhibitory factor at or above the levels found with epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: We speculate that the high constitutive levels of leukemia inhibitory factor expressed in the ampullary portion of the fallopian tube may play a role in early embryonic development. Additionally, elevated expression with ectopic implantation and the marked induction of secretion in the tubal stroma by growth factors and cytokines suggest a link between inflammation, leukemia inhibitory factor, and tubal ectopic pregnancies. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1611-9.)