异基因造血干细胞移植侵袭性真菌感染26例临床分析

目的 探讨异基因造血干细胞移植患者发生侵袭性真菌感染的高危因素、临床特点、治疗和预后.方法 分析我科2002年3月至2010年7月行造血干细胞移植术100例患者发生侵袭性真菌感染26例患者的临床资料.造血干细胞移植前发生肺部真菌感染7例;造血干细胞移植后发生肺部真菌感染14例,呼吸道真菌感染3例,肠道真菌感染2例.观察侵袭性真菌感染患者的移植物抗宿主病的发生、巨细胞病毒血症发生、淋巴细胞亚群检测、合并其他慢性基础疾病情况.将侵袭性真菌感染患者分为2组,拟诊经验性治疗组12例及临床诊断抢先治疗组14例.结果 26例侵袭性真菌感染的患者合并移植物抗宿主病20例,合并巨细胞病毒血症6例,细胞免疫功能低下的19例.合并糖尿病5例,肺结核3例,支气管扩张1例.经验性治疗组完全治愈8例(67%),疾病进展1例(8%).抢先治疗组完全治愈3例(21%);疾病进展5例(36%),2组比较差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.418,P<0.05).结论 造血干细胞移植存在侵袭性真菌感染高危因素的患者更应引起临床医师高度的重视.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the high-risk factors,clinical characteristics,therapy and prognosis of invasive fungal infection (IFI)in patients underwent allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplantation (AlloHSCT). Methods One hundred patients underwent Allo-HSCT at our department from March 2002 to July 2010 were analyzed retrospectively,among whom 26 patients had invasive fungal infection(IFI). Seven patients had pulmonary IFI before allo-HSCT, 14 patients had pulmonary IFI after allo-HSCT,3 patients had respiratory tract system IFI, and 2 patients had intestinal IFI. We observed the occurrence of Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) ,cytomegalovirus( CMV )infection, Lymphocyte subsets and chronic basic diseases in patients with IFI. The twenty six cases were divided into two groups: experience therapy group with 12 cases and preemption therapy group with 14 cases. Results Among 26 patients with IFI,20 cases suffered from GVHD,6 cases had CMV infection,19 cases had low cellular immune function simultaneously. 1 case had diabetes,3 patients had pulmonary tuberculosis and 1 case had bronchiectasis as complications. In experience therapy groupe: 8 cases (67%)recovered completely but 1 case(8% )suffered from progressive infection. In preemption therapy groupe:3 cases ( 21% ) recovered completely but 5 cases ( 36% ) suffered from progressive infection. Conclusion Clinician should pay close attention to the patients with high-risk factors of IFI after allo-HSCT.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后伴噬血现象分析

目的分析异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后伴噬血现象的特征。方法选取上海市第一人民医院行allo-HSCT后出现噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)的患者2例,讨论其可能的病因。结果患者一入院诊断为免疫缺陷病,行allo-HSCT 13 d后粒系植入,血红蛋白、血小板始终偏低,凝血功能差,消化道出血,巨细胞病毒性肠炎,肺部感染,骨髓细胞形态学检查可见噬血现象。患者二入院诊断为急性单核细胞性白血病,行allo-HSCT 14 d后粒系植入,行allo-HSCT 42 d后三系降低,发热,铁蛋白高,骨髓细胞形态学检查可见噬血现象,嵌合率进行性降低。结论allo-HSCT后伴噬血现象非常罕见,且进展迅速,预后不良,噬血现象常因感染所致。当行allo-HSCT后骨髓出现噬血现象时,应积极排查感染,检测原发病是否复发,同时应检测患者及其父母相关基因,尽早治疗,争取取得更好的预后。     

Mycobacterium abscessus and massiliense lung infection during macrolide treatment for bronchiolitis obliterans after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

In patients undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), post-transplant lung infection is critical for their prognosis. Mycobacterium abscessus complex is not fully recognized as a nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pathogen of post-SCT lung infection. Here, we present three post-allogeneic SCT patients who developed pulmonary infection caused by M. abscessus complex including M. abscessus and M. massiliense. In all three cases, macrolide antibiotics had been administered for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) before the confirmation of their infection, and macrolide resistance was noted in the M. abscessus isolates, one of which resulted in an unfavorable treatment outcome. It is important to consider M. abscessus lung infection as well as other NTM in patients receiving allo-SCT, particularly those receiving macrolide therapy for BOS.     

Voriconazole for prophylaxis of invasive fungal infections after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Introduction: Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) are associated with a high mortality, and accordingly most alloHSCT recipients receive prophylaxis with antifungal agents. Despite some improvement in outcomes of IFIs over time, they continue to represent substantial clinical risk, mortality, and financial burden.

Areas covered: We review the main pathogens responsible for IFIs in recipients of alloHSCT, current treatment recommendations, and discuss clinical and economic considerations associated with voriconazole prophylaxis of IFIs in these patients.

Expert commentary: The clinical efficacy of voriconazole appears to be at least equivalent to other antifungal treatments, and generally well tolerated. Overall, benefit-risk balance is favorable, and findings from cost-effectiveness analyses support the use of voriconazole prophylaxis of IFIs in recipients of alloHSCT.     

First case of breakthrough pulmonary Aspergillus niveus infection in a patient after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Aspergillus niveus is a species uncommon in clinical samples, and to date, invasive fungal infections caused by this fungal pathogen have not been described. This is the 1st report on a pulmonary breakthrough aspergillosis caused by A. niveus in a 21-year-old woman after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for Fanconi anemia.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后发生巨细胞病毒感染的临床分析

本研究总结巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染的发生及治疗。对北京军区总医院血液科2010年1月至2012年1月140例异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)患者的临床资料进行了回顾性分析。结果表明,140例allo-HSCT中48例患者发生移植后CMV感染,发生率为34.3%,首次检出CMV-DNA阳性中位时间为移植后45(33-68)d,CMV定量范围为1.25×103-5.5×106,其中2例为CMV相关性间质性肺炎,5例为CMV相关性出血性膀胱炎。发生移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)患者共65例,其中合并CMV感染32例,占49.2%。应用更昔洛韦、膦甲酸钠抗CMV治疗45(33-68)d后CMV-DNA转阴,有效率为100%。共有12例患者治疗过程中出现一过性的白细胞和血小板减少。结论:allo-HSCT后较易发生CMV感染,发生GVHD的患者CMV感染发生率也较高,更昔洛韦、膦甲酸钠对allo-HSCT后CMV感染的治疗效果可靠,且不良反应少。     

The experience of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy

X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), a progressive neurometabolic disorder that is caused by a defect in the gene ABCD1 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily D, member 1), which encodes the peroxisomal ABC half-transporter ALD protein. Recently, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) is the only therapy known to prevent disease progression. In this study, we would like to present our experience of alloHSCT for X-ALD from a HLA matched related sibling by the use of reduced intensity conditioning regimen composed of fludarabine, busulfan and ATG which allows us to reduce procedure-related toxicity and prevent mortality while achieving a curative effect.     

Peripheral blood stem cell grafts in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: It is not all about the CD34+ cell dose

Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation is a curative approach in various malignant and non-malignant disorders. The majority of adult transplants in the current era are performed using mobilized stem cells, harvested from the peripheral blood by leukapheresis. Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) collections are designed to target a dose of stem cells that will result in safe engraftment and hematopoietic recovery; however, 99 % of the cells contained in a PBSC graft are not stem cells and a growing number of studies attempt to characterize the associations between graft composition and transplant outcomes. A better understanding of the impact of the quantity and quality of various cell types in PBSC grafts may lead to development of novel collection strategies or improved donor selection algorithms. Here we review relevant findings from recent studies in this area.     

造血干细胞移植后医院内感染的特点分析及预防对策

目的探讨患者进行造血干细胞移植后医院内感染的相关因素、特点及预防护理对策。方法对2005年9月～2006年9月在我院行造血干细胞移植的31例患者的病历进行回顾性分析。结果31例患者中,有29例发生医院内感染,发生率为93.55%。首次感染发生时间为移植后(8.36±2.48)d,再次感染发生时间为移植后(43.15±18.77)d。病原体主要为巨细胞病毒表皮葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌等。主要感染部位为口腔、消化道、肺部。结论造血干细胞移植后应采取相应的护理措施,密切观察感染征象。     

同种异基因造血干细胞移植后基于血细胞嵌合状态的个体化免疫治疗

目的:研究同种异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后血细胞嵌合率变化与复发的关系;观察根据血细胞嵌合率变化给予个体化免疫抑制剂治疗和供者淋巴细胞输注(DLI)的疗效。方法:106例供者细胞顺利植入的allo-HSCT患者,采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)扩增短串联重复序列的方法,动态检测移植后T淋巴细胞、B淋巴细胞、自然杀伤(NK)细胞的嵌合率。根据血细胞嵌合率的变化调整免疫抑制剂剂量和DLI的使用。结果:6例患者在移植后2个月,供者T细胞嵌合状态一直为混合嵌合(MC),将免疫抑制剂减量后均达到完全供者嵌合(FDC)。12例患者在移植后1～5个月,发生供者T细胞嵌合率下降,予免疫抑制剂减量后转为FDC。24例患者血液学复发或髓外复发(进展),有6例在复发前共发生10例次血细胞嵌合率下降,经免疫抑制剂减量或停药后一度回升至FDC,但最终血液学或髓外复发。12例患者在复发或疾病进展后停用免疫抑制剂,共给予DLI23例次,其中8例在DLI前或后给予化疗,最终5例再次达到完全缓解,其余患者最终均因疾病复发死亡。Ⅱ度及Ⅱ度以上急性移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)发生率为28.3%。慢性GVHD发生率为55.7%。中位随访期为17(1.5～90.0)个月,无病生存65例,死亡41例。67例标危患者预期3年生存率为59.0%;39例高危患者预期3年生存率为44.7%。结论:T淋巴细胞、NK细胞和B淋巴细胞的嵌合状态可作为血液恶性肿瘤复发的预测指标;基于血细胞嵌合率的个体化免疫治疗可以推迟甚至避免临床复发,且不增加急性GVHD的发生。     

Graft failure after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Graft failure is a serious complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) defined as either lack of initial engraftment of donor cells (primary graft failure) or loss of donor cells after initial engraftment (secondary graft failure). Successful transplantation depends on the formation of engrafment, in which donor cells are integrated into the recipient’s cell population.In this paper, we distinguish two different entities, graft failure (GF) and poor graft function (PGF), and review the current comprehensions of the interactions between the immune and hematopoietic compartments in these conditions. Factors associated with graft failure include histocompatibility locus antigen (HLA)-mismatched grafts, underlying disease, type of conditioning regimen and stem cell source employed, low stem cell dose, ex vivo T-cell depletion, major ABO incompatibility, female donor grafts for male recipients, disease status at transplantation.Although several approaches have been developed which aimed to prevent graft rejection, establish successful engraftment and treat graft failure, GF remains a major obstacle to the success of allo-HSCT.Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) still remains to be the curative treatment option for various non-malignant and malignant hematopoietic diseases. The outcome of allo-HSCT primarily depends on the engraftment of the graft. Graft failure (GF), is a life-threatening complication which needs the preferential therapeutic manipulation. In this paper, we focused on the definitions of graft failure / poor graft function and also we reviewed the current understanding of the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment approaches for these entities.     

Peripheral blood stem cell collection for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Practical implications after 200 consequent transplants

Background

Proper stem cell mobilization is one of the most important steps in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The aim of this paper is to share our 6 years’ experience and provide practical clinical approaches particularly for stem cell mobilization and collection within the series of more than 200 successive allogeneic HSCT at our transplant center.

PCR-STR用于异基因造血干细胞移植后的骨髓和外周血嵌合状态的监测及作用

目的用PCR-STR检测观察比较异基因造血干细胞移植术后,骨髓和外周血嵌合状态和植入状态。方法提取17例异基因造血干细胞移植术中的供者外周血及受者移植前后各阶段外周血和骨髓的DNA,PCR PCR-STR检测扩增15个基因位点,和1个性别位点AMEL。用遗传分析仪进行毛细管电泳,确定基因位点,根据基因型的差异选择嵌合率计算公式,分析植入情况和嵌合状态。结果12名患者完全植入,骨髓和外周血的PCR-STR结果一致;1名患者骨髓PCR-STR显示为持续未植入,外周血PCR-STR显示为短期混合植入;4名患者骨髓和外周血PCR-STR显示嵌合状态时间不一致,骨髓PCR-STR显示嵌合状态时间明显早于外周血(P<0.05)。结论PCR-STR是分析异基因造血干细胞移植后供体是否植入的灵敏、准确度高的方法,骨髓嵌合状态的变化的出现早于外周血,混合嵌合状态对白血病复发有预警作用,骨髓嵌合状态的早期变化对实施临床干预治疗尤为重要。     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

造血干细胞移植后肺孢子菌肺炎23例临床研究

目的:分析异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）后肺部危重并发症-肺孢子菌肺炎（PCP）的高危因素、临床特点及预后转归。方法:回顾性收集并分析2016年1月至2021年1月在本院血液科接受HSCT后发生肺孢子菌肺炎的患者的临床特征、实验室资料、治疗及转归。结果:共纳入23例符合PCP临床诊断标准的患者,PCP中位发病时间为移植后221 d;影像CT以弥漫性磨玻璃样渗出影为主。血清β-1,3-D葡聚糖（BDG）中位数为894.25 ng/L,共有91.3%的患者大于60 ng/L;60.9%患者的淋巴细胞计数低于1×10 9/L;65.2%的CD4 +T淋巴细胞绝对值低于200/μL。21例患者在肺泡灌洗液mNGS中检测到肺孢子菌属序列,15例患者为混合感染。治疗上给予TMP-SMX抗肺孢子菌后18例患者好转出院,5例死亡。 结论:HSCT后患者并发PCP为肺部急症,进展较快,常合并混合感染,血清BDG升高对PCP诊断具有指导意义,肺泡灌洗液中二代测序（mNGS）对肺孢子菌敏感性高,及早进行肺泡灌洗,有助于早期诊治,明显降低病死率;PCP患者进展为需要机械通气及高流量吸氧提示预后不佳。     

异基因造血干细胞移植并发肺部侵袭性真菌感染及其影响因素研究

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植(allo-HSCT)后肺部侵袭性真菌感染的影响因素,以便早期诊治,提高疗效。方法观察85例allo-HSCT患者发生肺部侵袭性真菌感染的临床特点、早期诊治和临床疗效的关系。结果85例allo-HSCT后10例发生肺部侵袭性真菌感染,临床诊断7例,确诊1例,拟诊2例。经过早期抗真菌治疗,4例完全恢复,1例稳定,2例放弃治疗,3例死亡。结论allo-HSCT后免疫功能尚未完全恢复或使用免疫抑制剂的患者,若出现发热应高度警惕真菌感染的可能。对有高危宿主因素、结合临床表现、真菌检查结果及早期肺部CT影像学证据,尽早使用抗真菌治疗是提高疗效的重要环节。     

异基因造血干细胞移植期间营养状态与生活质量的相关性研究

目的探讨异基因造血干细胞移植患者移植期间营养状态与生活质量的相关性。方法采用病人自评-主观全面评定量表(PG-SGA)以及欧洲癌症研究与治疗组织生命质量核心量表(EORTC QLQ-C30)对75例异基因造血干细胞移植患者进行问卷调查,采用Peason相关分析和多元回归分析法探讨营养状态与生活质量的关系。结果研究对象中营养良好者从预处理前的70.66%降至预处理后第2、4周的14.67%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);相关性分析中,PG-SGA评分与生活质量呈负相关;握力与生活质量呈正相关。结论移植期间的营养状态不仅会影响患者的整体健康,还会影响患者的生活质量;临床医务人员应对移植期间患者的营养状态引起足够的重视并设法改善,从而提高患者的生活质量。     

Long-term results of allogeneic peripheral blood hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia

ObjectiveAplastic anemia (AA) is a life-threatening disorder and may be associated with significant morbidity and mortality Currently, the first treatment option is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) for patients younger than 40 years. Bone marrow is recommended as the stem cell source due to less graft versus host disease (GVHD) risk and better outcomes than peripheral blood (PB)-derived stem cell. The aim of this study is to share the data of AA patients who have underwent PB-derived allo-HSCT in our bone marrow transplantation center.MethodsTwenty-seven patients who underwent PB-derived allo-HSCT from human leukocyte antigen matched sibling donors were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsThe median follow-up time was 95.2 months (range, 4.8–235 months). The 10-year survival was 89 %. The median neutrophil and platelet engraftment time was 11 days (range, 9–16 days) and 13 days (range, 11–29 days), respectively. Primary platelet engraftment failure was observed in 1 patient (3.7 %). Acute and chronic GVHD observed in 2 (7.4 %) and 3 (11.1 %) patients, respectively. Neutropenic fever was observed in 13 (44.8 %) of patients until the engraftment after allo-HSCT. One patient died due to CMV infections, two died due to septic shock secondary to fungal infection.ConclusionAlthough there is no prospective data directly comparing BM with PB as stem cell source in AA, observational studies indicates better OS with BM. PB can be used in certain situations such as higher risk for graft failure and donor preference. This study demonstrated that PB-derived stem cell seems to be a reasonable alternative to BM.