涡轮增压器离心压气机非稳态工况流场分析

利用商用 CFD 软件对一小型车用离心压气机建立了数值模型,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比:稳态的设计转速最高压比相差不超过 0.5%,最高效率相差不超过1.5%;非稳态模拟和实验得到的失速频率均为 3000Hz,模拟结果真实可信.主要利用设计转速下小流量工况时的非稳态数值模拟结果对喘振发生前离心压气机各部件的非稳态流动特点进行了详尽阐述.研究结果表明:小流量工况时离心压气机各部件均出现非稳态流动现象,这种非稳态效应在各部件中表现出不同的特点,且随着流量的减小这种非稳态效应会不断加剧.     

小型高速离心压气机级内部的三维流场分析

利用三维数值模拟技术对微型燃气轮机中的离心压气机部分进行了数值分析,得到了离心压气机设计转速下的级特性曲线和各通流部件中的流动情况。数值分析表明:设计转速下压气机的级特性非常陡峭;整个特性线范围内离心叶轮基本在亚音速情况下工作,而径向扩压器是在跨音速条件下工作,离心压气机整机的最大流量是由径向扩压器的喉部面积决定的;离心压气机级内部各通流部件之间流动的相互干扰是引起流动分离的重要原因,各通流部件之间流动的相互匹配和协调将决定了离心压气机整机的性能和稳定性。     

悬臂止推箔片轴承三维流-固-热耦合数值分析

工作温度是影响轴承性能关键因素之一,为了深入分析轴承气膜温度变化对箔片轴承承载特性的影响,本文中建立了考虑冷却气实际流动特性的悬臂止推箔片轴承三维流-固-热耦合模型,研究了轴承间隙、转速以及冷却气流速变化时悬臂箔片轴承气膜压力场和温度场等的变化规律.研究结果表明：随着轴承间隙减小以及轴承转速增大,气膜表面温度逐渐升高,其中气膜高压区温度上升更快,气膜温度与轴承间隙呈现线性变化趋势,气膜温度与转速呈现非线性增长的趋势,相比于轴承间隙,轴承转速升高对润滑气膜温度场影响更大,气膜温度过高可能会造成轴承热失效,因此需要深入研究工作温度对轴承性能的影响;随着冷却气流速增大,轴承承载力和气膜温度逐渐减小.冷却气流速增大到一定程度时,降温效果不再发生明显变化.     

离心压气机叶片扩压器的不稳定流动特征

本文用高频响应的热线风速仪及压力传感器作为测量仪器,与磁带记录仪及CF-920动态信号分析仪一起,组成测量及分析系统,并用该系统对离心压气机带叶片扩压器时的流动脉动进行了测量,得出了流体脉动的时间和空间特征.文中给出了失速波形及失速参数随流量的详细变化.本文装置上产生三团失速,流量减小过程中。失速团以2.2%～7%的叶轮转动速度旋转.转速变化时,失速现象的演变过程并不发生变化.失速时,叶片扩压器前缘附近的流动最为恶化,流体脉动幅度较大,气流角的变化剧烈.     

基于流固耦合的跨声速压气机叶片静气动弹性分析

采用时域推进的双向流固耦合方法对一级跨声速压气机叶片流场和固体域进行数值模拟,研究跨声速转子叶片静气动弹性变形及其对气动性能的影响,对比分析了100%转速下转子叶片的气动特性和固有频率的变化.结果表明:转子叶片在气动力和离心惯性力共同作用下的弹性变形以扭转变形为主,气动力对叶尖前缘变形量的影响可达总变形量的20%.转子叶片变形后通道流通能力增强,气动特性曲线向大流量方向偏移.     

延安宝塔山景区滑坡地质灾害风险评估

机匣与叶片的相对转动是影响涡轮叶顶间隙流动的重要因素之一. 对LISA 1.5级轴流涡轮间隙内部流动的数值计算结果表明：叶片转动对涡轮间隙流动有阻塞作用. 叶片静止时,由于阻塞作用消失,导致间隙入口速度增大,间隙流量增加,并且通过间隙的 流体全部卷起形成间隙涡. 同时在叶片顶部吸力面侧前缘、中部各形成一个间隙涡,使得间 隙流动损失增加. 而且转速下降会加剧动叶出口截面气流过偏/偏转不足现象. 同时叶片静止 时,间隙前部各个弦长截面内静压自间隙入口开始一直呈增加趋势,直到叶片尾缘附近截面, 间隙截面内静压才逐渐稳定.     

高速涡轮泵机械密封端面温度变化规律研究

以高速涡轮泵用机械密封为研究对象，以15#液压油为试验介质，考虑循环冷却量、转速、介质压力以及不同摩擦副配对等因素，采用自行搭建的高速密封试验台开展端面温度变化规律的研究. 结果表明:对于高速机械密封，上述因素均对端面温度产生影响，其中转速对端面温度的影响基本成线性关系，循环冷却量对端面温度的影响存在一个阈值，建议实际设计时取阈值的120%，介质压力对端面温度产生影响较大，但是影响程度不如转速；以尽可能获得低的端面温度值来判断，用作静环时浸渍树脂石墨比普通石墨合适，用作动环时碳化硅比钼合金合适.      

基于光滑粒子流体动力学的滑油泵数值仿真

基于光滑粒子流体动力学方法,构建齿轮泵壳体及内部流体的粒子模型,对内啮合齿轮泵在不同工况下的流量特性进行数值模拟。首先设置了均匀分布的油泵出入口压强,计算得到的流量结果与试验结果吻合,且在中低转速下流量与转速呈线性关系;针对高转速下油泵流量降低的问题,通过适当减小周期模型内部的流体粒子数反映流量降低,获得了与试验值相吻合的连续转速流量的模拟结果;针对影响齿轮泵性能的间隙和空化现象,结合模型特点给出了相应的近似处理方法。通过以上研究,将SPH方法成功地应用于滑油泵问题的分析计算。     

离心惯性力效应对超临界二氧化碳干气密封流场与密封特性影响分析

为揭示离心惯性力效应对S-CO₂干气密封流场与密封特性的影响规律，以螺旋槽干气密封为研究对象，引用考虑离心惯性力效应的Reynolds方程，在考虑气膜真实气体效应、黏度随压力与温度双重变化的同时，基于N-S方程与能量守恒定律，建立了绝热状态下考虑离心惯性力效应作用的能量控制方程. 然后，采用有限差分法对压力控制方程与能量控制方程进行耦合求解，并对考虑离心惯性力效应与没有考虑离心惯性力效应下的压力分布、温度分布以及密封特性进行了分析讨论. 研究表明:离心惯性力效应具有削弱流场内压力与温度的作用；从避免凝结流动角度考虑，离心惯性力效应引起的温降将不利于S-CO₂干气密封；考虑离心惯性力效应作用时，气膜开启力在不同槽深与转速下存在最佳工况点，泄漏率随着转速的增加显著减小，而离心惯性力效应与膜厚之间没有强交互作用；考虑离心惯性力效应作用的气膜开启力、泄漏率、出口温度均比不考虑离心惯性力效应作用的小，且这种差异随着转速的增大而增加，而随着膜厚的变化没有改变. 这些结果为进一步研究S-CO₂干气密封奠定了一定的理论基础.      

双矩形腔静压滑动轴承高速时的油膜润滑特性

针对静压轴承运行过程中因工作转速(尤其是较高转速)的变化和内部流体受压摩擦发热导致油膜变薄,进而影响机械加工精度和运行可靠性的问题,采用动网格技术探索变黏度条件静压轴承高速时的油膜润滑特性.该研究方法针对新型Q1-205双矩形腔静压推力轴承,建立了轴承油膜润滑特性理论分析模型,采用C语言编辑了用于控制边界层网格运动及变黏度的UDF程序,利用有限体积法仿真分析了该型号轴承在80、100、120、140、160、180和200 r/min高转速下的油膜动态性能,揭示出高转速下膜厚变化对油腔温度、压力、流速、封油边处流量的影响规律.最后,通过设计试验测试了一定载荷下不同转速时的油膜厚度、油腔压力和温度的变化,并对理论分析和仿真模拟加以验证.研究发现,高速下的静压轴承随着油膜厚度减小,油膜温度升高加快,其黏度下降导致高速运转下润滑油变稀,形成的动压不足以补偿压力损失的压降,导致低膜厚下工作转速升高油腔内压力值反而有所降低.     

Convection heat and mass transfer from a disk

The aim of the present study is to investigate the coupling influence of the disk rotating speed and air velocity from laboratory room on the local heat and mass characteristics from a disk in wind tunnel with the naphthalene sublimation technique. The experiments are performed at four different free stream flow velocities. From the experimental results, the correlation of Sherwood number with the coupling Reynolds number and of Nusselt number with the coupling Reynolds number are both proposed in the present work.     

Investigation on convective heat transfer over a rotating disk with discrete pins

A three-dimensional numerical study on the flow and heat transfer characteristics over a rotating disk surface with discrete pins was conducted by the use of RNG k–ε turbulent model. And some experiments were also made for validation. The effects of rotating angular speed and pin configuration on the temperature maps and convective heat transfer characteristics on the rotating surface were analyzed. As the increase of rotating velocity, the impingement of pumping jet on the centre of rotating disk becomes stronger and the transition from laminar to turbulent occurs at the outer radius of rotating disk, which resulting in heat transfer enhancement. The pins on the disk make the pumping action of a rotating disk weaker. Simultaneously, they also act as perturbing elements to the cyclone flow near the rotating disk surface, making the overall heat transfer to be enhanced. The needle pins have higher convective heat transfer capacity than the discrete ring pins with the same extend pin areas.     

Exact Solution of the Heat Transfer Problem for a Rotating Disk under Uniform Jet Impingement

An exact solution of the heat transfer problem for a uniform air stream impinging on a rotating disk is found. By introducing self-similar radial velocity and temperature profiles, the problem is reduced to a system of ordinary differential equations which are solved numerically. The Nusselt numbers are calculated for Prandtl numbers equal to 1 and 0.71 and various ratios of the free-stream velocity to the disk rotation velocity. The limits of the flow regime in which the heat transfer is determined solely by the impact jet parameters are found. The results are compared with experimental data for the stagnation point.     

Air-cooled gas-turbine discs: a review of recent research

The flow between corotating compressor or turbine discs and the flow between a turbine disc and an adjacent stationary casing can be respectively modelled by a rotating cavity and by a rotor-stator system. This paper reviews some of the recent experimental and theoretical work on flow and heat transfer in these two classes of rotating-disc systems. Comparisons between the theoretical and measured distributions of velocity, pressure, and Nusselt numbers are made for the rotating cavity with a superimposed radial flow of cooling air. For the rotor-stator system, some recent work on the fluid dynamics is outlined, and particular mention is made of the so-called “ingress problem” and of the use of pre-swirl air to improve the blade-cooling effectiveness.     

Time-resolved particle imaging velocimetry for the investigation of rotating stall in a radial pump

The operating range of turbomachines is limited in terms of the low flow rate by instabilities appearing in flow-leading parts of the machinery resulting in the creation of vortices. If the flow is further throttled, stall cells can start to propagate in the impeller at a fraction of the rotor speed. This article presents an investigation of rotating stall at different flow rates in a radial pump using time-resolved particle imaging velocimetry (PIV). This technique was used to investigate the flow field at the same position in every channel of the impeller during several revolutions. Frequency analysis was applied to the measured velocities to calculate the angular speed of the rotating stall in the impeller. The interest of time-resolved PIV to understand rotating stall is demonstrated, as it allows measurement of transient, irregularly appearing flow fields.     

Experimental study of convective heat transfer from a rotating finned tube in transverse air flow

 The convective heat transfer from fins to air has been evaluated using rotating annular fins subjected to an air flow parallel to the fins. The fin cooling is studied using infrared thermography. The thermal balance in a fin during its cooling process allows us to obtain the heat transfer coefficient from the temperature time evolution of the fin. Moreover, Particle Image Velocimetry allows us to obtain the flow field in the mid-plane between two fins. The influence of the fin spacing on the convective heat transfer is studied for various velocities of the superposed air flow and various fin rotational speeds. These tests were carried out for air flow Reynolds numbers (based on the shaft diameter and the velocity of the superposed air flow) between 2550 and 18200 and rotational Reynolds numbers (based on the shaft diameter and the peripheral speed) between 800 and 2.9 × 10⁴, for different fin spacings. Received: 14 May 1999/Accepted: 8 October 1999     

Rotational flow of Oldroyd-B nanofluid subject to Cattaneo-Christov double diffusion theory

A nanofluid is composed of a base fluid component and nanoparticles, in which the nanoparticles are dispersed in the base fluid. The addition of nanoparticles into a base fluid can remarkably improve the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, and such an increment of thermal conductivity can play an important role in improving the heat transfer rate of the base fluid. Further, the dynamics of non-Newtonian fluids along with nanoparticles is quite interesting with numerous industrial applications. The present predominately predictive modeling studies the flow of the viscoelastic Oldroyd-B fluid over a rotating disk in the presence of nanoparticles. A progressive amendment in the heat and concentration equations is made by exploiting the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux expressions. The characteristic of the Lorentz force due to the magnetic field applied normal to the disk is studied. The Buongiorno model together with the Cattaneo-Christov theory is implemented in the Oldroyd-B nanofluid flow to investigate the heat and mass transport mechanism. This theory predicts the characteristics of the fluid thermal and solutal relaxation time on the boundary layer flow. The von K′arm′an similarity functions are utilized to convert the partial differential equations(PDEs) into ordinary differential equations(ODEs). A homotopic approach for obtaining the analytical solutions to the governing nonlinear problem is carried out. The graphical results are obtained for the velocity field, temperature, and concentration distributions. Comparisons are made for a limiting case between the numerical and analytical solutions, and the results are found in good agreement. The results reveal that the thermal and solutal relaxation time parameters diminish the temperature and concentration distributions, respectively. The axial flow decreases in the downward direction for higher values of the retardation time parameter. The impact of the thermophoresis parameter boosts the temperature distribution.     

Design, testing and two-dimensional flow modeling of a multiple-disk fan

A multiple-disk Tesla type fan has been designed, tested and analyzed two-dimensionally using the conservation of angular momentum principle. Experimental results showed that such multiple-disk fans exhibited exceptionally low performance characteristics, which could be attributed to the low viscosity, tangential nature of the flow, and large mechanical energy losses at both suction and discharge sections that are comparable to the total input power. By means of theoretical analysis, local and overall shearing stresses on the disk surfaces have been determined based on tangential and radial velocity distributions of the air flow of different volume flow rates at prescribed disk spaces and rotational speeds. Then the total power transmitted by rotating disks to air flow, and the power acquired by the air flow in the gap due to transfer of angular momentum have been obtained by numerically integrating shearing stresses over the disk surfaces. Using the measured shaft and hydraulic powers, these quantities were utilized to evaluate mechanical energy losses associated with the suction and discharge sections of the fan.     

Numerical study of the flow and heat transfer in a Reiner-Rivlin fluid on a rotating porous disk

An unsteady flow and heat transfer to an infinite porous disk rotating in a Reiner—Rivlin non-Newtonian fluid are considered. The effect of the non-Newtonian fluid characteristics and injection (suction) through the disk surface on velocity and temperature distributions and heat transfer is considered. Numerical solutions are obtained over the entire range of the governing parameters.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 85–95, January–February, 2005.     

Effect of an axial throughflow on buoyancy-induced flow in a rotating cavity

In this paper large-eddy simulation is used to study buoyancy-induced flow in a rotating cavity with an axial throughflow of cooling air. This configuration is relevant in the context of secondary air systems of modern gas turbines, where cooling air is used to extract heat from compressor disks. Although global flow features of these flows are well understood, other aspects such as flow statistics, especially in terms of the disk and shroud boundary layers, have not been studied. Here, previous work for a sealed rotating cavity is extended to investigate the effect of an axial throughflow on flow statistics and heat transfer. Time- and circumferentially-averaged results reveal that the thickness of the boundary layers forming near the upstream and downstream disks is consistent with that of a laminar Ekman layer, although it is shown that the boundary layer thickness distribution along the radial direction presents greater variations than in the sealed cavity case. Instantaneous profiles of the radial and azimuthal velocities near the disks show good qualitative agreement with an Ekman-type analytical solution, especially in terms of the boundary layer thickness. The shroud heat transfer is shown to be governed by the local centrifugal acceleration and by a core temperature, which has a weak dependence on the value of the axial Reynolds number. Spectral analyses of time signals obtained at selected locations indicate that, even though the disk boundary layers behave as unsteady laminar Ekman layers, the flow inside the cavity is turbulent and highly intermittent. In comparison with a sealed cavity, cases with an axial throughflow are characterised by a broader range of frequencies, which arise from the interaction between the laminar jet and the buoyant flow inside the cavity.