晶体心脏停搏液优于血液心脏停搏液对风湿性心脏病患者的心肌保护

目的比较血液心脏停搏液和晶体停搏液对风湿性心脏病患者心肌保护的效果,为临床选择提供依据。方法将75例择期手术的风湿性心脏病患者分为两组:血液心脏停搏液组(B-rh)和晶体心脏停搏液组(C-rh)。分别于术前1d,术后1,3,5,8d晨分别取静脉血,测定血清天门冬氨酸氨基转氨酶(AST),肌酸激酶(CK)及同工酶MB(CK-MB),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及同工酶1(LDH-1)。结果术前除B-rh的LDH略高于正常水平外其它心肌酶的测定结果均在正常范围;术后1d两组的心肌酶分别升高到术前的3~19倍(P<0.05);术后3d两组的CK-MB虽说已恢复到正常值,但五种心肌酶仍明显高于术前水平(P<0.05);术后5dC-rh的CK和CK-MB,B-rh的CK,CK-MB和AST与术前相比已无明显差别(P>0.05);术后8d两组的LDH与LDH-1仍未恢复正常(P<0.05)。两组间有显著差异的心肌酶释放均是B-rh的高。心肌酶的释放量与主动脉阻断时间(CCT)和体外循环时间(ECCT)呈良好的正相关。两组患者的年龄,体重和ECCT无明显差异(P>0.05),CCT以B-rh为短[(77.2±34.6)min比(61.7±26.7)min,P<0.05]。结论从心肌酶的释放来判断,晶体心脏停搏液优于血液心脏停搏液对风湿性心脏病患者的心肌保护效果。     

非体外循环下冠状动脉架桥术患者围术期心肌酶的动态变化

目的了解非体外循环下冠状动脉架桥术(OPCAB)患者围术期心肌酶的动态变化.方法13例OPCAB患者术前1 d,术后1、3、5、8 d晨分别取静脉血,测定血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、磷酸肌酸激酶及同功酶MB(CK,CK-MB)、乳酸脱氢酶及同功酶1(LDH,LDH-1).结果择期手术的OPCAB患者术前5种心肌酶均在正常范围,术后1 d达到高峰(P＜0.05);术后3 d CK-MB恢复到正常范围,其他心肌酶比术前测定值高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);术后5 d CK,术后8 d LDH、LDH-1恢复到正常水平,AST在手术后的所有测定值与手术前测定值相比差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论择期OPCAB患者术前5种心肌酶均在正常范围;术后1 d达最高峰,CK-MB恢复最快,LDH和LDH-1恢复最慢.OPCAB是一种对心肌损伤很小的手术方法.     

晶体停跳液和含血停跳液的临床应用研究

目的：观察晶体停跳液和含血停跳液对心肌的保护作用。方法：２０例择期性心脏瓣膜替换术患者分别用晶体停跳液（１０例）和含血停跳液（１０例）灌注的结果进行分析。结果：两组在直视手术中心脏停跳良好。围术期血液动力学指标，平均动脉压、中心静脉压、心率无明显差异。心肌摄氧率大致相同。但晶体停跳液组的冠状动脉乳酸摄取率明显低于含血停跳液组，而含血停跳液组的血浆肌酸激酶及其同功酶的水平明显低于晶体停跳液组。电子显微镜观察可见晶体停跳液组右心房心肌的超微结构（线粒体、肌丝）严重损坏，而含血停跳液组对其有明显保护效果。含血停跳液组自动复跳率（６０．５％）明显高于晶体停跳液组（４４．９％）。结论：含血停跳液有很多优点，如临床安全性、心肌酶释放减少、超微结构损伤轻等。     

含血停跳液与晶体停跳液对婴幼儿心肌保护的比较

目的 :比较冷含血停跳液与冷晶体停跳液灌注在婴幼儿心脏外科中的心肌保护效果。方法 :30例非紫绀型先心病患儿 (平均年龄 16个月 ,体重 9kg) ,随机分成 2组。升主动脉阻断后分别从主动脉根部灌注 4℃晶体停跳液 (晶灌 )或冷血停跳液 (血灌 )。术前、术中、术后分别测定 (1)心肌酶(CK MB ,TNT)。 (2 )氧自由基代谢产物 (MDA)。 (3)心肌细胞组织学检查。 (4)术后正性肌力药物使用及ICU滞留时间。结果 :CK MB、TNT及MDA 2组病人无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,线粒体损伤程度术前及术后均无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,术后病人正性肌力药物使用及ICU滞留时间 2组病人均无显著性差异 (P>0 0 5 )。结论 :本研究提示婴幼儿非紫绀型心脏外科手术中冷含血停跳液与冷晶体停跳液的心肌保护作用无明显差异 ,但对于术前存在心衰及需长时间阻断升主动脉的病人 ,哪种停跳液更为有益 ,需进一步研究探讨     

温血停跳液持续灌注与冷晶体停跳液间断灌注对心肌保护作用的比较

本文从临床效果、心肌酶代谢及细胞超微结构的变化方面，比较温血停跳液持续灌注与冷晶体停跳液间断灌注对心肌的保护作用。结果为，常温组术后自动复跳率为９２．３％，低温组仅２３．１％；常温组心肌酶释放减少，术后心脏功能恢复较快；心肌超微结构观察显示常温组细胞线粒体损伤较轻，心肌破坏较少。表明常温体外循环行温血停跳液持续灌注，对心肌的保护作用较以往的低温体外循环用冷晶体停跳液间断灌注为佳。     

非体外与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的心肌酶变化

目的 比较患者在非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,OPCAB)与体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术(on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting,CCABG)围术期心肌酶的变化.方法 择期手术的冠心病患者52例,分为OPCAB组和CCABG组.分别于术前1天,术后1,3,5,8日晨测定血清天冬氨酸转氨酶(glutamic-oxal (o)acetic transaminase,GOT),肌酸激酶(creatine kinase,CK)及心肌型肌酸激酶同工酶MB(MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase,CK-MB),乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)及同工酶1(LDH-1).结果 两组择期手术的冠心病患者术前心肌酶的测定结果均在正常范围;术后第1天两组的心肌酶释放达到高峰(P＜0.05),术后第3天均有不同程度的恢复;OPCAB组的所有心肌酶释放量与手术前相比差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),CCABG组的CK-MB也恢复到手术前水平(P＞0.05),但CCABG组在术后第5天和第8天的LDH和LDH-1仍明显高于术前水平(P＜0.05);两组病人术后第3天的CK-MB恢复到术前水平,但CCABG组其他心肌酶在术后第1天和第3天都明显高于OPCAB组(P＜0.05),CCABG组在术后第5天和第8天的LDH和LDH-1仍明显高于OPCAB的对应值(P＜0.05).结论 OPCAB组的心肌的损伤要轻于CCABG组,表现为心肌酶的释放少而且恢复快.     

两种停跳液对法洛四联症患者术后凝血功能的影响

目的评价晶体停跳液、冷血停跳液对法洛四联症患者术后凝血功能的影响。方法我科近两年的法洛四联症学龄期儿童患者52例,随机分成两组,每组26例,一组采用晶体停跳液灌注,一组采用冷血停跳液灌注,灌注方法相同,都是采取主动脉根部顺行灌注。于术前,术后6h、24h、48h、72h检测血凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和纤维蛋白原(FBG)、抗凝血酶Ⅲ(ATⅢ)和D-二聚体含量。结果两组术前与术后不同时间各项指标比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05),两组术后不同时间比较部分指标差异也有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论冷血停跳液在对法洛四联症患者术后凝血功能的影响明显较晶体停跳液小。     

自体冷血停跳液对未成熟心肌保护机制的研究

目的:研究婴幼儿心内直视手术灌注不同停跳液心肌细胞丙二醛(MDA)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的变化,探讨自体冷血停跳液对婴幼儿心肌保护的作用机制.方法:婴幼儿(体重≤8 Kg)非发绀先天性心脏病30例,随机分为自体冷血(A组)、冷血(B组)和晶体(C组)停跳液组,每组10例.分别于心脏停跳前、复跳后取右心耳心肌,检测心肌MDA和SOD含量.结果:3组术后心肌细胞MDA明显升高,SOD明显降低,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);其中A组MDA较低,SOD较高,与B、C组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:自体冷血停跳液通过降低心肌细胞氧自由基的产生对婴幼儿心内直视手术心肌具有保护作用.     

大鼠体外循环基础上应用停跳液心脏停跳模型的建立

目的:在大鼠普通体外循环(CPB)模型基础上,建立灌注心停跳液心脏停跳(CA)模型,比较CA模型与普通CPB模型实验大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤情况;观察CA模型大鼠术后的存活和恢复情况。方法:借助血管穿刺置管技术,在大鼠普通CPB模型基础上,通过右侧颈总动脉置入双腔气囊导管,充气套囊、阻断升主动脉及灌注心脏停跳液使心脏停搏。比较CPB模型大鼠(n=6)和CA模型大鼠(n=15)心肌缺血再灌注损伤的区别;分别在术后1 d、1周和2周3个时点观察CA模型大鼠恢复情况(n=5)。结果:CA大鼠在心脏缺血再灌注60 min后,心型脂肪酸结合蛋白(HFABP)和心肌肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)明显高于术前基础值和普通CPB组水平,在复灌后3 h达到顶峰,术后1 d降低,在术后1周和2周的观察时点回降至术前水平。左心室射血分数(EF)在2组动物之间差别不大;舒张早期血流峰值/舒张晚期血流峰值比值(E/A比值)在CPB后降低,而在CA后进一步下降。CA组大鼠均存活,但术后质量明显降低,在术后1周时最为显著,2周时大鼠质量已经恢复,并且超过术前水平。结论:本实验在普通的CPB模型基础上成功的建立了CA模型。同普通CPB模型大鼠相比,CA模型大鼠在CPB心脏缺血再灌注后,出现了明显的心肌损伤。CA大鼠具有较高的存活率。     

自体冷血停跳液保护未成熟心肌的价值

目的研究自体冷血停跳液在婴幼儿心内直视手术中保护未成熟心肌的价值。方法婴幼儿（体重≤8k）非发绀型先天性心脏病30例,随机分为自体冷血（A组）、冷血（B组）和晶体（C组）停跳液组,每组10例。分别于术前,术毕,术后24、48h经桡动脉抽血检测心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）及磷酸肌酸激酶同功酶（CK—MB）,术中记录复跳时间、室颤发生率和自动复跳率,术后监测心脏指数（CI）。结果术后cTnI和CK—MB明显升高,以后逐渐下降,同组手术前、后比较,cTnI术毕明显升高（P〈0．01）,CK—MB术后24h达到高峰（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）。A组与B组、C组比较,复跳时间、cTnI和CK—MB差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）;CIA组优于B和C组;室颤发生率和自动复跳率各组差异无统计学意义。B组与C组比较,复跳时间和cTnI差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;CIB组优于C组。结论自体冷血停跳液优于冷血和晶体停跳液,对婴幼儿心内直视手术保护未成熟心肌有重要价值。     

心肌酶谱对血停跳液心肌保护作用的评价

在５２例复杂先心病心内矫正术中，应用血停跳液（ＢＣＰ）加强心肌保护，与晶体停跳液（ＣＣＰ）进行比较。记录术前、术后６、１２、２４、４８、７２小时内ＣＰＫ、ＣＫ－ＭＢ、ＡＳＴ、ＬＤＨ的变化。结果显示５：术后７２小时内，ＢＣＰ组ＣＫ－ＭＢ值均低于ＣＣＰ组，其峰值只是ＣＣＰ组的５９．８％（Ｐ＜０．０５），酶的释出量大为减少，并于７２小时降至正常，恢复比ＣＣＰ组早；ＣＰＫ、ＡＳＴ、ＬＤＨ值均显示较ＣＣＰ组低。血停跳液能增加心肌能量储备，提高心肌抗缺血的能力，减轻心肌损伤的程度，在加强复杂先心病的心肌保护中，显示出显著的效果。ＢＣＰ心肌保护的效果优于ＣＣＰ。     

Hyperkalemic blood versus crystalloid cardioplegia in longer clamping times

The 715 patients who had crystalloid cardioplegia were compared with 5419 who had cold hyperkalemic blood cardioplegia for isolated coronary artery grafting from 1996 through 2001. Creatine kinase-MB was measured preoperatively, at 90 min, and 7 hours after the end of extracorporeal circulation. Correlation of post-bypass creatine kinase-MB release with aortic crossclamp time and other variables in the two cardioplegia groups was made using dichotomous encoding of cardioplegia in a multivariate linear regression model. Creatine kinase-MB levels 90 min after bypass were higher in patients who had crystalloid cardioplegia than in those who had blood cardioplegia. There was a linear relationship between aortic crossclamp time and post-bypass creatine kinase-MB release in both cardioplegia groups. Post-bypass creatine kinase-MB release increased with aortic crossclamp time independently of other factors and significantly more with crystalloid cardioplegia than with blood cardioplegia (the slope of the regression line was 0.230 versus 0.106). Intraaortic balloon pumping was used less frequently in the blood cardioplegia group. There was an advantage with blood cardioplegia for myocardial protection in longer aortic crossclamp times for isolated coronary bypass grafting.     

改良式温血停搏液在心脏瓣膜置换术中心肌保护作用的研究

为探讨改良式温血停搏液（WBC）持续灌注在心脏瓣膜置换术中的心肌保护作用。随机将103例患者分为两组，观察组（43例）术中采用WBC、对照组（60例）应用冷晶体停搏液（CCC）行心肌保护，结果观察组血清心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）水平明显低于对照组，随缺血时间延长差别更加明显：心脏自动复跳率明显高于对照组（P＜0．01），观察组无死亡，对照组围术期死亡2例，均为低心排。术后观察组多巴胺用量明显低于对照组（P＜0．01），补钾量明显减少，认为心脏瓣膜置换术中WBC持续灌注较CCC间断灌注具更好的心肌保护作用。     

Clinical evaluation of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation, multi-dose blood cardioplegia, and single-dose Bretschneider cardioplegia in coronary surgery

37 patients undergoing coronary revascularization were randomly assigned to three protocols for intraoperative myocardial protection: hypothermic ventricular fibrillation (HF) (n = 13), multi-dose blood cardioplegia (BCP) (n = 12) and single-dose Bretschneider's crystalloid cardioplegia (CCP) (n = 12). As intraoperative markers of ischemic damage myocardial ultrastructure, ATP, and CP contents were determined in left ventricular biopsy specimens taken before and after cardiac arrest. Release of serum enzymes (CK, CK-MB, LDH, SGOT) was determined pre- and postoperatively. Hemodynamic data were assessed before, during, and after operation. The incidence of low cardiac output, positive inotropic support, intraaortic balloon counterpulsation, peri-operative myocardial infarction, rhythm disturbances, and the rate of spontaneous defibrillation was compared between groups. The results show a better preservation of high energy phosphates in the BCP group as compared to the HF and CCP groups. Myocardial ultrastructure showed moderate ischemic damage in the hypothermic fibrillation group; in contrast, only slightly deteriorated cells were seen after cardiac arrest, when cardioplegia was used. The incidence of rhythm disturbances was 25% for HF and 42% for CCP. In contrast, only 17% of new rhythm disturbances were seen in the BCP group. Functional recovery (i.e. CI and SWI) of hearts protected with BCP was generally greater as compared to HF and CCP. Release of MB-creatine-kinase isoenzyme was higher in the HF group as compared to cardioplegia. Clinical outcome in terms of incidence of peri-operative infarction, positive inotropic support and low cardiac output was superior in the BCP group but not significantly different between groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Terminal warm blood cardioplegia in mitral valve replacement: prospective study

Terminal warm blood cardioplegia has had a profound impact on cardiac surgery, especially in coronary artery bypass surgery, but there have been few studies on its use in mitral valve replacement. The purpose of this study was to determine whether terminal warm blood cardioplegia offers any advantages in mitral valve replacement. Forty patients with mitral valve disease were prospectively randomized to one of two groups of 20 with different techniques of myocardial protection: group A had cold blood cardioplegia, and group B had cold blood cardioplegia with terminal warm blood cardioplegia. Intraoperative and postoperative variables were used to assess primary outcomes. Postoperative troponin T release was measured as a secondary outcome. Improved spontaneous recovery of sinus rhythm was observed in group B, but the difference was not significant. The maximum doses of inotropics, duration of inotropic support, intensive care unit stay, and postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction were similar in both groups. Troponin T release at 0 and 6 h postoperatively was not different between the two groups. This study did not find any benefit of terminal warm blood cardioplegia in either clinical outcome or troponin T release after mitral valve replacement.     

Transcardiac release of soluble adhesion molecules during coronary artery bypass grafting: effects of crystalloid and blood cardioplegia

BACKGROUND: Dysfunction of myocardium as a result of ischemia/reperfusion during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is currently one of the biggest problems in cardiovascular surgery. In previous studies, it has been well established that activated leukocytes and coronary vascular endothelial cells play an important role in the development of cardiac tissue damage during ischemia followed by reperfusion. Interactions between both of these cell types require the expression of adhesion molecules on their surface. In certain conditions, on cell activation, the adhesion proteins may be released from activated cells in soluble form into circulation. The purpose of our study was to establish whether the use of blood cardioplegia modifies plasma levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), and soluble L-selectin (sL-selectin) in comparison with crystalloid cardioplegia in patients undergoing CABG. METHODS: Patients undergoing CABG were classified into two groups to receive cold crystalloid cardioplegia (St. Thomas' Hospital) or cold blood cardioplegia (method of Buckberg), followed by a "warm-shot" of the solution. Coronary sinus and arterial blood samples were obtained from 50 patients (42 men and 8 women; age range, 34 to 73 years) before aortic cross-clamping, at the beginning of reperfusion, and after 30 min of reperfusion. Plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules were measured using sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: The transcardiac release of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion during CABG was evident in both groups of patients. However, the increase of soluble forms of both of these adhesion proteins was more significant in the group of patients receiving crystalloid cardioplegia. Crystalloid cardioplegia resulted in decreased plasma level of sE-selectin in the coronary sinus blood sample after 30 min of reperfusion. No significant changes in plasma levels of sL-selectin in either group were observed. CONCLUSION: Cardioplegia may affect the release of soluble forms of adhesion molecules from ischemic myocardium and modify endothelium activation in patients undergoing CABG.     

Continuous tepid blood cardioplegia can preserve coronary endothelium and ameliorate the occurrence of cardiomyocyte apoptosis

OBJECTIVE: In modern cardiac surgery, crystalloid or blood cardioplegic solutions have been used widely for myocardial protection; however, ischemia does occur during protection with intermittent infusion of cold crystalloid or blood cardioplegic solutions. The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of different cardioplegic methods on myocardial apoptosis and coronary endothelial injury after global ischemia, cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and reperfusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. METHODS: The dogs were classified into five groups to identify the injury of myocardium and coronary endothelium: group 1, normothermic CPB without cardiac arrest; group 2, hypothermic CPB with continuous tepid blood cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; group 3, hypothermic CPB with intermittent cold blood cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; group 4, hypothermic CPB with intermittent cold crystalloid cardioplegia, and with cardiac arrest; and group 5, sham-operated control group. During CPB, cardiac arrest was achieved with different cardioplegia solutions for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 4 h before the myocardium and coronary arteries were harvested. Coronary arteries were harvested immediately and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Cardiomyocytic apoptosis was detected using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end labeling, Western blot, and DNA ladder methods. RESULTS: Regardless of the detection method used, significantly higher percentages of apoptotic cardiomyocytes were found in group 3 and group 4 than in other groups. Expression of caspase-3 correlated with increased apoptosis. Scanning electron microscopy revealed severe endothelial injury of coronary arteries in group 3 and group 4. CONCLUSION: These results point to an important explanation for the difference in cardiac recovery after hypothermic ischemia and arrest with various cardioplegic solutions.