应用PCR技术鉴定豆奶粉、奶粉及果汁饮料中的有效成分

应用PCR技术对日常生活中几种常见的与人类健康和安全有关的豆奶粉、奶粉及果汁饮料等加工食品中的有效成分,包括大豆凝聚素(Lectin)基因、牛线粒体基因、植物叶绿体rbcL基因以及真核生物中普遍存在的核糖体DNA(18SrDNA)片段等进行检测,建立了这些样品的DNA提取、纯化以及单PCR和二重PCR检测技术体系。结果表明:应用单PCR技术和二重PCR技术检测样品的结果一致,且稳定、重复性好。     

马铃薯及其制品中转基因成分的多重PCR检测

采用CTAB法提取15个马铃薯及其制品样品中的总DNA,内源PATA基因的PCR扩增结果均为阳性,表明已提取到DNA。应用根癌农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因(nos)终止子和大肠杆菌K12菌株新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(nptⅡ)基因的二重PCR对样品进行转基因成分检测,结果均为阴性。将马铃薯DNA和阳性质粒pBI121混合作为PCR的反应模板,建立了内源PATA基因、花椰菜花叶病毒(Cauliflowermosaicvirus,CaMV)35S启动子、nos终止子和nptⅡ基因之间的多重PCR检测方法。多重PCR方法具有节约试剂、节省时间等特点,在转基因产品检测上的应用值得推广。     

食用植物油DNA提取方法的优化

目的建立可从不同种类食用植物油中提取得到高质量的、可用于分子生物学检测的DNA的提取方法。方法使用2种改进十六烷基三甲基溴化铵法(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide,CTAB)和2种商用试剂盒提取6种食用植物油的DNA,通过紫外分光光度计检测所得DNA样品的浓度和纯度。设计特异性引物,并通过普通聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)检测DNA样品是否可用于分子生物学分析。结果使用改良CTAB法1及2种商业试剂盒无法有效提取得到的6种食用植物油的DNA,样品无法满足分子生物学检测的需要,使用改良CTAB法2提取得到的6种食用植物油DNA纯度和浓度检测结果均为最佳,其提取的橄榄油、菜籽油、花生油DNA样品可用于后续实时荧光定量PCR检测。结论该方法可为橄榄油、菜籽油、花生油DNA提取提供有效手段,为食用植物油检测和研究奠定基础。     

实时荧光PCR法鉴定野生食用菌中白牛肝菌成分

目的建立野生食用菌中白牛肝菌(Boletus bainiugan Dentinger)成分的荧光PCR检测方法。方法根据白牛肝菌的内源转录间隔区(internally transcribed spacer,ITS)基因序列设计白牛肝菌物种的特异性引物和探针,对样品中的靶标基因片段进行检测,并进行物种特异性检测、稳定性检测、灵敏度检测和实际应用检测。结果通过对供试的24种食用菌、动、植物材料进行检测,只有白牛肝菌出现特异性扩增,说明方法具有物种特异性;方法对白牛肝菌成分的检测灵敏度为1×10~(-4) ng/μL白牛肝菌DNA或0.1%(m/m)白牛肝菌粉。结论该方法简单、灵敏、快速、准确,能应用于野生食用菌和食品中白牛肝菌的成分检测。     

水产品中副溶血性弧菌特异性二重PCR检测方法的研究

建立快速检测水产品中副溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahae-molyticus)的二重PCR方法.以副溶血性弧菌特异性基因tlh和toxR为靶基因,选择2对引物,对5株副溶血性孤菌和40株非副溶血性弧菌进行特异性检测;梯度稀释副溶血性弧菌基因组DNA,以不同稀释度DNA作PCR扩增;在鱼肉样品中以不同菌量人工污染,不同增菌时间培养,提取DNA进行PCR扩增;应用该方法对实际样品进行检测.以tlh和toxR为靶基因的两对引物对副溶血性弧菌的检出有很好的特异性.PCR检测的灵敏度在DNA水平上达到28.76 pg;人工污染样品,当起始污染量为1 CFU/mL时,37℃增菌培养10 h即可检出.本试验一共检测了21份水产品样品,有14份检出了副溶血性弧菌.     

番茄、甜椒中转基因成分和内源基因的多重PCR检测方法的建立

采用SDS法提取番茄未成熟及成熟果实和甜椒成熟果实中的总DNA,内源rbcL基因扩增结果均为阳性,表明已提取到DNA及DNA中不存在抑制PCR的物质。应用花椰菜花叶病毒(Cauliflower mosaic virus,CaMV)35S启动子、根癌农杆菌胭脂碱合成酶基因(nos)终止子和大肠杆菌K12菌株新霉素磷酸转移酶Ⅱ(nptⅡ)基因的三重PCR检测样品DNA中的转基因成分,结果均为阴性。将番茄、甜椒的DNA和阳性质粒pBI121进行混和,作为PCR反应的DNA模板,成功建立了可同时检测内源rbcL基因、nptⅡ基因、CaMV35S启动子和nos终止子的多重PCR方法。多重PCR方法具有快速、简便、准确等特点,在转基因产品检测上具有重要的应用价值。     

高质量真姬菇全基因组提取方法筛选

食用菌细胞壁的复杂性增加了提取基因组的难度,为找到满足真姬菇全基因组序列分析的高质量基因组提取方法,分别使用氯仿-Tris法与CTAB-SDS法等12种方法提取真姬菇菌丝体基因组,并进行样品前处理的优化。经琼脂糖凝胶电泳、紫外分光光度计测定浓度和纯度、ITS序列的PCR扩增检测,结果表明:12种方法提取真姬菇菌丝体基因组时,氯仿-Tris法(样品烘干处理)与CTAB-SDS法(样本烘干处理)能得到较为完整的DNA。另外,通过在氯仿-Tris法(样品烘干处理)与CTAB-SDS法(样本烘干处理)的基础上增加柠檬酸钠-乙醇洗涤步骤,得到优化CTAB-SDS法。PCR检测结果显示,3种方法所得基因组DNA均能有效进行相应的酶反应。综合考虑基因组的浓度、纯度、完整性和有无降解等因素,优化CTAB-SDS法提取得到的基因组DNA(浓度为408.7 ng/μL,OD_(260)/OD_(280)为1.81±0.02)最适于真姬菇全基因组的序列分析。     

应用多重PCR检测食品中SARS病毒靶基因的初步研究

以分子生物学方法——聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术为基础,初步探讨了食品中SARS病毒靶基因片段的多重PCR检测技术。根据GenBank公开发表的SARS病毒基因组cDNA序列,人工合成克隆特异性靶基因DNA片段,以此片段作为阳性对照,并将其添加到罐装蘑菇、牛肉干、大豆、鱼干等食品的cDNA中作为阳性样品,再根据世界卫生组织推荐的引物序列合成引物,进行单PCR与多重PCR检测分析。结果表明:以单PCR法获得了121bp、182bp及302bp3条靶基因片段;以二重PCR法获得了121bp+182bp、121bp+302bp与182bp+302bp的靶基因片段组合;以三重PCR法获得了121bp+182bp+302bp的靶基因片段组合。检测灵敏度的实验表明:182bp片段的模板DNA量在0.003ng以上时,单PCR都能扩出清晰的条带,而121bp的靶基因片段只有模板DNA量在0.03ng以上时,单PCR才能扩出清晰的条带。它们的二重PCR分析的灵敏度与相应的单PCR分析灵敏度相同。     

外源转基因片段从转基因棉籽壳到食用菌水平转移研究

研究利用转基因棉籽壳种植食用菌是否会导致外源转基因片段从棉籽壳水平转移到食用菌中。从银耳生产基地与菇厂采集15份银耳样品与10份平菇样品(培养基质中转基因棉籽壳含量分别约为75%与92%),用PCR扩增检测是否存在转基因棉籽壳中的外源片段CaMV 35S、NOS、CpTⅠ、Cry IA(c)。此外,针对可能会用含棉籽壳基质培养的市售食用菌,从上海市闵行区各大中型超市与农贸市场采集市售样品47份,用PCR扩增检测外源转基因片段。结果显示,不论是生产基地明确用转基因棉籽壳培养的银耳与平菇样品,还是市售的各类食用菌均未发现存在外源转基因片段向食用菌水平转移的现象。     

影响米粉干转基因成分荧光PCR检测的若干因素分析

为提高米制品中转基因成分实时荧光PCR检测的灵敏度与检出率,以及优化样品中转基因成分的检出效果,以添加不同转基因含量的米制品(米粉干)为模拟转基因样品,对影响检测效果的因素包括样品颗粒细度、DNA提取过程中样品在CTAB裂解缓冲液中温育时间等因素进行分析。结果显示,当样品颗粒细度>100目、CTAB温育时间达到8h条件下,样品DNA提取及荧光PCR检测结果最好;在最优化的条件组合下,样品转基因成分的检出限可达到0.001%转基因含量,是通常认为的荧光PCR检出限0.01%的10倍。     

鱼翅类食品中鲨鱼成分PCR鉴定方法研究

本文针对鱼翅中的鲨鱼成分进行检测鉴定开发了一种快速灵敏的PCR检测方法,可检测鱼翅类食品中是否存在鲨鱼成分。根据鲨鱼线粒体的细胞色素亚基I基因序列设计了鲨鱼特异性引物,扩增长度为228 bp;为了评价方法的特异性,将设计的引物分别针对22份鱼翅样品DNA和37种其它种类DNA进行PCR检测,结果显示,只在鲨鱼鱼翅中能检测出特异的228 bp条带,其它37种物种中均无条带检出。为了评价方法的灵敏度,将鱼翅DNA中掺入了不同比例土豆DNA的样品采用本方法进行了PCR分析,显示方法可检测灵敏度为0.1%(m/m)。随机抽取45份不同类型的鱼翅样品,检测出22份鲨鱼翅均含鲨鱼成分,而21份仿鱼翅均不含鲨鱼成分而含有植物成分。该样品前处理方法、DNA提取方法以及PCR检测方法可广泛应用于食品中鲨鱼成分检测鉴定。     

Real-time polymerase chain reaction detection of bovine DNA in meat and bone meal samples

We describe a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the detection of bovine DNA extracted from meat and bone meal (MBM) samples. PCR primers were used to amplify a 271-bp region of the mitochondrial ATPase 8-ATPase 6 gene, and a fluorogenic probe (BOV1) labeled with a 5' FAM reporter and a 3' TAMRA quencher was designed to specifically detect bovine PCR product. The specificity of the BOV1 probe for the detection of the bovine PCR product was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization analysis of the probe with PCR products generated from ovine, porcine, and bovine genomic DNA extracted from blood and with PCR products generated from genomic DNA extracted from single-species laboratory scale rendered MBM samples. The specificity of the BOV1 probe was also evaluated in real-time PCR reactions including these genomic targets. Both methods demonstrated that the BOV1 probe was specific for the detection of bovine PCR product. The BOV1 probe had a detection limit of 0.0001% bovine material by Southern blot DNA probe hybridization analysis and a detection limit of 0.001% bovine material in the real-time PCR assay. Application of the real-time PCR assay to six industrial samples that had previously tested positive for the presence of bovine material with a conventional PCR assay yielded positive results with the real-time PCR assay for four samples.     

基于内转录间隔区序列对云南12株鹅膏菌的分子分析

目的 基于内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer, ITS)序列对云南省12株鹅膏菌进行分类鉴定。方法 采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵法(cetyltrimethylammonium Ammonium Bromide, CTAB)法提取12株鹅膏菌DNA, 以ITS4和ITS5为引物进行PCR扩增, 完成DNA序列测序, 对序列进行分析并对发育树进行构建。 结果 12个样品的ITS序列长度574~755 bp, GC含量39%~47%, 平均遗传距离为0.329, YN05、YN03与其他10株鹅膏亲缘关系较远。结论 ITS序列高度保守, 在真菌的科属种上能够初步实现对物种的鉴定和系统 发育分析, 为建立云南省鹅膏属分子数据库提供基础数据。     

Detection of aflatoxin-producing molds in Korean fermented foods and grains by multiplex PCR

An assay based on multiplex PCR was applied for the detection of potential aflatoxin-producing molds in Korean fermented foods and grains. Three genes, avfA, omtA, and ver-1, coding for key enzymes in aflatoxin biosynthesis, were used as aflatoxin-detecting target genes in multiplex PCR. DNA extracted from Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Penicillium expansum, and Fusarium verticillioides was used as PCR template to test specificity of the multiplex PCR assay. Positive results were achieved only with DNA that was extracted from the aflatoxigenic molds A. flavus and A. parasiticus in all three primer pairs. This result was supported by aflatoxin detection with direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DC-ELISA). The PCR assay required just a few hours, enabling rapid and simultaneous detection of many samples at a low cost. A total of 22 Meju samples, 24 Doenjang samples, and 10 barley samples commercially obtained in Korea were analyzed. The DC-ELISA assay for aflatoxin detection gave negative results for all samples, whereas the PCR-based method gave positive results for 1 of 22 Meju samples and 2 of 10 barley samples. After incubation of the positive samples with malt extract agar, DC-ELISA also gave positive results for aflatoxin detection. All Doenjang samples were negative by multiplex PCR and DC-ELISA assay, suggesting that aflatoxin contamination and the presence of aflatoxin-producing molds in Doenjang are probably low.     

Establishment and application of a polymerase chain reaction for the identification of beef

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method for the identification of beef by amplification of bovine 1.709 satellite DNA was established. The method not only was able to amplify raw beef DNA, but also cooked or autoclaved meat DNA. The sequence selected for amplification consisted of a 218 bp DNA fragment lying in the 1.709 satellite DNA of bovine. A pair of synthetic oligonucleotides flanking this sequence were used as printers, and genomic DNA extracted from beef samples employed as templates. Each batch of reaction mix contained Taq DNA polymerase, a buffer component, deoxynucleotide triphosphates, genomic DNA template and a pair of bovine oligodeoxynucleotide primers in a final volume of 50 μl. The amplification of bovine DNA was performed by using 33 cycles of denaturation at 94°C (40 s), annealing at 53.5°C (50 s) and extension at 72°C (60 s), with a 7 min extension at 72°C in the last cycles. The amplified products were subjected to rapid electrophoresis in 3% agarose gel and visualized under ultraviolet illumination after ethidium bromide staining. A Hae Ш restriction endonuclease test was done to verify the specificity of the PCR amplification, and the expected DNA fragments were produced. The specificity test demonstrated that this method was positive for bovine, buffalo and yak meat DNA, but negative for equine, sheep, goat, camel, swine, deer and mouse meat DNA, etc. At least 33.6 fg of DNA from raw beef samples and 0.32 pg of DNA from cooked or autoclaved beef samples were detected, respectively, by PCR. We tested 103 beef samples by PCR and obtained 100% correct identification. The method needed only 6 h for detection of meat products of all kinds. The results showed that the PCR method was sensitive, specific, convenient and rapid, so it may be suitable for rapid identification of beef.     

Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Amplification and Quantification of Transgenic and Non-transgenic Soybean and Maize DNA

Processing of raw plant materials causes occurrence of degraded DNA in foods. The effect of DNA degradation on amplification and quantification of transgenic and non-transgenic DNA in raw and experimentally thermally processed foods was studied. The degree of DNA degradation was checked by agarose gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide method yielded DNA of a better quality, while Genespin and Wizard were less appropriate. Baking at 220 °C considerably reduced the size of DNA fragments. In order to measure the length of amplifiable DNA, primers for soybean and maize genes were used. Small DNA fragments ranging from 100 to 200 bp were amplified in all samples. DNA fragments over 1 kbp were amplified only if heating at 220 °C lasted less than 30 min. Baking of flour (220 °C) reduced the size of extracted DNA fragments so that 1,100 bp amplicon was no longer amplifiable, while the amplicons of 913 and 1,100 bp were obtained from the baked bread. When PCR assays targeting maize high mobility group and zein genes were used under the same conditions, analogous results were achieved. Quantification of genetically modified organism content was not influenced by baking.     

Detection of feed-derived maize DNA in goat milk and evaluation of the potential of horizontal transfer to bacteria

The presence and the transforming capacity of feed-derived DNA in milk obtained from eight lactating goats fed on maize E176 silage were evaluated. The presence of single- and multi-copy maize genes was monitored by real-time PCR and conventional PCR. Chromosomal and plastid DNA extracted directly from maize flour and silage were readily amplifiable by conventional PCR, however, only chloroplast-specific gene fragments of 199 and 532 bp were detected in about 60 and 20%, respectively, of the milk samples analysed. Quantification by real time PCR yielded 9.5 (±6.7) × 10² plant gene copies/mL of milk sediment. In contrast, all milk samples were negative for the chromosomally located maize zein gene or the E176 specific cry1Ab transgene. The minimum concentration of plant DNA required for detection was 0.01 ng/mL raw milk for the chloroplast-specific fragment and 1 ng/mL for the cry1Ab transgene. The detection limit was determined by spiking milk samples with plant DNA prior to DNA extraction. The transformation capability of DNA in milk was evaluated after constructing a marker rescue system in Acinetobacter baylyi strain BD413 based on recombinational repair of the bla _TEM gene. Two systems were developed that allowed the plant marker gene to recombine with the bacterial chromosome [A. baylyi BD413 (pUC-bla)] or plasmids [A. baylyi BD413 (pBBR1MCS-2Φ)]. The two systems showed the same efficiency of transformation, yielding 10⁻⁵ transformants per recipient cell (t/r) using plasmid pUC18 or a 1,873 bp fragment as donor DNA, and 3.5 × 10⁻¹¹ t/r using DNA isolated from flour (E176). No transformants were detected when exposing the recipient bacterium to DNA extracted from maize (E176) silage or from milk obtained from goats feed maize (E176).     

Detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in foods by enrichment culture and polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay based on a solution hybridization format with colorimetric end-point detection (PCR ELISA) was investigated for the specific detection of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in food samples following enrichment culture. One hundred fifteen samples of raw meat and offal (poultry, porcine, ovine, and bovine), raw shellfish, and artificially contaminated milk were enriched in blood-free Campylobacter Enrichment Broth for 48 h. Enrichment cultures were subcultured to Campylobacter blood-free selective agar plates, and presumptive isolates were identified by phenotypic methods. DNA was extracted from 1-ml aliquots of the enrichment cultures using a rapid extraction method, and the DNA was used as the template in a PCR ELISA. A comparison of the PCR ELISA with the enrichment culture and subculture to selective agar method showed that the results of 112 of the 115 samples tested were in agreement by both methods. Seventy-one of the various food samples were positive in the PCR ELISA, and 70 samples were positive by culture. The PCR ELISA had a sensitivity of 99% and a specificity of 96%, with a positive predictive value of 97% and a negative predictive value of 98%. The PCR ELISA is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for the detection of C. jejuni and C. coli in foods following enrichment culture and significantly reduces the time required for their detection.     

食品中鱼源性成分PCR的检测方法

研究建立了食品中鱼源性成分的普通PCR检测方法,该方法特异、灵敏。应用鱼源性引物对35种鱼类、24种非鱼类动物和10种植物样品进行PCR检测,只在35种鱼类中出现224bp特异扩增条带,在其他的非鱼类动植物DNA中未出现扩增条带,实验表明,该PCR检测方法具有特异性。该检测方法的检测限为0.1ngDNA和0.1%(W/W)。运用建立的方法对市场上的80个不同类别的食品样品进行检测,其中有13个样品错误标识了鱼源性成分。该检测方法能够用于食品中鱼源性成分的鉴别。