大学生精神健康水平与网络成瘾

目的探讨大学生精神健康水平与网络成瘾的关系。方法用网络成瘾测查表（Internet Addiction Test）、90项症状清单（SCL-90）对746名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果网络成瘾组SCL-90总分和全部因子分均高于非网络成瘾组。网络成瘾与SCL-90总分，躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、偏执、精神病性等因子分呈正相关。多元逐步回归分析显示，精神病性和抑郁是主要影响因素。结论网络成瘾大学生的精神健康水平明显低于非网络成瘾者。大学生精神健康水平对网络成瘾具有影响作用。     

‘Internet Addiction’: A Critical Review

It has been alleged by some academics that excessive Internet use can be pathological and addictive. This paper reviews what is known from the empirical literature on ‘Internet addiction’ and its derivatives (e.g., Internet Addiction Disorder, Pathological Internet Use, etc.) and assesses to what extent it exists. Empirical research into ‘Internet addiction’ can roughly be divided into five areas: (1) survey studies that compare excessive Internet users with non-excessive users, (2) survey studies that have examined vulnerable groups of excessive Internet use, most notably students, (3) studies that examine the psychometric properties of excessive Internet use, (4) case studies of excessive Internet users and treatment case studies, and (5) correlational studies examining the relationship of excessive Internet use with other behaviours (e.g., psychiatric problems, depression, self-esteem, etc.). Each of these areas is reviewed. It is concluded that if ‘Internet addiction’ does indeed exist, it affects a relatively small percentage of the online population. However, exactly what it is on the Internet that they are addicted to still remains unclear.     

上海市199例网络成瘾中学生心理问题研究

目的了解上海初中、高中和职校的网络成瘾学生的心理健康问题特征。方法首先采用问卷筛选和老师、家长推荐相结合的方法,得到网络成瘾者可疑样本,然后采取临床访谈形式,以Beard改编的Young诊断标准结合功能受损程度,诊断出网络成瘾中学生199例,最后使用精神发育和健康状况评定量表（DAWBA）,得到网络成瘾学生心理问题情况。结果 199例网络成瘾中学生中65例（33.7%）存在心理问题,其中男生32.5%存在心理问题,女生为33.3%,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=0.01,P=0.92）;网络成瘾初中生共存心理健康问题者多于高中和职校生（χ^2=17.22,P〈0.01）;网络成瘾中学生中注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）检出率为20.6%,其中,男生ADHD检出率高于女生（分别为23.8%,7.7%;χ^2=4.94,P=0.03）;而特殊恐惧、强迫、广泛性焦虑的检出率女生高于男生。结论网络成瘾中学生存在明显的共存心理健康问题现象,其中,男性网络成瘾者最常见的是ADHD,而女性网络成瘾中学生常见的是焦虑性障碍。     

Mental Health and Addiction State of Ethnocultural/Racial Communities

Migration has become a common trend and an expected fact of life among the majority of underdeveloped and developing nations. Immigration exposes newcomers to a new experience, an acculturation. Acculturation is not always a successful process and may become stressful. Acculturative stress can manifest itself in different ways. Many researchers have suggested a connection between immigration and increased risk of developing mental health/addiction problems. Studies have shown that ethnocultural/racial groups have experienced difficulties in gaining access to mental health and addiction care services. This background paper is prepared to 1) discuss the mental health & addiction state of Ethnocultural/racial communities, and 2) offer working recommendations.     

Telepsychiatry and e-Mental Health Services: Potential for Improving Access to Mental Health Care

Reforming mental health care is a focus of many ongoing initiatives in the United States, both at the national and state levels. Access to adequate mental health care services is one of the identified problems. Telepsychiatry and e-mental health services could improve access to mental health care in rural, remote and underserved areas. The authors discuss the required technology, common applications and barriers associated with the implementation of telepsychiatry and e-mental health services.     

Development of Mental Health Indicators in Korea

Objective

Promoting mental health and preventing mental health problems are important tasks for international organizations and nations. Such goals entail the establishment of active information networks and effective systems and indicators to assess the mental health of populations. This being said, there is a need in Korea develop ways to measure the state of mental health in Korea.

Methods

This paper reviews the mental health indicator development policies and practices of seven organizations, countries, and regions: WHO, OECD, EU, United States, Australia, UK, and Scotland. Using Delphi method, we conducted two surveys of mental health indicators for experts in the field of mental health. The survey questionnaire included 5 domains: mental health status, mental health factor, mental health system, mental health service, and quality of mental health services. We considered 124 potential mental health indicators out of more than 600 from indicators of international organizations and foreign countries.

Results

We obtained the top 30 mental health indicators from the surveys. Among them, 10 indicators belong to the mental health system. The most important five mental health indicators are suicide rate, rate of increase in mental disorder treatment, burden caused by mental disorders, adequacy of identifying problems of mental health projects and deriving solutions, and annual prevalence of mental disorders.

Conclusion

Our study provides information about the process for indicator development and the use of survey results to measure the mental health status of the Korean population. The aim of mental health indicator development is to improve the mental health system by better grasping the current situation. We suggest these mental health indicators can monitor progress in efforts to implement reform policies, provide community services, and involve users, families and other stakeholders in mental health promotion, prevention, care and rehabilitation.     

Capacity for Delivering Culturally Competent Mental Health Services in New Mexico: Results of a Statewide Agency Survey

The Federal government has promoted National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services (CLAS) to reduce mental health disparities among Hispanic and Native American populations. In 2005, the State of New Mexico embarked upon a comprehensive reform of its behavioral health system with an emphasis on improving cultural competency. Using survey methods, we examine which language access services (i.e., capacity for bilingual care, interpretation, and translated written materials) and organizational supports (i.e., training, self-assessments of cultural competency, and collection of cultural data) mental health agencies in New Mexico had at the onset of a public sector mental health reform (Office of Minority Health 2001). This work was presented at the nineteenth National Institute of Mental Health Conference on Mental Health Services, Washington, DC, July 2007. An erratum to this article can be found at     

The Global Absence of Child and Adolescent Mental Health Policy

Background:  Few policies designed specifically to support child and adolescent mental health exist worldwide. The absence of policy is a barrier to the development of coherent systems of mental healthcare for children and adolescents.
Method:  This study collected data on existing policies from international databases, WHO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland, and in consultation with experts in child and adolescent psychiatry from around the world. A set of criteria for ranking the adequacy of these policies was developed.
Results:  Though no single country was found to have a mental health policy strictly pertaining to children and adolescents alone, 35 countries (corresponding to 18% of countries worldwide) were found to have identifiable mental health policies, which may have some beneficial impact on children and adolescents. Though little has been achieved worldwide in this area, there has been a significant degree of movement towards policy development in the past 10 years. The policies identified vary greatly in terms of their provisions for delivering services, initiating research, training professionals, and educating the public.
Conclusions:  The development of mental health policies is feasible and would substantially aid in the expansion of service systems, the institutionalisation of culturally relevant data gathering, and the facilitation of funding.     

Mental Health Impacts of Information and Communication Technology Usage in South Africa

This study examined mental health issues affecting the group of individuals who are in the social media contact list of the researchers. This was done by administering a closed structured questionnaire, covering information from participants’ demographic characteristics, duration of time spent on ICT usage, to their perceived health effects thereof. Male respondents, largely unemployed are active ICT users, addicted to the Internet, and also suffer from unspecified ailments. Aged 31–35 and above, half of men and all women participants spend more than 5 h per day. High-intensive ICT use is associated, in general, with concurrent symptoms of information overload, depression and Internet addiction. It is insignificantly associated with composite stress. Medium intensive ICT use is correlated with fatigue and depression in equal measure but in opposite direction. There are significant differences in demographic attributes as they explain intensity of ICT Usage. The older the employed survey participants are, the less they suffer from composite stress. However, black South Africans suffer significantly from composite stress, fatigue and depression, though negatively from internet addiction. The results also indicate that South African men have negative experiences of composite stress, depression and internet addiction. Educated South Africans have negative experiences of fatigue, but positive experiences of composite stress, depression and internet addiction. Low intensive use of ICT has no impact on composite stress, fatigue and depressive moods of survey participants. It impacts negatively on internet addiction. Medium intensive use of ICT impacts positively on survey participants’ experiences of fatigue, but negatively on composite stress, depression and internet addiction. High-intensive use of ICT impacts positively on survey participants’ experiences of composite stress and depression.     

健康宣教对脑血管病患者心理健康的影响

目的 探讨综合健康宣教模式对脑血管病患者焦虑-抑郁障碍的影响。方法 采用汉密尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression,HRSD）、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton Anxiety Scale,HAMA）进行焦虑-抑郁程度的评价,将门诊患有焦虑-抑郁的脑血管病患者60例按照连续入组前后对照的方式分为试验组和对照组各30例;对照组仅采用常规模式宣教,口服选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,SSRIs）类抗焦虑-抑郁药,而试验组实行口服SSRIs类抗焦虑-抑郁药的同时给予面对面的口头宣教、书面宣教、肢体宣教、随机宣教等模式的健康宣教,3个月后对试验组和对照组重新进行HRSD和HAMA评价。结果 经过3个月的治疗,试验组没有焦虑11例（36.7％）,可能有焦虑15例（50％）,肯定有焦虑4例（13.3％）,对照组没有焦虑2例（6.6％）,可能有焦虑14例（46.7％）,肯定有焦虑14例（46.7％）,两组复诊时焦虑障碍程度试验组明显比对照组缓解焦虑效果好,两组之间差异有显著性（P<0.05）。3个月后试验组没有抑郁12例（40％）,可能有抑郁15例（50％）,肯定有抑郁3例（10％）,对照组没有抑郁1例（3.3％）,可能有抑郁18例（60％）,肯定有抑郁11例（36.7％）,两组复诊时抑郁障碍程度试验组明显比对照组缓解抑郁效果好,两组之间差异有显著性（P <0.05）。经过3个月的治疗,对照组患者的焦虑和抑郁虽有一定的改善,但经秩和检验,差异无显著性（P >0.05）。而给患者口服抗焦虑-抑郁药治疗的同时配以健康宣教护理,对预防和缓解患者的焦虑和抑郁效果比仅采用常规模式护理的对照组有显著的提高,经秩和检验,差异有显著性（P<0.05）。结论 采用健康宣教护理对预防和缓解患者的焦虑和抑郁,并配以药物治疗,其效果优于单纯药物治疗,可以增强脑血管病患者自我保健意识,减少焦虑-抑郁的发生。     

The Psychometric Properties of the Internet Related Problem Scale: A Pilot Study

Armstrong et al. (International Journal of Human Computer Studies, 53:537–550, 2000) explored the relationship between problematic Internet use and self-esteem. They devised a questionnaire called the Internet Related Problem Scale (IRPS) in order to measure the level of problem an individual is having due to their Internet use. This questionnaire study further examined the psychometric properties of the IRPS. Participants were recruited through the Internet, yielding 79 valid responses (14 males and 65 females). Factor analysis of the IRPS revealed six factors—salience, negative effects, mood enhancement, productivity, loss of control, and lack of information. These factors showed good internal consistency and concurrent validity, with salience being the most reliable. The limitations to this study are also addressed. Despite these limitations, the findings do seem to suggest that the IRPS has good psychometric properties and can be used in future studies examining Internet addiction.     

Gender Differences and Mental Health: An Exploratory Study of Knowledge and Attitudes to Mental Health Among Scottish Teenagers

Method:  A cross-sectional survey of 496 teenagers was conducted in order to explore their knowledge and attitude towards mental health and people with mental health problems.
Results:  Boys reported lower levels of knowledge and different sources of stress than girls. Negative attitudes were more common among boys than girls. Boys were less likely to think that an understanding of mental health was important, less likely to want to know more about mental health issues and twice as likely to think that they had already been given enough education.
Conclusion:  Gender specific educational interventions may be more appropriate and effective than whole school approaches.     

Surfing the Net: A Guide to the Internet for Professionals in Child Mental Health

This paper offers an overall guide to the Internet and more specifically describes what is available to psychologists, psychiatrists and other professionals in child mental health. Ways in which the Internet can be accessed are outlined and comment is made on the place of the Internet in the future of child psychiatry and psychology. A glossary of terms used in this article is provided.