金属路易斯酸催化纤维素降解为5-羟甲基糠醛

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是一种重要的化学平台物质,由纤维素直接转化为HMF具有良好的应用前景。本文旨在研究金属氯化物(MClx)催化纤维素转化为HMF过程中的效率与选择性问题。以咪唑型离子液体为溶剂,通过对纤维素降解反应的时间、温度、催化剂等因素的考察和优化,发现以CrCl3.6H2O(5(mol)%)和FeCl3(5(mol)%)为复合催化剂时,120℃下反应8 h,HMF的产率可以达到55%。     

离子液体中磺化无定形炭催化菊糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛

研究了以1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Bmim]Cl)离子液体作溶剂,磺化无定形炭为催化剂催化菊糖脱水制5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)的反应.考察了溶剂、水量、反应温度、反应时间和催化剂用量对HMF收率的影响.实验结果表明,反应温度为100°C,反应时间60min,R=5(R为水的物质的量与菊糖中所含果糖单位的物质的量的比值),m(催化剂):m(菊糖)=1:3时,HMF的收率可达50%.     

碳纳米管负载钯基催化剂催化氧化2,5-呋喃二甲醇合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸

为积极应对化石能源枯竭和生态环境日益严峻等问题,可再生生物质资源的深度开发并进一步替代传统能源或石化原料被广泛认可.利用高效催化技术将生物质资源转化为高附加值的平台化合物,有望衍生出大量具备新颖结构与功能的绿色化学品.2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)作为重要的生物质基平台化合物之一,具有巨大的市场应用价值,其中因其与化石基对苯二甲酸(PTA)有着极其相似的化学结构,以FDCA替代PTA作为合成单体制备大宗聚合物备受关注.以5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)为原料,采用多相催化体系(主要是贵金属催化剂)选择氧化制备FDCA是目前广泛采用的方法.但“HMF路线”面临一些基础性的难题,如HMF熔点较低,需低温存储,增加了实际应用中的运输成本;HMF在碱性溶液中易降解,导致反应过程中碳平衡损失;HMF结构中含有的不对称的羟基和醛基官能团在氧化反应中会发生竞争反应,致使反应副产物较多;此外,碱性反应介质中通常会得到醛基优先氧化的中间体5-羟甲基-2-呋喃甲酸(HMFCA),但由于HMFCA结构中羧基官能团的存在使得羟基进一步氧化较为困难,通常需要增加碱浓度、提升温度或压力,使反应条件变得苛刻.因此,寻求新的原料替代HMF,实现温和条件下高效合成FDCA具有重要意义.本文采用改性后的碳纳米管负载Pd催化剂(Pd/o-CNT),从具有独特对称结构的2,5-二羟甲基呋喃(BHMF)出发,提出一种新颖、高效催化合成FDCA的“BHMF路线”.反应在60°C常压下进行,BHMF在20 min内即可完全转化,60 min后FDCA的产率最高可达93.0%,优于相同条件下HMF为原料时的性能(FDCA产率仅为35.7%).相比于未作处理的碳纳米管负载钯催化剂(Pd/CNT),Pd/o-CNT催化剂具有更高含量的氢化钯(PdH_x)物种,显著促进了FDCA产率的提升.Pd/o-CNT在循环使用10次后,BHMF仍能完全转化,FDCA产率维持在75%.稳定性下降可能与活性物种流失、团聚及价态变化有关.基于对照试验,本文提出了可能的反应路径,即BHMF主要是通过2,5-二甲酰基呋喃和5-甲酰基-2-呋喃甲酸作为过程中间体,有效转化为FDCA,从而规避并减少生成HMF和活性较低的HMFCA.本文通过以新原料BHMF作底物,实现了高效制备生物基平台化合物FDCA,为生物质的产业化应用提供了新的研究思路.     

磁性MnO_2-Fe_3O_4复合氧化物催化5-羟甲基糠醛氧化合成2,5-呋喃二甲酸研究

以不同晶型的MnO2为催化剂进行5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)氧化反应,并将催化活性较高的α-MnO_2与Fe_3O_4复合制备磁性MnO_2-Fe_3O_4复合氧化物,采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、NH_3/CO_2程序升温脱附(NH3/CO2-TPD)及吡啶吸附红外光谱(Py-FTIR)对催化剂的结构和性质进行表征和分析。结果表明,复合后的催化剂仍保持α-MnO_2和Fe_3O_4基本结构,但催化剂中活性中心Mn~(4+)·O~(2-)离子对数量增加,使其对HMF氧化反应的催化活性相对α-MnO_2和Fe_3O_4显著提升。对HMF氧化制备2,5-呋喃二甲酸(FDCA)的反应条件进行优化,复合催化剂Mn8Fe3Ox对HMF表现出良好的催化活性,在最优化条件下,HMF可完全转化,FDCA收率为76.9%。     

载体对其负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂上5-羟甲基糠醛氢解选择性生成2,5-二甲基呋喃的影响

碳-氧键氢解是生物质呋喃基化合物制备交通燃料常见的模型反应,其中5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)转化为汽油添加剂2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)尤为引人关注.本文采用CeO2,ZrO2和Al2O3负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂用于HMF选择性氢解制DMF的反应中.采用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、投射电镜、H2-程序升温还原、氨-程序升温脱附和元素分析表征了新鲜的和使用过催化剂的结构,并将其与催化活性相关联.Cu-Co/CeO2催化剂通过在大的Cu颗粒上还原C=O键生成了最多的2,5双(羟甲基呋喃)(BHMF).但Cu-Co/Al2O3催化剂具有高度分散的Cu,Cu-Co复合氧化物和大量的弱酸位,因而生成DMF的选择性最高.Cu-Co/ZrO2催化剂则由于存在强酸位,DMF选择性较低,生成了各种过度氢解产物,如2,5而甲基四氢呋喃和5,5-二(亚甲基)双(2-甲基呋喃).因此,考察了Cu-Co/Al2O3催化剂上的反应路径,以及温度、氢气压力和时间等操作条件的影响,使其具有较优的HMF转化率和DMF选择性.     

氧化钽及钽钨复合氧化物固体酸催化己糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛以及非等计量比的甲酸和乙酰丙酸（英文）

5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)是最具应用前景的平台化合物之一, HMF制备的研究越来越成为热点,并且已经取得了令人瞩目的研究成果.尽管如此,在现阶段利用固体酸催化剂催化碳水化合物制备HMF的研究仍然面临许多挑战,以葡萄糖为原料制备HMF时产物选择性普遍较低.因此,合成制备高活性催化糖类化合物脱水制HMF的固体酸催化剂,并且研究固体酸催化剂表面酸性质比如酸密度、酸强度以及Br?nsted/Lewis酸比值等对糖类化合物制HMF反应中各反应产物选择性的影响,对新型高效催化剂的开发设计具有重要意义.本文通过溶剂挥发自组装法合成了一系列介孔Ta及Ta-W氧化物固体酸催化剂,并用于催化果糖和葡萄糖脱水制备5-羟甲基糠醛.以三甲基膦(TMP)为探针分子,利用31P固体核磁共振谱技术表征催化剂表面酸性质,考察复合金属氧化物固体酸催化剂酸量、酸强度以及酸类型对催化果糖和葡萄糖制备HMF反应性能的影响,为高效催化剂的设计提供一定的理论指导.另外,我们还通过引入2-丁醇构建有机溶剂/水体系,考察有机溶剂对葡萄糖脱水制HMF反应中所用催化剂活性和产物选择性的影响.31P固体核磁共振技术表征样品的酸性质发现,随着W掺杂量的增加,系列Ta及Ta-W氧化物的酸强度和Br?nsted/Lewis酸量比值逐渐增加.催化反应结果表明,以介孔Ta及Ta-W复合氧化物为催化剂时,果糖和葡萄糖脱水制HMF反应的催化活性和HMF选择性与所用催化剂的酸量、酸类型和酸强度有关.介孔Ta及Ta-W复合氧化物催化剂表面的B/L比值越高,催化反应过程中的己糖转化率也越高, HMF选择性也普遍越高.具有较高Br?nsted酸强度的催化剂在水溶液中更易降低HMF产物选择性,归结于HMF的再水解和葡萄糖的非选择性脱水等副反应.实验结果发现,产物甲酸(FA)的选择性远高于乙酰丙酸(LA),说明过量FA很可能来自果糖在Lewis酸位上的分解.2-丁醇的引入能够提高己糖转化率和HMF选择性,并且在B/L比值越高的催化剂上提升的效果越显著.其中, Ta_7W_3氧化物为催化剂时, HMF选择性最高可达54%,并且该催化剂具有良好的催化稳定性,这主要是因为2-丁醇的加入能够有效地抑制反应中胡敏素等聚合物的生成,防止后者在催化剂表面附着导致催化活性降低,进而提高了催化剂在催化反应中的稳定性.     

载体对其负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂上5-羟甲基糠醛氢解选择性生成2,5-二甲基呋喃的影响（英文）

碳-氧键氢解是生物质呋喃基化合物制备交通燃料常见的模型反应,其中5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)转化为汽油添加剂2,5-二甲基呋喃(DMF)尤为引人关注.本文采用CeO_2,ZrO_2和Al_2O_3负载的Cu-Co双金属催化剂用于HMF选择性氢解制DMF的反应中.采用X射线衍射、N_2吸附-脱附、投射电镜、H_2-程序升温还原、氨-程序升温脱附和元素分析表征了新鲜的和使用过催化剂的结构,并将其与催化活性相关联.Cu-Co/CeO_2催化剂通过在大的Cu颗粒上还原C=O键生成了最多的2,5双(羟甲基呋喃)(BHMF).但Cu-Co/Al_2O_3催化剂具有高度分散的Cu,Cu-Co复合氧化物和大量的弱酸位,因而生成DMF的选择性最高.Cu-Co/ZrO_2催化剂则由于存在强酸位,DMF选择性较低,生成了各种过度氢解产物,如2,5而甲基四氢呋喃和5,5-二(亚甲基)双(2-甲基呋喃).因此,考察了Cu-Co/Al_2O_3催化剂上的反应路径,以及温度、氢气压力和时间等操作条件的影响,使其具有较优的HMF转化率和DMF选择性.     

CoMn@NC催化5-羟甲基糠醛常压氧化为2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯

2, 5-呋喃二甲酸二甲酯(DMFDCA)这一生物质衍生的增值化学品是石油基聚合物单体对苯二甲酸(TPA)的理想替代品。本研究采用一步共热解法合成了两种廉价金属修饰的氮掺杂多孔碳催化剂CoMn@NC,并将其用于5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF)在温和条件下的需氧氧化。由Co₃Mn₂@NC-800催化HMF在50 ℃和常压氧气的条件下反应12 h后,得到产率为85%的DMFDCA。多孔催化剂的高比表面积提高了传质效率。Co纳米粒子(NPs)和呈原子级分散的Mn与掺杂在碳中的氮配位形成M―N_x。富含吡啶氮的碳基体中的缺电子金属位点有利于HMF和氧的活化。氧形成的超氧自由基阴离子的存在确保了半缩醛中间体和5-(羟基甲基)-2-糠酸甲酯(HMMF)的羟甲基的脱氢氧化,从而高选择性得到DMFDCA。该催化剂性能稳定,可适用于各种取代芳醇。该催化体系具有用于生产聚合物单体羧基酯的应用潜力。     

功能化离子液体氯化1-(2-羟乙基)-3-甲基咪唑鎓盐催化的Knoevenagel缩合反应

在无溶剂条件下,采用催化量的功能化离子液体氯化1-甲基-3-羟乙基咪唑鎓盐作为催化剂,在80℃条件下顺利地催化-系列芳醛和活泼亚甲基化合物进行Knoevenagel缩合反应,以82%～97%的产率生成相应E-式烯烃.反应在中性条件下进行,条件温和,产率高,操作和后处理简单方便.     

CdS基纳米管光催化氧化5-羟甲基糠醛选择性生成2,5-呋喃二甲醛

将生物质转化为高附加值化学品以替代传统化石能源衍生的碳资源不可再生能源已经引起了人们的广泛关注. 本工作制备了内部中空的ZnS@CdS/Ni纳米管催化剂用于光催化氧化5-羟甲基糠醛(HMF). 通过X射线光电子能谱表征了催化剂内部存在ZnS缺陷态使得ZnS能带带隙降低. 光照条件下, 光生空穴能够从CdS迁移至ZnS缺陷态, 抑制了ZnS@CdS内部的载流子复合, 提高了光催化性能. 中空的纳米管表面负载Ni催化剂可以参与质子还原产氢的反应, 而ZnS@CdS内部产生的空穴可以催化氧化HMF选择性生成2,5-呋喃二甲醛(DFF). 光反应1 h后, HMF的转化率达到36%, 产物DFF选择性为99%, 并且催化剂可以重复利用三次而不降低催化效果.     

Rapid conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural using single and combined metal chloride catalysts in ionic liquid

Direct conversion of cellulose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF) was performed by using single or combined metal chloride catalysts in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride(Cl) ionic liquid.Our study demonstrated formation of 2-furyl hydroxymethyl ketone(FHMK),and furfural(FF) simultaneously with the formation of HMF.Various reaction parameters were addressed to optimize yields of furan derivatives produced from cellulose by varying reaction temperature,time,and the type of metal chloride catalyst.Catalytic reaction by using FeCl3 resulted in 59.9% total yield of furan derivatives(HMF,FHMK,and FF) from cellulose.CrCl3 was the most effective catalyst for selective conversion of cellulose into HMF(35.6%) with less concentrations of FHMK,and FF.Improving the yields of furans produced from cellulose could be achieved via reactions catalyzed by different combinations of two metal chlorides.Further optimization was carried out to produce total furans yield 75.9% by using FeCl3/CuCl2 combination.CrCl3/CuCl2 was the most selective combination to convert cellulose into HMF(39.9%) with total yield(63.8%) of furans produced from the reaction.The temperature and time of the catalytic reaction played an important role in cellulose conversion,and the yields of products.Increasing the reaction temperature could enhance the cellulose conversion and HMF yield for short reaction time intervals(5~20 min).     

An unexpected reaction between 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and imidazolium-based ionic liquids at high temperatures

A new compound was detected during the production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose and cellulose in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) at high temperatures. Further experiments found that it was derived from the reaction of HMF with [Bmim]Cl. The structure of new compound was established as 1-butyl-2-(5'-methyl-2'-furoyl)imidazole (BMI) based on nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis, and a possible mechanism for its formation was proposed. Reactions of HMF with other imidazolium-based ionic liquids were performed to check the formation of BMI. Our results provided new insights in terms of side reactions between HMF and imidazolium-based ionic liquids, which should be valuable for designing better processes for the production of furans using biomass and related materials.     

咪唑类高铼酸盐催化微晶纤维素降解反应研究

以咪唑类高铼酸盐为催化剂,以离子液体1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯盐([Amim]Cl)为溶剂降解微晶纤维素(MCC)。分别考察反应温度、反应时间、反应物浓度、催化剂用量和结构对纤维素降解反应的影响。结果表明,以5%1-(3-磺酸)丙基-3-甲基咪唑高铼酸盐([mim-(CH_2)_3SO_3H]ReO_4)为催化剂,在微波辅助加热条件下,0.1 g纤维素在2.0 g离子液体[Amim]Cl中于160℃降解30 min,还原糖收率(TRS)和葡萄糖收率最高可达89.6%和46.7%。研究还对咪唑类高铼酸催化纤维素降解反应的催化机理进行讨论,认为催化剂芳环阳离子、ReO-4中Re=O与纤维素分子中羟基的相互作用是促进纤维素降解的关键     

Preparation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Cellulose via Fast Depolymerization and Consecutively Catalytic Conversion

The conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been investigated by a one-pot consecutive reaction. At first, cellulose was depolymerised into glucose via a fast degradation of cellulose in molten ZnCl2 in the presence of hydrochloric acid, and the yield of glucose is 75% in 120 s at reaction temperature of 95 oC. Then, DMSO was used as solvent and different kinds of metal chloride were added as catalysts, and the conversion was carried out continuously at 110-130 oC for 0.5-4 h. The yield of HMF was 53% when CrCl3 were used as catalyst. The one-pot two steps conversion was carried out at atmosphere pressure, and it is a simple route to prepare HMF from lignocellulosic feedstock on a large scale.     

Cellulose sulfuric acid as a bio-supported and recyclable solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural from fructose

In this study, we have developed a new and green method for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural (EMF) from fructose using cellulose sulfuric acid as catalyst. Firstly, HMF was synthesized from fructose, and a high yield of 93.6 % was obtained in DMSO for 45 min in the presence of cellulose sulfuric acid. Cellulose sulfuric acid also showed high catalytic activity for the synthesis of EMF. EMF was obtained in a high yield of 84.4 % by the etherification of HMF under the optimal reaction conditions. More importantly, a high EMF yield of 72.5 % was also obtained from fructose through one-pot reaction strategy, which integrated the dehydration of fructose into HMF and the followed etherification of HMF into EMF. The reaction work-up was very simple and the catalyst could be reused several times without the loss of its catalytic activity.     

Conversion of d-glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) using zeolite in [Bmim]Cl or tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC)/CrCl2

The formation of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose was studied. It was found that the CrCl₂-catalyzed conversion in the ionic liquid, butylmethylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) leads to negligible quantities of 3-deoxyglucosone confirming that fructose is the main intermediate. It was found that the environmentally unfriendly chromium salt could be replaced with zeolite (H-ZSM-5) leading to a 45% yield of HMF. It was also found that the solvent [Bmim]Cl could be replaced with non-toxic tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) giving a 56% yield of HMF.     

离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2促进的Reformatsky反应研究

用无水氯化铬(CrCl2)和氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([bmim]Cl)制备了离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2, 考察了CrCl2与[bmim]Cl物质的量比以及离子液体与底物物质的量比对Reformatsky反应的影响, 研究了[bmim]Cl-CrCl2促进不同底物发生的Reformatsky反应. 结果表明, 离子液体[bmim]Cl-CrCl2不仅能促进醛、酮与α-溴代酸酯的反应, 以极好的产率得到β-羟基酸酯; 而且能较好地诱导α-溴代苯乙酮与醛、酮的反应, 以较高的产率得到β-羟基酮. 该离子液体经处理后可以重复使用, 是一种Reformatsky反应的绿色化学方法.     

SYNTHESIS OF FUNCTIONAL MACROMOLECULE INTERMEDIATE THROUGH COUPLING REACTION CATALYZED BY [bmim]Cl/FeCl3 IONIC LIQUID

To obtain new functional aromatic polymer material. 3.3'-biacenophthene. which is used as macrotnolecule intermediate of function aromatic polymer material. was synthesized through the coupling reaction of acenaphthene catalyzing by ionic liquid (/bmim/Cl/FeCl3) at mild reaction condition. Pure 3,3' -biacenaphthene was obtained by recrystalling and column chromatography from the reaction mixture, and was determined by GC/MS. 1HNMR and FTIR analysis. The influence of various reaction conditions on the yield of 3,3'-biacenaphthene were studied by GC analysis. The result shows that the optimun synthesis conditions of the coupling reaction are as following: the molar ratio of FeCl3 to [Bmim]Cl being 3. the mole ratio of FeCl3 in [Bmim]Cl/FeCl3 to acenaphthene being 4. the reaction temperature being 20 ℃, the reaction time being 4h and the solvent of the reaction system being PhNO2. Under those conditions, the yield of the 3,3'-biacenaphthene will be 48.71% and selectivity of that will be 78.56 %. Further more.[bmim ]Cl/FeCl3 has no pollution to environments and can be reused.     

Polymerization of phenylacetylene catalysed by RhTp(cod) and RhBp(cod) in ionic liquids: effect of alcohols and of tetraammonium halides

RhTp(cod) ( 1 ) and RhBp(cod) ( 2 ), almost inactive in CH₂Cl₂, became good catalysts of phenylacetylene polymerization in ionic liquids ([bmim]Cl, [bmim]BF₄: bmim = 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium, [mokt]BF₄: mokt = 1‐methyl‐3‐oktylimidazolium, [bumepy]BF₄: 1‐butyl‐4‐methylpyridinium) and in CH₂Cl₂ in the presence of tetraammonium halides ([R₄N]X, R = Bu, Et; X = Cl, Br). The highest yields of polyphenylacetylene with catalyst 1 were obtained in [bmim]Cl at 65°C (64% after 2 h) and in [mokt]BF₄ at 20°C (56% after 24 h). In alcohols (CH₃OH, (CH₃)₂CHOH, (CH₃)₃COH) as solvents, up to 100% of the polymer was produced. When a mixture of an ionic liquid and CH₃OH was used as the reaction medium, the polymer yield was similar to the yield achieved in an ionic liquid only, but the molecular weight increased remarkably. Tetraammonium salts, [R₄N]X, are co‐catalysts for 1 , and the yield of the polymer increased in the order [Et₄N]Br < [Bu₄N]Br < [Et₄N]Cl < [Bu₄N]Cl. Polymers with molecular weights from 6900 to 38 800 Da were obtained with catalyst 2 in [R₄N]Br or [R₄N]Cl, whereas in ionic liquids ([bmim]Cl, [bmim]BF₄) the corresponding molecular weights were higher, from 51 300 to 60 300 Da. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.