6LoWPAN中分布式TCP缓存队列策略

在多TCP连接的6Lo WPAN(IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks)网络中,针对丢包严重时存在频繁的端到端重传问题,提出分布式TCP缓存队列策略。该策略能够使中间节点合理地缓存不同TCP连接在链路层传输中丢失的分段,从而保证每个TCP连接的性能,减少网络能耗。另外,采用ARQ机制进行链路层数据帧传输时,由于中间节点判断丢包的准确率较低,导致缓存队列中存在一些实际未丢失的分段。对这些分段的重传会消耗额外的能量,降低了缓存队列的利用率。因此缓存管理采用询问邻居节点的方式检查分段是否丢失,及时地删除无效的缓存分段。实验结果表明,采用分布式TCP缓存队列策略可以使得多个TCP连接的网络性能以及缓存队列利用率得到了很大提高。     

显式丢失通告算法的实现及其性能分析

TCP协议假定链路上的数据丢失率极小，所以当数据传输中出现丢包情况时，它认为是由于网络拥塞而导致的，并且相应地采取拥塞避免机制。然而在无线网络中，由于信道衰减，移动主机切换基站等原因，经常会导致数据的丢失。针对这一问题，显式丢失通告算法(ELN)要求中间路由在发现TCP数据包丢失时，发送显式丢失通告报文，通知TCP发送方数据包的丢失是基于链路原因，而不是由于网络拥塞。后者根据显式丢失通告屏蔽拥塞控制机制，从而避免了由于不必要的触发拥塞控制而导致的性能下降。论文将在实现ELN算法的基础上，根据模拟结果对ELN算法的性能加以评估。     

基于移动网络的IPv6网络模型

通过移动无线网络接入Internet的主机可能会经常变换接入点,本文在构建一个完整IPv6网络模型,同时通过引入软切换,有效解决了移动主机在切换过程中可能出现的数据丢失。     

移动IPv6快速切换在无线局域网中的应用实现

基本的移动IPv6切换延迟太大,不能满足实时业务的要求。因此IETF提出了基于隧道的移动IPv6快速切换协议。论文对移动IPv6的切换性能进行了分析,在无线局域网环境下提出了一种实现基于隧道的移动IPv6快速切换的方法。这种方法通过结合使用链路连接触发器和快速路由器公告,实现了将无线接入点链路地址快速映射成其连接的接入路由器信息,并且使用接入路由器信息缓存机制来优化切换过程。实验结果表明,该方法实现了移动IPv6快速切换,达到了很好的切换性能。     

移动IPv6快速切换在无线局域网中的实现

基本的移动IPv6切换延迟太大，不能满足实时业务的要求．因此IETF提出了基于隧道的移动IPv6快速切换协议．对移动IPv6的切换性能进行了分析，在无线局域网环境下提出了一种实现基于隧道的移动IPv6快速切换的方法．这种方法通过结合使用链路连接触发器和快速路由器公告，实现了将无线接入点链路地址快速映射成其连接的接入路由器信息，并且使用接入路由器信息缓存机制来优化切换过程．实验结果表明，该方法实现了移动IPv6快速切换，达到了很好的切换性能．     

无线网络中基于误码丢包的TCP速率调节策略

考虑到TCP直接应用于无线环境的局限性，人们提出了多种TCP拥塞控制的改进机制，这些方案一般没有考虑误码丢包对数据发送速率的影响，不过，链路误码率较高时，TCP发送端若不降低其数据发送速率，势必会引起更多的数据因误码而丢失，降低了数据发送的可靠性，从而增国了移动主机不必要的能源消耗和系统不必要的开锁，为此，该文详细讨论了3种基于误码丢包的TCP速率调节机制，它们实现简单，系统额外开销小，既能有效提高数据发送的可靠性，又不会过多降低系统吞吐量和加大系统时延，并且，为进一步研究TCP在无线网络中的应用提供了良好的参考。     

基于IEEE802.11b的移动IPv6切换技术研究

本论文中,分析移动IPv6技术在无线局域网的应用。移动IPv6是指对IPv6无线网络中移动节点动作的管理,然而,一个移动节点只有当切换过程完成后才能在新的链接节点上接收IP数据包,因此,许多移动IPv6的应用目的是降低切换延迟和减少数据包的丢失。无缝连接要求用户和应用程序不出现数据包的丢失或任何明显的通信中断。它不仅仅对于数据传输延迟具有重要意义,同时也对tcp连接有着重要作用,因为它对数据包延迟和重新排序非常敏感。本文基于IEEE802.11b协议,做了基于移动IPv6的单一用户的吞吐量和原始带宽的比例相关研究,并对此项研究未来进行了展望。     

基于分布式PEP的卫星网络TCP性能增强协议

提出了一个基于分布式性能增强代理的卫星网络专有通信协议：XP协议,用于解决卫星网络环境中因长时延、高误码率和非对称信道带宽等因素所导致的TCP传输性能低下问题．协议的设计考虑到了与地面链路上TCP连接的接口关系和多连接共享同一卫星信道时的带宽分配问题．主要贡献包括两路半握手连接建立机制,速率控制和基于测量的动态带宽分配算法,以及基于发送方主动请求的延迟确认技术等．仿真和真实环境实验表明,分布式性能增强代理和XP协议的使用可显著提高网络中下行卫星链路的吞吐量,多数情况下带宽资源利用率可提高至85％以上,且在多连接共享带宽的情况下能够保持较好的公平性．     

可用带宽测量的TCP友好性仿真分析

以发送包链为特征的可用带宽测量会产生较大探测流量而影响网络性能.设计了三种具有不同包链长度的测量模式模拟典型的包链发送策略,仿真分析了可用带宽测量的TCP友好性.发现可用带宽测量的TCP友好性并不理想,原因在于探测流会增大TCP流的时延及丢包而触发TCP的拥塞控制机制.仿真中最大降低TCP数据传输量近16%;且太长或过短的包链发送策略对TCP性能有更大影响.在Pathoad这一典型可用带宽测量工具中的分析结果进一步验证了该结论,且得出了Pathload的应用策略.     

一种引入缓存/转发机制的快速PMIPv6切换方案

FPMIPv6是PMIPv6(Proxy Mobile IPv6)标准协议的扩展,旨在减少切换时间延迟,然而在实际情况中移动节点MN并非每次都能对新接入点预测正确,这种情况会带来更长的时间延迟和大量数据包的丢失。考虑到MN切换发起错误的情况,提出一种改进的FPMIPv6方案,通过采用"切换发起和代理绑定更新并行"和"缓存与转发并行"的思想降低切换时延和数据包丢失来降低切换过程的总开销。仿真数据表明,改进方案的切换开销明显小于PMIPv6协议和FPMIPv6协议的开销。     

一种基于带宽估计的无线网拥塞控制机制

针对无线网提出了一种基于带宽估计的拥塞控制机制。该机制利用TCP确认帧携带的数据包到达时间来估算包到达速率，从而得到带宽的估计值。在此基础上用带宽的估计值更新拥塞窗口，避免在发生链路错误时启动拥塞控制机制，由此提高了TCP在无线网上的性能。实验结果表明，算法能减少链路差错对TCP性能带来的影响，提高了TcP在无线网上的吞吐率。     

Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory faces problem during handshake between them. This paper focuses on finding this misinterpretation of the losses using cross layer approach. This paper focuses on increasing bandwidth usage by improving TCP throughput in wireless environments using cross layer approach and hence named the proposed system as CRLTCP. TCP misinterprets wireless loss as congestion loss and unnecessarily reduces congestion window size. Using the signal strength and frame error rate, the type of loss is identified and accordingly the response of TCP is modified. The results show that there is a significant improvement in the throughput of proposed TCP upon which bandwidth usage is increased.     

System supports for protocol and application adaptation in vertical handoffs

In overlay networks, the network characteristics before and after a vertical handoff would be drastically different. Consequently, in this paper, we propose an end‐to‐end based scheme to support protocol and application adaptation in vertical handoffs. First, we proposed a Vertical‐handoff Aware TCP, called VA‐TCP. VA‐TCP can identify the packet losses caused by vertical handoffs. If segments losses are due to vertical handoffs, VA‐TCP only retransmits the missing segments but does not invoke the congestion control procedure. Moreover, VA‐TCP dynamically estimates the bandwidth and round‐trip time in a new network. Based on the estimated bandwidth and round‐trip time, VA‐TCP adjusts its parameters to respond to the new network environment. Second, during a vertical handoff, applications also need to be adapted accordingly. Therefore, we design a programming interface that allows applications to be notified upon and adapt to changing network environments. To support our interface, we utilize the signal mechanism to achieve kernel‐to‐user notification. Nevertheless, signals cannot carry information. Thus, we implement the shared memory mechanism between applications and the kernel to facilitate parameters exchange. Finally, we also provide a handoff‐aware CPU scheduler so that tasks that are interested in the vertical‐handoff event are given preference over other processes to attain a prompt response for new network conditions. We have implemented a prototype system on the Linux kernel 2.6. From the experimental results, our proposed protocol and application adaptation mechanisms are shown to effectively improve the performance of TCP and applications during vertical handoffs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments by exploiting the explicit cooperation between server and mobile host

In recent years, many different kinds of wireless access networks have been deployed and become inseparable parts of the Internet. But TCP, the most widely used transport protocol of the Internet, was designed for stationery hosts. It faces severe challenges when user moves around in these networks and handoff occurs frequently. In this paper, we investigate the potential benefits of bringing explicit cooperation between TCP server and mobile host.For this purpose, TCP HandOff (TCP-HO), a practical end-to-end mechanism, is designed for improving TCP performance in heterogeneous mobile environments. TCP-HO assumes that a mobile host is able to detect the completion of handoff immediately and has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. When a mobile host detects handoff completion, it will immediately notify the server through two duplicate ACKs, whose TCP option also carries the bandwidth of new wireless link. After receiving this notification, the server begins to transmit immediately and keeps updating ssthresh according to the bandwidth from mobile host and its new RTT samples. This update will end after four RTT samples or after congestion is detected.TCP-HO has been implemented in FreeBSD 5.4. Experimental results indicate that in heterogeneous mobile environments, TCP-HO can improve TCP performance a lot without adversely affecting cross traffic even when mobile host only has a coarse estimation of new wireless link’s bandwidth. Considering that more and more users are accessing the Internet through heterogeneous wireless networks and mobile host could have a coarse estimation of wireless link’s bandwidth, it should be worthwhile to change both server and mobile host for improving TCP performance.     

TCP协议在无线网络中的一种改进方法

近年来,无线网络飞速发展,但由于其物理特性的影响,使其不如有线网络那么可靠,无线网络上的丢包率大大高于有线网络.当无线网络中出现丢包后,传统TCP协议会启动其拥塞控制机制,从而造成TCP性能的极大下降.对此提出了一种在传输层上改进wired-cum-wireless网络上TCP协议的方法--WirelessACK响应机制,力图在不改变有线网络的基础上提高TCP的性能.     

Improving TCP fairness and performance with bulk transmission control over lossy wireless channel

The traditional windows-based TCP congestion control mechanism produces throughput bias against flows with longer packet roundtrip times; the flow with a short packet roundtrip time preoccupies the shared network bandwidth to a greater extent than others. Moreover, the blind window reduction that occurs whenever packets are lost decreases the network utilization severely, especially in networks with high packet losses. This paper proposes a sender-based TCP congestion control, called TCP-BT. The scheme estimates the network bandwidth depending on the transmission behavior of applications, and adjusts the congestion window by considering both the estimated network bandwidth and the packet roundtrip time to improve fairness as well as transmission performance. The scheme has been implemented in the Linux platform and compared with various TCP variants in real environments. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme improves transmission performance, especially in networks with congestion and/or high packet loss rates. Experiments in real commercial wireless networks have also been conducted to support the practical use of the proposed mechanism.     

TEASE: A novel Tunnel-based sEcure Authentication SchemE to support smooth handoff in IEEE 802.11 wireless networks

With the growing popularity of WiFi-based devices, WiFi-based wireless networks have received a great deal of interest in the wireless networks community. However, due to the limited transmission range of WiFi-based networks, mobile users have to switch their associated access points constantly to maintain continuing communications during their movement. The process of switching access points is called handoff. Handoff management is a key service in mobile networks, because providing seamless roaming in wireless networks is mandatory for supporting real-time applications in a mobile environment, such as VoIP, online games, and eConference. Security is another important issue in network communications, and to prevent possible attacks, authentication is required during the handoff process to guarantee the reliability of mobile clients and access points. In this paper, we propose a novel authentication scheme to achieve a smooth handoff in WiFi-based networks, which we refer to as TEASE. A tunnel is introduced to forward data packets between the new access point and the original reliable access point. The processing of a complete secure authentication and the transmitting of data between mobile terminals and their correspondence nodes can go on simultaneously. The security of handoff is achieved without increasing overhead to authentication servers, and handoff latency can be minimized to support seamless roaming. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme reduces significantly the communication interruption time and generates low packet loss ratio, and our method is suitable to be used for secure handoff in real-time applications.     

无线网络丢包检测技术的研究

相较于有线网络,无线网络具有误码率高、时延大、带宽低等特性.因此,考虑到TCP直接应用于无线环境的局限性,这方面的研究者们提出了多种TCP拥塞控制的改进机制,这些方案一般没有考虑误码丢包对数据发送速率的影响.本文详细的讨论了有关无线网络丢包检测的各种实施策略,并介绍了若干丢包检测技术的实现原理.     

基于MIPv6的TCP性能增强方法

TCP协议假定链路上的数据丢失率极小，所以当数据传输中出现丢包情况时，它认为是由于网络拥塞而导致的，并且相应地采取拥塞避免机制。然而在无线网络中，由于信道比特差错率高，移动主机切换等原因，经常会导致数据的丢失。如果把这种情况下的数据报丢失错误归因于网络拥塞而采取拥塞控制机制，则不必要地降低了吞吐量，导致自身性能下降。文章首先介绍了针对无线移动网络所常用的TCP性能增强方法，然后提出了一种基于MIPv6的移动主机切换情况下TCP性能增强的方法并进行了分析。     

一种接收方驱动的无线TCP拥塞控制机制

为了提高有线/无线异构网络中TCP的传输性能,提出了一种新的接收方驱动的TCP拥塞控制机制TCP_LEB.该机制在接收方计算当前带宽和往返时间(RTT),并根据以往的带宽推导以后的可用带宽,然后反馈到发送方作为发送依据.同其他类似研究相比,该方法明显提高了无线网络中TCP的性能.仿真实验结果验证了算法的良好效果.