黄土震陷变形特征的细观分析*

 黄土在我国广泛分布,黄土的震陷性是黄土地区的主要灾害之一。本课题将黄土的震陷变形特征与微观结构特征有机地结合起来,分析土结构性在地震荷载作用下的变形破坏机理。通过电镜扫描分析手段,对Q3震陷性黄土的微结构特征、颗粒形态等进行了分析,探讨了中大孔隙对黄土震陷的影响,揭示了黄土的显微结构与震陷系数及震陷的临界动应力的关系。     

冻融作用下兰州饱和黄土的液化特性研究

为了研究冻融循环作用对饱和黄土液化特性的影响,通过室内冻融循环试验和动三轴试验,研究冻融循环前、后兰州饱和黄土的动残余应变和动孔隙水压力变化特征,分析冻融循环次数对饱和黄土液化循环剪切破坏次数的影响规律,探讨冻融循环前、后饱和黄土的平均有效应力–偏应力和动应力–动应变变化特征,并结合冻融前、后的颗粒分析试验和SEM微结构测试结果,分析冻融循环导致饱和黄土结构的变化特征及其对土体液化特性的影响。研究结果表明:冻融循环导致了饱和黄土的抗液化性能的劣化,循环剪切破坏次数在冻融循环次数为0～5次时显著减小。随着冻融循环次数的增加,饱和黄土动残余应变总体增加;冻融循环后,土体的动孔隙水压力比总体上较原状黄土的动孔隙水压力比明显增加,但与冻融循环次数的相关性不明显。随着冻融循环次数的增加,土体中黏粒含量增加,砂粒含量减少,团粒减少,土体颗粒趋于破碎,架空孔隙明显减少;冻融循环引起的土体颗粒与结构变化是导致土体液化特性变化的主要原因。     

循环荷载作用下黄土边坡变形研究

 通过室内不排水动三轴试验,研究列车循环荷载长期作用下,Q3黄土的动强度以及动应力–动应变关系。结果表明,Q3黄土动应变随动应力及振动次数的增加而增大,动弹性模量随动应变增大逐渐减小,动强度随循环次数的增加而降低。在此基础上,建立黄土边坡的动力分析模型,分析机车振动荷载作用下边坡的变形规律。结果表明,边坡位移随时间的增大而增大,下边坡的变形量要远远大于上边坡的变形量,边坡位移表现为一个非稳定的变形过程;由于机车荷载的作用,黄土的动强度下降,从而造成边坡的稳定性降低,相对于上边坡而言,下边坡更易失稳。     

循环荷载下平面变形超固结软土蠕变特征试验研究

采用原状试样试验研究平面变形超固结软土在循环荷载下的变形特征。研究表明,静力荷载试验应力状态平面变形条件下,正常固结和超固结软黏土以固结变形为主要特征。循环荷载试验应力状态平面变形条件下,正常固结和超固结软黏土以剪切变形为主要特征,超固结软土侧向变形小于正常固结软土。饱和软黏土试样在循环荷载作用初期孔隙水压力不显示波动特征,总体趋势为累计增大到峰值后连续下降,与静荷载作用下的孔压变化特征类似。循环荷载长时间作用后,孔隙压力呈现波动特征,波动峰值随时间逐渐减小,衰减过程与应力状态和应力历史有关。     

陕西蒲城黄土微观结构特征及定量分析

 利用Quanta环境扫描电镜对陕西蒲城电厂各土层黄土特别是Q2黄土试样进行微观结构测试,得到大量微观结构图片。针对黄土的微观结构特征,提出骨架颗粒的连接可分为直接点接触、直接面接触、间接点接触及间接面接触4种形式。微观结构定量分析表明,随着深度的增加,各土层黄土的灰度熵、颗粒和孔隙的数量、圆形度等没有明显的变化规律;颗粒的面积比例、定向度、分布分维逐渐增大;而欧拉数、孔隙的面积比例、定向度、分布分维逐渐减小。研究表明,Q3和Q2黄土微观结构特征与其湿陷性具有较好的相关性。     

加筋建筑垃圾土大型动三轴试验及加筋机制探讨

以建筑垃圾土为主要研究对象,开展一系列大型动三轴试验,分析砂土、建筑垃圾土轴向累积变形及不同加筋形式下建筑垃圾土超静孔隙水压力发展规律、动应力–动应变和动弹性模量,并对轮胎加筋建筑垃圾土作用机制进行探讨。结果表明:(1)循环次数和动应力幅值对填料动力性能影响明显,轴向累积变形试验结果符合安定理论,且在相同安定范围内,建筑垃圾土承载能力高于砂土;(2)加筋建筑垃圾土轴向累积变形预估模型在10个循环次数内,符合双曲线模型;10个循环次数外,符合修正Monismith模型;(3)当动应力幅值高于临界动应力时,超静孔隙水压力波动较大,且越靠近临界动应力现象越明显;(4)随循环次数增大,滞回圈面积逐渐缩小,土体动弹性模量逐渐增大;(5)轮胎提供的侧壁约束力与摩阻力可以增大土体颗粒间的咬合作用,限制裂缝的横向与竖向发展;建筑垃圾土顶部加筋效果优于底部加筋,双向土工格栅加筋效果不如轮胎加筋。     

原状和压实黄土持水特性及湿陷性对比试验研究

通过对比研究具有相同初始干密度和含水率的原状和压实黄土,揭示黄土结构对其持水特性和湿陷性影响。利用扫描电镜观察原状和压实黄土微观结构,对试验结果辅助分析。研究显示:压实黄土持水特征曲线进气值较原状黄土大75%。这可能是由于原状黄土中存在超大团粒间孔隙,造成显著的瓶颈效应。另外,原状黄土持水特征曲线的滞回度在低吸力范围(小于7 kPa)较压实黄土大,而在中间吸力范围(7～80 kPa)较压实黄土小。这是由于原状和压实黄土经历不同脱—吸湿历史。对于湿陷性,高含水率时(大于18%)原状和压实黄土湿陷系数差别不大,而在低含水率(16%)时,原状黄土湿陷系数大于压实黄土。这是由于原状黄土中存在黏土颗粒胶结,使其具有较大抵抗加载变形能力(竖向应力200 kPa)。随后的注水,导致黏土颗粒胶结作用失效,引起较大湿陷变形。此外,原状黄土屈服应力较压实黄土屈服应力增大的程度随含水率减小而显著增加,这说明了原状黄土的结构性随含水率的降低而显著增强。     

考虑主应力方向的Q2原状黄土定向剪切试验研究

为了研究在定向剪切下主应力偏转角对Q₂原状黄土强度与变形特性的影响,探讨了在定向剪切荷载作用下Q₂原状黄土的变形与强度特性,对比分析了重塑黄土与原状黄土结构性对剪切特性和非共轴特性的影响。结果表明：由于原状黄土内部结构性差异,当主应力偏转角α在0°和15°时,应变增量方向角随着α的增加而逐渐增加,非共轴性增强;当主应力偏转角α在30°～90°之间时,应变增量方向角随着α的增加而逐渐减小,非共轴性减弱,整体上呈先增强后减弱的趋势。该原状黄土达到破坏时的总广义应变值较小,通常为2%左右达到峰值强度,然后迅速发生较大变形而破坏。     

弹塑性黄土微结构与动变形模型的建立与分析

从微观角度分析土的动力学性质,是本构模型探索的重要方向之一。根据架空孔隙是导致弹塑性黄土产生动残余变形动力因素的微观机制,结合气固表面和颗粒理论以及双曲线公式,采用动三轴试验参数、架空孔隙面积、围压等数据建立震陷模型,获得动应力作用下土的残余变形系数计算公式。通过主要黄土沉积区土样的残余变形系数计算值与试验值对比,两者吻合较好。研究结果表明,所获得的微孔隙一维动变形模型能较好地反映不同围压、含水量和干密度下,不同地区黄土微结构差异导致的残余变形强弱,能较普遍反映黄土的弹塑性变形特征。     

黄土的动扭剪震陷特性试验研究

原状结构性黄土具有显著的动力易损性。地震作用下黄土的骨架结构遭到破坏,使得土骨架结构的颗粒重新排列而变得致密,土的架空孔隙结构塌陷,孔隙体积减小,宏观上表现为黄土产生震陷变形。通过西安原状黄土在不同含水率、不同固结围压条件下的动扭剪试验,表明不同含水率筒状黄土试样的轴向变形非线性累积增长,径向和环向变形近似等于零。测试分析了黄土在动扭剪过程中孔隙结构塌陷的累积体应变表征震陷性的震陷系数,以及动剪应力幅值、振次、含水率及固结围压对黄土震陷系数的影响。揭示黄土的震陷系数随动剪应力幅值、循环振次、固结围压和含水率的增大而增加,建立了黄土震陷系数与动剪应力、振次、固结围压和含水率之间的关系式,提出了黄土震陷变形预测的一种途径。     

Microstructure characteristics of nonwoven geotextiles using SEM and CT methods

Two digital image methods based on scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT) were proposed to study the microstructural characteristics of staple fibers and continuous filament geotextiles. Two-dimensional (2D) image analysis was developed for SEM images using a machine-learning-based segmentation algorithm. Three-dimensional (3D) image analysis of the CT images was based on 3D reconstruction and a pore network model. The fiber orientation distribution, porosity, pore size distribution (PSD), and characteristic pore size O₉₅ determined from image analysis were compared with the theoretical equation and bubble point test (BBP) results. It is shown that 2D and 3D image analyses can accurately measure the fiber orientation distribution of the geotextiles. The porosity values obtained using 3D imaging were comparable to theoretical values. The PSD curves obtained in the BBP tests were in good agreement with those obtained using the 3D image method. O₉₅ sizes of continuous filament geotextiles estimated by 2D image analysis compared well with O₉₅ sizes obtained by BBP tests, whereas this was not the case for staple fiber geotextiles. The O₉₅ pore throat sizes of the two nonwoven geotextiles determined by 3D image analysis were comparable to the BBP test-based values and 2D image analysis-based values.     

基于扫描电镜图像的土体三维视孔隙率定量计算方法

通过扫描电镜来观察土体微观结构是目前研究微观土力学的重要手段。目前,大部分通过SEM图像反映土体孔隙率的研究多采用二维表观孔隙率定性分析,而此时得到是土体的二维表观孔隙率难以反映土体真实的三维孔隙率。因此,建立一种基于二维扫描图像计算三维孔隙率的计算方法具有重要研究意义。基于SEM电镜扫描图像,利用SEM图像处理软件IPP,变换不同的阈值得到不用阈值下的二维表观孔隙率,并且引入二重积分的思想,提出了一种基于SEM扫描电镜二维图像确定土体三维视孔隙率的计算方法。最后对不同种类的土进行了对比试验验证,结果表明本文提出的计算方法能够较好地反映土体真实的三维孔隙率。     

Hydraulic conductivity characteristics of carbonated reactive magnesia-treated silt

Carbonation of reactive magnesia (MgO) has recently received increasing attention in the area of soil stabilization and ground improvement. However, as a critical parameter in terms of long-term seepage behavior in the geotechnical analysis, the hydraulic conductivity of carbonated reactive MgO-stabilized silt has not been fully studied. In this context, the effect of water-MgO ratio (ratio of initial water content to MgO content, w₀/c) and carbonation time on hydraulic conductivity (or permeability) characteristics was systematically investigated. Serial microstructural tests including mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses were applied to elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms. The obtained results indicate that as the initial water-MgO ratio decreases, the void ratio gradually decreases and the reduction of hydraulic conductivity becomes less prominent because of the little presence of flow paths. The hydraulic conductivity of carbonated MgO-admixed silt similar to that of PC-treated silt is mainly governed by the porosity, and its correlation with void ratio is proposed in the article. The variations of permeability with void ratio are consistent with those of the cumulative pore volume from MIP results in general, and the medium pores (3–30 μm) are substantiated to be the primary contributor in controlling the permeability. SEM and DSC analyses reveal that the cementation of soil particles and filling of hydrated magnesium carbonates marginally reduce the voids and permeability. The reasons for changes of permeability behaviors have been confirmed by the pore-size distribution and microstructure characteristics.

     

“Plagioclase solution degree index”: a new index to evaluate the weathering degree of granite

The weathering degree of rocks has an adverse influence on their strength and deformability characteristics, which in turn influences the industrial uses of rock. The need to develop a weathering index that reveals their mechanical and engineering geological behaviors is thus pertinent to enable the building of more accurate models for forecasting geological hazards. Granite weathering in the Ma On San, Shek Kip Mei and Kwun Tong areas of Hong Kong was studied using scan electron microscope (SEM) images to observe mineral shapes for detailed identification of the weathering degree of completely decomposed granite (CDG). Plagioclase images captured from the SEM were subsequently analyzed and processed with the use of a microstructural image processing system. The results of the analyses indicate that plagioclase, though sensitive to weathering, still remains in CDG and is preserved at different weathering degrees. Hence, it provides a possibility for evaluating the weathering degree more accurately. Thus, a new index referred to as the plagioclase solution degree index is proposed to evaluate the weathering degree of granite.     

Preparation of soil specimens for SEM analysis using freeze-cut-drying

A new method, freeze-cut-drying, is introduced for preparing a soil specimen for microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). With this method, moisture in the specimen is removed by freeze-drying and an SEM observation surface is made by cutting the specimen at a temperature below freezing point. Tests on bentonite clay were used to compare the results from this method with those using other existing techniques such as peeling. Image processing was employed to analyse the SEM micrographs quantitatively in terms of distributions of size and orientation of particles and pores in the soil. The results indicate that this method can preserve the original soil microstructure and minimise flaws such as false voids and erroneous orientations which frequently occur in SEM images obtained from specimens prepared by other techniques. This method is particularly suitable for clay soils with high moisture contents and should find wide application in the analysis of soft clays, slurries and marine sediments. Received: 20 September 1998 · Accepted: 2 April 1999     

煤矸石胶凝性能的正交试验研究

运用正交设计方法研究了煅烧、增钙煅烧2种活化方法对煤矸石复合水泥力学性能的影响,同时对不同煤矸石进行了物相分析,然后运用汞压入法和扫描电镜等对煤矸石复合水泥的水化过程与机理进行了分析研究．试验证明,经过活化的煤矸石可以改善复合水泥的胶凝性能．     

Investigation on microstructure evolution of clayey soils: A review focusing on wetting/drying process

Variability in moisture content is a common condition in natural soils. It influences soil properties significantly. A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of soil microstructure in wetting/drying process is of great significance for interpretation of soil macro hydro-mechanical behavior. In this review paper, methods that are commonly used to study soil microstructure are summarized. Among them are scanning electron microscope (SEM), environmental SEM (ESEM), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and computed tomography (CT) technology. Moreover, progress in research on the soil microstructure evolution during drying, wetting and wetting/drying cycles is summarized based on reviews of a large body of research papers published in the past several decades. Soils compacted on the wet side of optimum water content generally have a matrix-type structure with a monomodal pore size distribution (PSD), whereas soils compacted on the dry side of optimum water content display an aggregate structure that exhibits bimodal PSD. During drying, decrease in soil volume is mainly caused by the shrinkage of inter-aggregate pores. During wetting, both the intra- and inter-aggregate pores increase gradually in number and sizes. Changes in the characteristics of the soil pore structure significantly depend on stress state as the soil is subjected to wetting. During wetting/drying cycles, soil structural change is not completely reversible, and the generated cumulative swelling/shrinkage deformation mainly derives from macro-pores. Furthermore, based on this analysis and identified research needs, some important areas of research focus are proposed for future work. These areas include innovative methods of sample preparation, new observation techniques, fast quantitative analysis of soil structure, integration of microstructural parameters into macro-mechanical models, and soil microstructure evolution characteristics under multi-field coupled conditions.     

负温高性能混凝土强度与孔结构试验研究

运用压力试验机、压汞测孔法以及扫描电镜观测等实验手段,对负温高性能混凝土强度与孔隙特征的关系进行试验研究,研究结果表明:负温高性能混凝土强度受孔结构影响显著,呈现抗压强度增大孔隙率减小趋势关系。同时,抗压强度还受孔的级配、孔的形貌及孔的空间排列的影响。     

Assessment of fracture process in forta and polypropylene fiber-reinforced concrete using experimental analysis and digital image correlation

This paper aims to characterize the evolution of the fracture process and the cracking behavior in forta-ferro (FF) and polypropylene (PP) fiber-reinforced concrete under the uniaxial compressive loading using experimental analysis and digital image correlation (DIC) on the surface displacement. For this purpose, 6 mix designs, including two FF volume fractions of 0.10%, and 0.20% and three PP volume fractions of 0.20%, 0.30%, and 0.40%, in addition to a control mix were evaluated according to compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, toughness index, and stress–strain curves. The influence of fibers on the microstructural texture of specimens was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Results show that FF fiber-reinforced concrete specimens demonstrated increased ductility and strength compared to PP fiber. DIC results revealed that the major crack and fracture appeared at the peak load of the control specimen due to brittleness and sudden gain of large lateral strain, while a gradual increase in micro-crack quantity at 75% of peak load was observed in the fiber specimens, which thenbegan to connect with each other up to the final fracture. The accuracy of the results supports DIC as a reliable alternative for the characterization of the fracture process in fiber-reinforced concrete.     

基于SEM图像分维估算的脆性材料细观结构演化方法研究

借助细观力学试验系统，运用扫描电镜拍摄了不同应力条件下水泥砂浆的实时细观结构图像，综合应用图像分析技术和分形理论，估算了细观结构图像的分形维数，并简要分析了脆性材料的细观结构演化特征。