SpaceWire冗余网络故障检测恢复技术实现

为提高SapceWire网络可靠性,基于SpaceWire-D提出了一种应用于SpaceWire冗余网络的故障检测恢复技术。网络节点通过比较主、备份端口收到的时间码来判断链路故障状态,在确认主链路发生故障后,节点自动启用备份端口工作。通过引入时间码抖动容限参数,提高了节点对故障判断的准确性,避免了故障误判。测试结果表明,即使故障链路未与节点直接连接,节点也能够在一个时间槽长度内检测到链路故障并自动切换至备份链路。此技术保证了网络故障情况下的数据正确传输,提高了SpaceWire网络的可靠性,是一种稳定可靠的故障检测恢复技术。     

基于假设保证的SpaceWire总线链路接口的组合验证

SpaceWire是一种面向航天应用的高速、全双工的串行总线标准,对其功能正确性的实现具有极高需求。运用模型检验的方法对SST项目中SpaceWire总线链路接口的设计实现与标准规范的一致性进行形式化的验证。在对SpaceWire总线链路接口进行形式建模时,运用假设保证推理,通过抽象环境状态机,建立层次化的组合验证模型,实现了关键功能属性的验证,并有效地解决了状态爆炸问题,缩短验证时间。该方法克服了模拟和测试等传统验证方法的不完备性,为验证SpaceWire总线链路接口设计与实现的功能正确性提供了有效的验证手段。     

关于SpaceWire总线接口可靠性的研究

为满足航天器有效载荷间高速数据传输的发展需求,提出了两种SpaceWire总线可靠性的改进方案;在SpaceWire总线描述的基础上,分析了字符的正确性校验和传输过程中的错误及检测恢复机制等提高可靠性的方法;针对通信链路发生物理性故障的问题,提出了两种基于硬件冗余机制的SpaceWire可靠性改进方案,一种是在系统间建立两个相独立的协议装置,另一种是使用多路输出选择器进行切换将数据传输给目的节点;通过实验验证,两种方案能够处理通信链路出现物理故障的问题。     

基于无线通信技术的网络连接优化策略

网络连接性是评估网络生存能力和网络持续性的关键指标。为了优化网络的连接性,提出了一种基于无线技术的连接性优化策略。该策略利用了无线链路建立时的灵活性。首先对网络进行实时检测和测量,根据这些结果对网络连接性进行量化,当网络连接性低于设定值时,就启动无线链路备份步骤,使用无线备份建立算法来减少备份过程中所需的无线资源。通过采用这两个步骤,该策略为保证网络的连接性尽了最大的努力。仿真结果表明当平均链路故障率约为70%时,所提方案仍然可以保证基本的网络连接性。与现有的有线链路备份机制相比,在相同的网络上下文环境下,所提方案对网络持续性的改善程度要高出7%~9%。     

SpaceWire协议的形式化建模与概率分析

SpaceWire是应用于航空航天领域的高速通信总线标准,保证其设计的可靠性和正确性至关重要.本文通过概率模型检测的方法对SpaceWire的交换层设计进行形式化建模与量化分析.基于马尔科夫决策过程(MDP)对交换层的链路初始化及正常运行过程建立形式化概率模型,模型包括发送方、接收方和信道,提取SpaceWire交换层的4个关键属性,用概率计算树逻辑(PCTL)进行描述,运用PRISM平台对SpaceWire交换层设计进行验证和分析;并获得信道丢包概率不同情况下,链路初始化成功以及正常运行时数据包正确传输的概率,这种定量形式化分析结果可为SpaceWire的设计和实现提供参考依据.     

基于业务类型的网络切片可靠性映射算法

网络切片是5G网络的基础架构技术,为在多个切片共享同一底层网络资源的同时保证切片的可靠性,提出一种区分业务类型的网络切片可靠性映射算法,解决底层网络链路故障、网络切片可靠性与资源利用率相互矛盾的问题。通过区分切片承载业务类型,对高可靠低时延切片请求的链路提前构建备份路径,并采用基于最大生成树链路的备份资源共享保护方法,对高带宽切片请求则采用基于链路可靠性的重映射算法恢复故障链路。仿真结果验证了该算法的有效性,与SVNE1+1和DPS-VNRA算法相比,其在切片成功运行率、长期收益开销比、物理链路利用率和故障恢复率方面均具有优势。     

应用SpaceWire网络的智能处理通用平台设计

针对大规模星座的智能处理通用平台高速数据交互的需求,设计应用SpaceWire网络实现外部载荷设备、智能处理通用平台及内部各模块间的互联互通;采用标准物理接口、SpaceWire路由逻辑寻址方式、标准CCSDS协议和RMAP协议,使得用户未知网络连接细节即可实现即插即用;当冷备份的模块故障时可以通过切机操作对系统重构,设计SpaceWire网络自主寻址机制重新规划传输路径;同时对SpaceWire网络应用设计进行硬件防静电、软件状态监测等可靠性设计;与无网络连接的同类型系统进行比较,该设计优势明显,接口种类少、协议标准、支持应用重构且支持系统扩展;设计测试用例对数据传输速率、切机后自主寻址以及应用重构等功能进行验证,测试结果表明功能都满足要求;该设计在大规模卫星设计中具有很好的应用前景.     

PTN 网络的二次断纤链路规划算法

在 PTN(Packet Transport Network)网络规划建设中,需要对光纤链路留出备份带宽,以保证部分光纤断开时,受影响业务有足够的容量进行路由重组.这也是提高网络生存性的有效方法之一.文中首先遍历网络双链路的失效状态,然后断开网络中任意两条链路,通过逐次增加链路容量来保证失效业务能够重组路由;最后提出二次断纤链路容量规划算法并进行试验仿真.结果表明,该算法在节约网络带宽、降低建造成本以及故障容错方面有着良好性能,能够很好应用于传送网络的链路规划中.     

基于MPLS L2VPN技术的VPWS冗余备份的设计与实现

目前在VPN应用领域,MPLS L2VPN技术已成为最热门的VPN解决方案。为了增强基于VPWS（Virtual Private Wire Service,虚拟专线业务,又称为VLL）技术的L2VPN数据传输的可靠性,本文提出了VPWS冗余备份的设计方案。该方案采用状态机的设计方法,通过C语言中的函数指针和二维数组将状态和事件映射到各个处理函数上来实现。当网络链路发生故障时,该方案可以快速的切换VPWS冗余备份中主备PW（pesiod–wire,虚链路）的状态以加快网络收敛,从而保证L2VPN业务的稳定性。     

PTN网络的二次断纤链路规划算法

在PTN（PacketTransportNetwork）网络规划建设中,需要对光纤链路留出备份带宽,以保证部分光纤断开时,受影响业务有足够的容量进行路由重组。这也是提高网络生存性的有效方法之一。文中首先遍历网络双链路的失效状态,然后断开网络中任意两条链路,通过逐次增加链路容量来保证失效业务能够重组路由;最后提出二次断纤链路容量规划算法并进行试验仿真。结果表明,该算法在节约网络带宽、降低建造成本以及故障容错方面有着良好性能,能够很好应用于传送网络的链路规划中。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).