食管癌行根治性放疗后复发的诊断和再手术指征的探讨

 目的 探讨食管癌行根治性放疗后局部复发的诊断和再手术适应症的选择。方法 48例患者本前X线钡餐检查显示：食管管壁僵硬伴明显狭窄21例,充盈缺损和/或伴多发浅小龛影25例,明显扭曲移位和巨大龛影2例。复发距再手术时间最短5周（再程放疗后3倒包括在内）,最长48个月。结果 48例中切除46例,切除率95．8％。术后并发症发生率为9．2％。死亡1例（术后死于肺部并发症）,死亡率为2．1％。术后1、3、5年生存率分别为84．4％、35,6％、24．4％。结论 食管癌根治性放疗后复发多发生于放疗后6－10个月。放疗后5周-6个月是再手术治疗的最佳时机。食管明显扭曲移位或巨大龛影,以及远处淋巴结转移而又不能作联合脏器切除者不宜手术治疗。     

原发颅内恶性畸胎瘤34例分析

目的:总结颅内恶性畸胎瘤的临床特点,探讨其诊断方法和外科治疗效果。方法：34例原发颅内恶性畸胎瘤均经手术切除和病理证实。根据患者的临床表现和神经影像学检查,确定肿瘤的生长方式;结合手术效果对临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：34例中,有6例术前诊断为畸胎瘤;行肿瘤全切除14例,手术死亡率为32．4％。23例肿瘤呈侵袭性生长,其术后存活时间与非侵袭性生长者比较,差异有显著性（P＜0．05）。结论：颅内恶性畸胎瘤术前不易诊断,尤其是位于鞍区者;肿瘤的侵袭性生物学行为是手术治疗效果不良的主要原因;保护下丘脑、脑干功能和解除脑积水是外科治疗的关键;全面的组织病理学检查、血清及脑脊液肿瘤标志物检测是诊断和治疗的重要依据。     

颅内脂肪瘤的CT和MRI诊断

 目的 评价CT和MRI在颅内脂肪瘤诊断中的价值。方法 对经CT及MRI诊断并经手术病理证实的10例颅内脂肪瘤进行对照总结。结果 肿瘤位于胼胝体8例,第三脑室、外侧裂各1例。其中3例胼胝体脂肪瘤同时发生双侧脑室脉络丛脉脂肪瘤,罕见。CT表现均匀低密度7例,不均匀低密度3例,肿瘤伴钙化3例。MRI检查3例在TIWⅠ及T2WⅠ图像均为高信号。结论 研对颅内胼胝体等部位显示形态各异低密度,CT值在0以下,或伴钙化肿块;MRI在T1WⅠ和T2WⅠ图像显示与颅外脂肪相同的高信号肿块,可作为CT、MRI诊断颅内脂肪瘤的重要表现。     

显微手术治疗四脑室肿瘤及常见并发症的防治

目的探讨四脑室肿瘤的显微手术治疗和术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析2005年8月至2012年8月60例四脑室肿瘤显微手术治疗患者的临床资料，总结分析四脑室肿瘤显微手术治疗操作技巧及术后并发症的防治。结果60例中手术全切除52例（86．7％），次全切除8例（13．3％）。术后并发脑积水3例，缄默症2例，头皮下积液2例，脑脊液漏5例，颅内感染4例，1例出现术区血肿致脑疝，经抢救无效死亡。其余均治愈出院。结论四脑室肿瘤接近脑干或直接来源于四脑室底，手术解剖部位特殊，周围组织结构复杂，其并发症十分常见且严重。熟练的显微外科技术，积极预防和处理并发症，是提高手术质量，改善患者预后的关键。     

上颌窦良恶性肿瘤的CT诊断

 目的 评价CT在上颌窦良恶性肿瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中的作用。方法 回顾分析38例经手术和病理证实的上颌窦肿瘤的CT资料。结果 15例良性肿瘤,四例为恶性肿瘤,鉴别良恶性肿瘤CT的主要表现为肿块的形态是否规则、密度是否均匀、骨质改变的形式（增生、膨胀、改建或破坏）和周围脂肪层是否受侵等。结论 CT在诊断与鉴别诊断上颌窦肿瘤中具有重要的作用,它有助于临床制定合理的手术方案。     

21例儿童颅咽管瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结儿童颅咽管瘤的临床特点及显微手术术后并发症的防治方法。方法回顾性分析21例儿童颅咽管瘤的临床表现、手术方法和术后并发症。结果肿瘤全切除13例（61．9％）,次全切除4例（19．1％）,大部分切除4例（19．1％）。术后尿崩症16例（76．1％）,其中2例为长期性尿崩;7例（33．3％）出现下丘脑损伤症状;意识障碍10例（47．6％）;垂体功能低下15例（71．4％）;癫痫2例（9．5％）。全组无死亡病例。随访32．5个月,3例（14．2％）复发。结论显微手术切除肿瘤是儿童颅咽管瘤的有效治疗措施,术前影像学的详细检查,合适手术入路的选择,术后并发症的及时防治有助于患儿预后的改善。     

儿童期颅咽管瘤的诊断与经蝶显微手术治疗

 目的　提高儿童期颅咽管瘤的诊断水平与手术治疗效果。方法　回顾性总结 2 5例颅咽管瘤的诊断措施 ,手术技巧和治疗结果。本组均经 CT或 MRI扫描确诊。手术采取经蝶入路行肿瘤切除术。结果　 1 3例肿瘤获全切除 ;8例次全切除 ;余 4例为部分切除 ,术后无死亡。2 0例获长期随访 (平均 3.6年 ) ,其中 1 7例 (85.0 % )恢复良好 ,3例 (1 5.0 % )肿瘤复发 ,需行再次手术治疗。结论　对儿童期颅咽管瘤采用 CT或 MRI进行诊断并选择合适病例经蝶入路显微手术切除 ,是一种安全、有效的方法。     

脑转移瘤几种不同治疗方法疗效分析

 目的 回顾性分析脑转移瘤采用单纯放疗（R）、放疗加化疗（R＋C）、立体放射外科加放疗（SRS＋R）治疗效果及影响因素。方法 1993年3月至1998年6月间对收治的脑转移瘤中有61例进行分组治疗观察。结果 6月、12月、＞12月生存率及局部控制率R组分别为54．1％、16．3％、2．7％和16．2％,R＋C组分别为75％、33．3％、25％和41．6％,SRS＋R组分别为83．3％。58．3％、41．6％和91．6％。结论 SRS＋R治疗脑转移瘤在延长患者生存期及局部控制上要优于R和R＋C组。     

颅骨肿瘤119例临床分析

目的 探讨颅骨肿瘤的常见病理类型、临床特点和治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析119例手术治疗的颅骨肿瘤病例,对其临床症状、影像学资料、治疗方法以及生存情况先进进行分析研究。结果 共行神经外科手术122次,3人行手术2次。全切除手术75次,近全切除手术24次,部分切除手术22次,1例患者行活检手术。外生型肿瘤43例（36．1％）,内生型肿瘤27例（22．7％）,混合生长型肿瘤49例（41．2％）。随诊85例患者中,78．6％的患者术后恢复了正常的工作和学习,16．6％的患者术后生活可以自理,生活需要照顾以及随访期间死亡的患者各2例。结论 积极的手术治疗可以达到明确诊断,延缓神经功能缺损的发展,延长患者的生存期以及美容等目的。     

康泉片剂预防化疗引致恶心呕吐的临床研究

 目的 观察康泉片剂在预防化疗引致恶心呕吐的疗效。方法 从1996年11月至1997年7月对45例接受以顺铂或阿霉素为主联合化疗的肿瘤患者应用康泉片剂进行预防消化道反应。康泉片剂2mg均在第1天化疗前3小时口服,连续观察5天的消化道反应情况。结果 控制呕吐有效率从化疗后第1天至第5天分别为：86．7％,88．9％,88．9％,91．1％和93．3％.主要不良反应为便秘（55.6％）。结论 化疗前3小时口服康泉片剂2mg,可有效地预防化疗引致的消化道反应。     

显微手术切除后瘤腔植入缓释5-氟尿嘧啶化疗联合125I增敏放疗治疗恶性脑胶质瘤

 目的　探讨外科显微手术切除后瘤床内植入5-氟尿嘧啶（5-Fu）多聚缓释体局部化疗联合125I粒子局部增敏放疗治疗恶性脑胶质瘤的临床疗效。方法　对65例脑胶质瘤患者行开颅显微手术切除,术中于瘤床周围植入5-Fu多聚缓释体和125I粒子,术后（3个月～1年）立体定向引导下再次植入1～2次。随访6～36个月,观察疗效、瘤周水肿情况和患者不良反应。并与同时期经随访的40例接受显微镜下全切后常规放化疗的脑胶质瘤患者相比较。结果　术后1周内患者头痛明显,脑脊液WBC不同程度升高,瘤周水肿较单纯手术明显,经治疗所有患者都顺利出院。44例患者获完全随访,生存期明显延长,半年内复发4例（9.1 %）,无死亡;1年内复发14例（31.8 %）,无死亡;2年内复发20例（45.5 %）,死亡12例（27.6 %）;3年内复发29例（65.9 %）,死亡20例（45.5 %）。未发现明显的不良反应,患者生存质量得到明显改善。结论　显微镜下手术全切肿瘤是治疗的关键,术后于瘤床内植入5-Fu多聚缓释体局部化疗联合125I局部增敏放疗,是一种可供选择的治疗人类脑恶性胶质瘤的安全有效方法。     

Multivoxel proton MRS for differentiation of radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence after gamma knife radiosurgery for brain metastases

Multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was used for differentiation of radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence after gamma knife radiosurgery for intracranial metastases in 33 consecutive cases. All patients presented with enlargement of the treated lesion, increase of perilesional brain edema, and aggravation or appearance of neurological signs and symptoms on average 9.3 ± 4.9 months after primary treatment. Metabolic imaging defined four types of lesions: pure tumor recurrence (11 cases), partial tumor recurrence (11 cases), radiation-induced tumor necrosis (10 cases), and radiation-induced necrosis of the peritumoral brain (1 case). In 1 patient, radiation-induced tumor necrosis was diagnosed 9 months after radiosurgery; however, partial tumor recurrence was identified 6 months later. With the exception of midline shift, which was found to be more typical for radiation-induced necrosis (P < 0.01), no one clinical, radiologic, or radiosurgical parameter either at the time of primary treatment or at the time of deterioration showed a statistically significant association with the type of the lesion. Proton MRS-based diagnosis was confirmed histologically in all surgically treated patients (7 cases) and corresponded well to the clinical course in others. In conclusion, multivoxel proton MRS is an effective diagnostic modality for identification of radiation-induced necrosis and tumor recurrence that can be used for monitoring of metabolic changes in intracranial neoplasms after radiosurgical treatment. It can be also helpful for differentiation of radiation-induced necrosis of the tumor and that of the peritumoral brain, which may have important clinical and medicolegal implications.     

Treatment results of intracranial germinoma as a function of the irradiated volume

Between 1962 and 1986, 70 patients were treated with radiation for confirmed or suspected intracranial germinoma at our hospital. The diagnosis was based on histology in 30 cases, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology in 12 cases, and on clinical and radiological findings in the remaining 28 cases. The target of radiation was the primary tumor site in 34 cases (Group A), the entire neuraxis in 22 cases (Group B), the whole brain in 4 cases (Group C), and the ventricle plus spine in 6 cases (Group D). Four patients were not included in the above groups for various reasons. The average radiation dose was 50-55 Gy to the tumor, 30 Gy to the whole brain, and 24 Gy to the spinal axis. The 5- and 10-year survival rates of the 68 primary cases in which radiotherapy was completed were 86% and 79%, respectively. The survival and relapse-free survival rates for the above 4 groups did not differ significantly, although slightly better results were seen in Groups B and C. Five cases in Groups A and D developed intracranial recurrence, 4 adjacent to the primary site but 1 distant from it, whereas no intracranial recurrence was found in the whole-brain-treated groups (B and C). One patient in Group B developed spinal metastasis, which was possibly due to inadequate radiation fields, and another in Group B developed abdominal metastasis via the shunt tube. Craniospinal irradiation should be administered to the patients with demonstrated meningeal seeding or with a positive CSF cytology. For cytology-negative cases with no evident metastasis, irradiation of the tumor plus a wide margin is usually sufficient, but craniospinal irradiation should be considered when the disease extends along the ventricular walls or is present in both pineal and suprasellar regions.     

复杂性颅-眶肿瘤的诊断与手术处理

目的探讨复杂性颅-眶肿瘤的诊断与显微外科治疗效果。方法对61例进行颅眶肿瘤病例临床与影像学诊断,采用经眶开颅及经颅切开眶顶的手术入路、以显微外科技术切除肿瘤。结果本组49例肿瘤(80.3%)获手术全切除,12例(19.7%)为次全切除,无死亡。对50例进行随访调查,随访期6~108月(平均43.2月),其中41例(82.0%)恢复满意,余9例(18.0%)有不同程度后遗症。结论复杂性颅-眶肿瘤多以视器改变为主要临床表现。根据肿瘤起源的部位与大小,选择适宜的手术入路和显微外科技术切除本类肿瘤,效果良好。     

颅内海绵状血管瘤的临床特点与治疗

目的：探讨颅内海绵状血管瘤（CA）的临床特点与治疗策略。方法1回顾性分析1998年1月至2008年6月我院神经外科收治的46例颅内CA的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果：脑内型CA40例。临床观察6例,4例随访1—6年无特殊不适,2例随访1年后症状加重;手术治疗9例,均采用神经导航辅助显微手术,随访0．5-3年均恢复良好;γ-刀治疗25例,7例0．5—1年再次出血,1年后仅6例病灶体积缩小。脑外型CA6例,均采用翼点或扩大翼点入路,其中病灶全切除3例,大部分切除2例,部分切除1例。全切除的3例病人随访3月-2年MRI复查未见血管瘤复发。不全切除的3例患者术后均行γ-刀治疗,1年后复查MR／见病灶体积不同程度缩小,临床症状改善。结论：脑外型CA应首选显微手术治疗,残留部分可行γ-刀治疗;脑内型CA,无症状者可临床观察。一旦出现临床症状则应积极手术治疗,合理采用微侵袭神经外科技术并遵循个体化原则有利于提高手术疗效。γ-刀治疗必须慎重。     

The Role of Pre-Operative MRI for Prediction of High-Grade Intracranial Meningioma: A Retrospective Study

Objective: High histological grade (WHO grade 2 and 3) intracranial meningiomas have been linked to a greater risk for tumor recurrence and worse clinical outcomes compared to low-grade (WHO grade 1) tumors. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a crucial role in tumor evaluation and allows a better understanding of tumor grading, which could potentially alter clinical outcomes. The present study sought to determine whether preoperative MRI features of intracranial meningiomas can serve as predictors of high-grade tumors. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed 327 consecutive confirmed cases of intracranial meningiomas, among whom 210 (64.2%) had available preoperative MRI studies. Thereafter, imaging features such as intratumoral signal heterogeneity, venous sinus invasion, necrosis or hemorrhage, mass effect, cystic component, bone invasion, hyperostosis, spiculation, heterogeneous tumor enhancement, capsular enhancement, restricted diffusion, brain edema, and unclear tumor-brain interface were obtained and data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: 249 (76.1%) patients had low-grade (grade I), and 78 (23.9%) had high-grade (grades 2 and 3) intracranial meningioma. The majority of cases were females (274 cases, 83.3%) and most patients were below 60 years of age (mean age, 52.50 ± 11.51 years). The multivariate analysis with Multiple Logistic regression analysis using factors determined to be significant during univariate analysis via a backward stepwise selection method with statistical significance set at 0.05 identified three MRI features including necrosis or hemorrhage (adjusted OR = 2.94, 95% CI: 1.15–7.48, p = 0.024), hyperostosis (adjusted OR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12–0.79, p = 0.014), and brain edema (adjusted OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.13–4.81, p = 0.022) as significant independent predictors of high-grade meningioma after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Our study suggested that certain preoperative MRI features of intracranial meningiomas including necrosis or hemorrhage and brain edema could potentially predict high-grade tumors while hyperostosis is a predictor for low-grade tumors.     

Postoperative radiotherapy of intracranial ependymoma in pediatric and adult patients

In 33 patients undergoing operation and postoperative irradiation for intracranial ependymomas between January 1963 and December 1983, the tumor was grade 1 or 2 in 26 (79%) patients and grade 3 or 4 in 7 (21%). Operation consisted of only biopsy in 1 (3%), subtotal removal of tumor in 28 (85%), and gross total resection in 4 (12%). All patients received brain irradiation with a median dose of 4800 cGy. Seventeen (52%) patients also received spinal axis irradiation (median dose, 3000 cGy) which included 5 with high-grade tumors and 12 with low-grade infratentorial tumors. The relapse-free and overall survival rates at 5 years were 61% and 62%, respectively. Prognostic factors analyzed for statistically significant survival differences included age, sex, hydrocephalus, site, grade, extent of operation, extent of brain field, spinal axis irradiation, and brain dose. Grade was the only significant factor found: the 5-year survival of patients with low-grade ependymomas, 71%, was significantly better (p less than 0.04) than that of patients with high-grade ependymomas, 29%. Among the 31 patients evaluable for patterns of failure, treatment failed in 12 (39%) (10 only in the brain, 1 in the brain and spinal cord, and 1 only in the spine). All but one of the brain failures were at the site of the original primary lesion. Treatment failed in 4 of the 6 (67%) patients with high-grade tumor but in only 8 of the 25 (32%) with low grade tumor. Among the 7 low-grade infratentorial ependymomas treated with brain irradiation only, there was 1 treatment failure (in the spine; salvaged with further irradiation). Among the 12 patients with low-grade infratentorial tumors who received spinal axis irradiation, treatment failed in 1 (8%) (in the spine and also in the brain; patient subsequently died of disease). Nineteen (58%) patients remain alive; all but 2 of the patients who had recurrence died of their disease. This retrospective study suggests that: (a) patients with high-grade tumors have significantly poorer survival compared with those with low-grade tumors; (b) the main cause of death in ependymoma patients is intracranial failure at the primary site; and (c) craniospinal axis irradiation may not be necessary for patients with low-grade infratentorial ependymoma (localized irradiation alone may be adequate).     

椎管内肿瘤23例显微手术治疗

 目的　研究椎管肿瘤有效的诊断与显微外科治疗方法。方法　回顾分析2002年4月至2006年5月收治的23例椎管肿瘤患者的诊治方法及预后。结果　所有病例均经手术治疗，肿瘤完全切除17例（73.9 %），次全切除5例（21.7 %），1例（4.3 %）行肿瘤大部分切除加椎管减压术。该组治愈20例（86.9 %）。神经系统症状明显好转2例（8.7 %），无明显改善1例，无术中死亡。结论　椎管肿瘤的早期诊断和治疗是影响其预后的重要环节，影像学检查和显微外科手术则是其关键的诊治手段。     

Primary intracranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: a low-proliferation tumor exhibiting clinically malignant behavior

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is an extremely rare intracranial tumor and is regarded as a low-proliferation tumor. We present two cases of primary intracranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and give an overview of the English literature pertaining to this disease. We described two new cases of primary intracranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and performed a search of MEDLINE (PubMed) using the words "epithelioid hemangioendothelioma". Only cases in the English language that were intracranially located and contained clinical information pertinent to the analysis were included. The tumor in case 1 originated from the right temporal bone and invaded the surrounding cranium, dura and temple muscles. The tumor in case 2 was located in the petroclival bone and had also invaded the surrounding cranium. Both tumors were well vascularized. The tumors were totally (case 1) or subtotally (case 2) removed with moderate blood loss. A total of 36 cases of intracranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma were found in the literature. The tumor was typically diagnosed in young adults and infants. There was no sex predominance in adult patients, while in children, males were more frequently affected (M/F ratio, 3.5:1). Surgical removal was the main therapeutic protocol, and adjuvant therapy included radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Including the 2 patients presented here, a total of 38 patients were analyzed: 32?% showed local invasion, 24?% suffered a recurrence, 15?% had metastases, and the mortality rate was 15?%. Intracranial epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare, low-proliferation tumor, but it exhibits some clinically malignant behaviors, such as local invasion, recurrence and metastasis. Total resection is mandatory where possible, and radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are otherwise required. Preoperative feeding-artery embolization is recommended.