中考化学实验试题与课程标准一致性的比较分析

基于“SEC”一致性分析模式,对福州、厦门、泉州的中考化学实验试题与《义务教育化学课程标准（2011年版）》中实验内容主题和认知水平要求进行一致性编码分析,总结实验题的命题特点,提出实验教学应有所侧重,命制实验题应紧扣课程标准要求。     

化学中考试题与课程标准的一致性初探

标准是评价的准绳,是评价质量的保障,而评价又是制约新课程改革的瓶颈。随着新课程标准的出台,学业成就评价和课程标准的一致性分析成为教育改革的热门话题。借鉴韦伯模式,可以从知识类别一致性、知识深度一致性、知识广度一致性、知识分布平衡性4个方面来初步探讨化学中考试题与课程标准的一致性。     

中考化学试题与义务教育化学课程标准的一致性研究

以《义务教育化学课程标准(2022年版)》和2020-2022年广东省和广州市中考化学试题为研究对象,采用SEC一致性分析模型,考察2020-2022年广东省和广州市化学中考试题与初中化学新课标的一致性水平,在整理初中新课标中内容主题和认知水平的比重和难度基础上,洞察了广东省和广州市中考化学试题命制的转变动向,以期对初中新课标实施背景下的中考化学命题和教学具有启示作用。     

科学课程标准与中考试题的一致性研究

学业评价与课程标准的一致性问题是衡量基于标准的学业成就评价执行程度的依据。以初中科学课程标准和某市中考科学试卷中“物质科学”知识领域试题为研究对象,运用韦伯一致性分析工具,从知识种类、知识深度、知识广度、知识分布平衡性等4个维度分析其一致性水平。研究发现物质的结构主题一致性水平最好,常见的物质主题和能与能源主题次之,物质运动与相互作用主题的一致性水平较差。     

从中考试题谈初高中化学衔接教学和备考策略

以广东省2014-2018年中考题为切入点,寻找初高中化学课本知识的衔接,分析典型题目并试编新题,谈谈研究初高中化学衔接的现实意义和教学及备考策略。     

2014年安徽省宣城市初中毕业学业考试化学学科评价报告

2014年宣城市初中毕业化学学业考试(下称“中考”)为全省统一命题.一方面从化学试题的结构,根据韦伯一致性分析模式,从标准要求、知识广度和知识深度与《义务教育化学课程标准(2011年版)》(下称《课程标准》)的一致性进行了分析;另一方面选取典型试题,分别从化学学科素养能力、信息分析和处理能力、图像辨析和数形结合的能力等层面,分析考生答题情况.最后根据以上分析,对命题者和化学教学各提出了几点建议.     

新课程标准下中考化学命题改革的实践与探索——2003年湖北省宜昌市中考化学试题自评报告

新课程改革下的中考考什么？怎么考？2003年宜昌市化学课程率先面对中考,对新课程标准下中考化学命题改革进行了有益的实践与探索,取得了成功的经验。 2003年中考化学试题从形式到内容,均着意导引了探究学习之路。本文就2003年宜昌市中考化学试题的命题背景、评价标准、试题评估、试题的技术特征、形式特征、评价结论、改进建议等7个方面进行全面综述,以期与即将进入新课程的同仁共同探讨。     

上海市初中化学学业评价试题与课程标准一致性分析——以2004-2017年试题为例

采用SEC一致性研究模式,从内容主题和认知水平2个维度来分析2004年至2017年上海市初中化学学业评价试题与课程标准之间的一致性。结果表明,学业评价试题与课程标准一致性总体水平一般;在内容主题和认知水平维度上的一致性水平有一定差异。     

对“金属的化学性质”类中考试题若干问题的商榷*

金属的化学性质一直是中考考查的重点内容之一,通过对近4年来各地区涉及的“金属的化学性质”内容的中考试题的研究和分析后发现,试题存在如下问题:(1)依据金属与酸反应的剧烈程度判断金属的活动性强弱;(2)把金属的活泼性和活动性混淆为一体;(3)金属和酸反应呈现出“一斜二平”的图像关系;(4)试题超出义务教育化学课程标准的要求。针对上述4种情况对几组“金属化学性质”类中考试题分别进行讨论。     

近三年天津市中考化学试卷的研究报告

通过对近三年天津市中考化学试卷的教师问卷调查、学生作答实测及学生学习能力的跟踪调查与分析,提出新课程中考试题的特点为：(1)立足基础强调应用;(2)试题的选材关注社会与自然,提升试题的教育价值;(3)加强对化学实验的过程和方法及相关能力的考查;(4)试题情境趋向人文性,体现真实性。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.