基于Level Set方法的气-液-固三相流动模型与模拟

采用基于Level Set方法与离散颗粒模型相结合的方法,建立了一个用于描述气液固三相流动的新模型.模型耦合了颗粒与气泡、颗粒与液相以及气泡与液相之间的相互作用.应用该模型对液固悬浮液中的典型现象--气泡的单孔及多孔形成过程以及颗粒夹带现象进行了三维模拟,检验了其可行性.并进一步研究了颗粒的存在对气泡的形成与上升过程的影响以及气泡诱导的液相流动对颗粒行为的影响.研究结果表明,所提出的模型能够真实地预测三相流中气泡与颗粒分散相的特征,为研究多尺度的三相流动提供了一种新途径.     

离散型织构表面液滴的铺展及其接触线的力学特性分析

针对离散型织构表面上液滴的铺展过程,采用数值模拟和润湿性实验相结合的方法,引入织构润湿因子θ*,得到了不同类型的离散型织构对固体表面润湿性的影响,在此基础之上分析了液滴铺展过程中接触线的力学特性,以期从微观界面力学的角度解释微织构对液滴铺展过程的促进作用.研究表明:离散型织构增大了液滴铺展过程中的固-液接触面积,位于铺展前沿的液体分子部分浸润织构内部,导致液面曲率和液滴内部的拉普拉斯压力增大,相邻离散型织构间的液体获得了额外的驱动力和能量,铺展速度加快,平衡接触角减小;槽状离散型织构对表面润湿性的影响程度最大,液滴在其上铺展过程具有各向异性特性.另外数值仿真分析表明,接触线的钉扎效应与固体表面粗糙度的大小和微织构类型密切相关,表面粗糙度越大,钉扎效应越明显,其中槽状织构对接触线的钉扎作用还具有方向性.      

关于多相流体力学

自然界的物质一般有固体、液体、气体和等离子体四态。各种不同态的物质(或同为液态的不同物质)混合时,如果它们之间存在着界面,则它们分别称为混合介质的相。由二相或二相以上(至少有一相是流体)的物质所组成的流动系统通常称为多相流动系统。最常见的多相流动系统为二相流动。在二相流动中又以流-固(气-固,液-固)流动与流-流(液-气,液-液)流动为最普遍 ...     

气液二相流研究概述

气液二相流研究液体和气体(或蒸气)两相介质共存条件下的流动特性。二相体系可以是液体中含有气体或(蒸气)泡或者气体,(或蒸气)中含有液体微滴,也可能因其中气泡或液滴的聚并,两相间形成更复杂的分布状态。气液二相流是自然界、日常生活中常见的现象,在许      

稠密气固两相流各向异性颗粒相矩方法

基于气体分子动力学和颗粒动理学方法,考虑颗粒速度脉动各向异性,建立颗粒相二阶矩模型.应用初等输运理论,对三阶关联项进行模化和封闭.考虑颗粒与壁面之间的能量传递和交换,建立颗粒相边界条件模型.采用Koch等计算方法模拟气固脉动速度关联矩.考虑气体-颗粒间相互作用,建立稠密气体-颗粒流动模型.数值模拟提升管内气固两相流动特性,模拟结果表明提升管内颗粒相湍流脉动具有明显的各向异性.预测颗粒速度、浓度和颗粒脉动速度二阶矩与Tartan等实测结果相吻合.模拟结果表明轴向颗粒速度脉动强度约为平均颗粒相脉动强度的1.5倍,轴向颗粒脉动能大约是径向颗粒脉动能3.0倍.     

Y型分支管内气固两相流动的数值模拟

本文采用Euler-Lagrange两相流研究方法,固相采用离散相(DPM)模型,对三种不同夹角的Y型分支管内气固两相流动进行了数值模拟.气相湍流采用Realizable k-ε模型,固相的湍流耗散采用随机轨道模型.模拟结果较好地预估了颗粒在分叉处的流动形态、颗粒在分支管内的运动轨迹,以及重新实现颗粒相流场均匀分布所需的距离.同时发现,随机轨道模型较适于评估分支与主管夹角较大情况下,固体颗粒在分叉处的运动.将分支管内固体颗粒质量分配的数值模拟结果与试验结果比较,发现两者较吻合,相对误差较小.     

鼓泡流化床中流动特性的多尺度数值模拟

鼓泡流化床因其较高的传热特性以及较好的相间接触已经被广泛应用于工业生产中,而对鼓泡流态化气固流动特性的充分认知是鼓泡流化床设计的关键.在鼓泡流化床中,气泡相和乳化相的同时存在使得床中呈现非均匀流动结构,而这种非均匀结构给鼓泡流化床的数值模拟造成了很大的误差.基于此,以气泡作为介尺度结构,建立了多尺度曳力消耗能量最小的稳定性条件,构建了适用于鼓泡流化床的多尺度气固相间曳力模型.结合双流体模型,对A类和B类颗粒的鼓泡流化床中气固流动特性进行了模拟研究,分析了气泡速度、气泡直径等参数的变化规律.研究表明,与传统的曳力模型相比,考虑气泡影响的多尺度气固相间曳力模型给出的曳力系数与颗粒浓度的关系是一条分布带,建立了控制体内曳力系数与局部结构参数之间的关系.通过模拟得到的颗粒浓度和速度与实验的比较可以发现,考虑气泡影响的多尺度曳力模型可以更好地再现实验结果.通过A类和B类颗粒的鼓泡床模拟研究发现,A类颗粒的鼓泡床模拟受多尺度曳力模型的影响更为显著.      

曝气速度对曝气池流场影响的数值模拟分析

采用欧拉-欧拉多相流模型,辅以RNG k-ε湍流模型对一简化的推流式曝气池进行了数值模拟,控制方程采用有限体积法离散,并采用PISO(Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators)算法求解。通过模拟得到了不同曝气速度下曝气池特征断面的气相体积分数、气液两相速度的分布规律以及湍动能的变化情况,通过分析比较确定了最佳的曝气速度范围:当曝气速度范围为6.25m/s~7.813m/s时,简化的推流式曝气池内的气体分布均匀,池内的气体和液体混合充分,可为曝气池的合理运行提供参考。     

几何构型对流动聚焦生成微液滴的影响

流动聚焦型微流控装置能够方便、高效地生成均一度好且大小精确可调的微液滴(气泡),故被广泛应用于颗粒材料合成、药物封装、细胞培养等诸多领域. 进一步优化通道结构有助于实现对合成微粒粒径、均一度和尺寸范围的精确调控. 本文数值研究了通道深度、缩颈段长度以及两相夹角等几何构型因素对流动聚焦生成微液滴直径及其生成周期各个阶段的影响. 控制液滴生成方式为滴流式,发现液滴直径随通道深度d 的增加近似呈线性增大,且当通道深度小于30 μm 时,随着通道深度的下降,微液滴生成周期在毛细力的强烈作用下出现骤升,通道深度超过80 μm 时,微液滴的生成周期基本接近恒定. 连续相和离散相的夹角θ接近90°时,液滴直径及其生成周期最短,夹角太大或太小均不利于生成均一度好且粒径微小可控的液滴. 调整缩颈段长度l引起液滴直径及其生成周期的变化幅度仅为其平均值的3%~5% 左右. 此外,缩颈段宽度也是影响流动聚焦生成微液滴直径及其生成周期的重要因素,在通道深度固定时,缩颈段越宽,微液滴直径及其生成周期越大.      

湍流扩散多相流

湍流扩散多相流在许多工程和环境科学实际应用中十分常见.流体相中的湍流和扩散相的随机本质使得湍流扩散多相流中遇到的问题远比单一流体中遇到的湍流现象复杂得多.首先评述了湍流扩散多相流研究中实验技术和数值计算方面的现状、各自的优点与局限性,以及该领域研究中未来面临的挑战.主要关注湍流扩散多相流研究中以下3方面重点内容:颗粒、液滴和气泡的选择性聚积;湍流对流体相和扩散相耦合作用的影响以及颗粒物和气泡的存在对流体相中湍流的调节机制.     

Advances in studies on two-phase turbulence in dispersed multiphase flows

Particle/droplet/bubble fluctuation and dispersion are important to mixing, heat and mass transfer, combustion and pollutant formation in dispersed multiphase flows, but are insufficiently studied before the 90 years of the last century. In this paper, the present author reports his systematic studies within nearly 20 years on two-phase turbulence in dispersed multiphase flows, including particle fluctuation in dilute gas-particle and bubble-liquid flows, particle-wall collision effect, coexistence of particle turbulence and inter-particle collisions, fluid turbulence modulation due to the particle wake effect and validation of the two-fluid RANS modeling using large-eddy simulation.     

Recent advances in studies on multiphase and reacting flows in China

The recent developments and advances of studies on multiphase and reacting flows, including gas-solid, gas-liquid, liquid-solid and reacting flows, in China are reviewed. Special emphasis is laid on the fundamental studies and numerical models. Some important experimental results are also reported. But measurement techniques are not covered.     

Measurement and simulation of the two-phase velocity correlation in sudden-expansion gas-particle flows

In this paper the present authors measured the gas-particle two-phase velocity correlation in sudden expansion gas-particle flows with a phase Doppler particle anemometer(PDPA) and simulated the system behavior by using both a Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) model and a large-eddy simulation(LES).The results of the measurements yield the axial and radial time-averaged velocities as well as the fluctuation velocities of gas and three particle-size groups(30 μ m,50 μ m,and 95 μ m) and the gas-particle velocity correlation for 30 μ m and 50 μ m particles.From the measurements,theoretical analysis,and simulation,it is found that the two-phase velocity correlation of sudden-expansion flows,like that of jet flows,is less than the gas and particle Reynolds stresses.What distinguishes the two-phase velocity correlations of sudden-expansion flow from those of jet and channel flows is the absence of a clear relationship between the two-phase velocity correlation and particle size in sudden-expansion flows.The measurements,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation all lead to the above-stated conclusions.Quantitatively,the results of the LES are better than those of the RANS model.     

湍流横掠固定颗粒的全尺度直接数值模拟

气固两相流模拟中,当固相尺度接近或大于Kolmogorov尺度时,普通的点源模型将不再适用,固体相的体积效应和表面效应将对流体相产生显著的影响。通过采用直接数值模拟方法,结合内嵌边界方法对湍流中不同湍流强度流体横掠大于Kolmogorov尺度的固相颗粒进行了全尺度模拟,讨论分析了在两种湍流度下方形颗粒对湍流的调制影响以及颗粒的受力情况。     

Evaluation of a Modified Reynolds Stress Model for Turbulent Dispersed Two-Phase Flows Including Two-Way Coupling

A modified Reynolds stress turbulence model for the pressure rate of strain can be derived for dispersed two-phase flows taking into account gas-particle interaction. The transport equations for the Reynolds stresses as well as the equation for the fluctuating pressure can be derived starting from the multiphase Navier–Stokes equations. The unknown pressure rate of strain correlation in the Reynolds stress equations is then modelled by considering the multiphase equation for the fluctuating pressure. This leads to a multiphase pressure rate of strain model. The extra particle interaction source terms occurring in the model for the pressure rate of strain can be constructed easily, with no noticeable extra computational cost. Eulerian–Lagrangian simulation results of a turbulent dispersed two-phase jet are presented to show the differences in results with and without the new two-way coupling terms.     

Two-phase turbulence models for simulating dense gas-particle flows

The two-fluid model is widely adopted in simulations of dense gas-particle flows in engineering facili- ties. Present two-phase turbulence models for two-fluid modeling are isotropic. However, turbulence in actual gas-particle flows is not isotropic. Moreover, in these models the two-phase velocity correlation is closed using dimensional analysis, leading to discrepancies between the numerical results, theoretical analysis and experiments. To rectify this problem, some two-phase turbulence models were proposed by the authors and are applied to simulate dense gas-particle flows in downers, risers, and horizontal channels; Experimental results validate the simulation results. Among these models the USM-O and the two-scale USM models are shown to give a better account of both anisotropic particle turbulence and particle-particle collision using the transport equation model for the two-phase velocity correlation.     

Gas-particle two-phase turbulent flow in a vertical duct

Two-phase gas-phase turbulent flows at various loadings between the two vertical parallel plates are analyzed. A thermodynamically consistent turbulent two-phase flow model that accounts for the phase fluctuation energy transport and interaction is used. The governing equation of the gas-phase is upgraded to a two-equation low Reynolds number turbulence closure model that can be integrated directly to the wall. A no-slip boundary condition for the gas-phase and slip-boundary condition for the particulate phase are used. The computational model is first applied to dilute gas-particle turbulent flow between two parallel vertical walls. The predicted mean velocity and turbulence intensity profiles are compared with the experimental data of Tsuji et al. (1984) for vertical pipe flows, and good agreement is observed. Examples of additional flow properties such as the phasic fluctuation energy, phasic fluctuation energy production and dissipation, as well as interaction momentum and energy supply terms are also presented and discussed.

Applications to the relatively dense gas-particle turbulent flows in a vertical channel are also studied. The model predictions are compared with the experimental data of Miller & Gidaspow and reasonable agreement is observed. It is shown that flow behavior is strongly affected by the phasic fluctuation energy, and the momentum and energy transfer between the particulate and the fluid constituents.     

一种基于黎曼解处理大密度比多相流SPH的改进算法

多相流界面存在密度、黏性等物理场间断,直接采用传统光滑粒子水动力学(smoothedparticle hydrodynamics,SPH)方法进行数值模拟,界面附近的压力和速度存在震荡.一套基于黎曼解能够处理大密度比的多相流SPH计算模型被提出,该模型利用黎曼解在处理接触间断问题方面的优势,将黎曼解引入到SPH多相流计算模型中,为了能够准确求解多相流体物理黏性、减小黎曼耗散,对黎曼形式的SPH动量方程进行了改进,又将Adami固壁边界与黎曼单侧问题相结合来施加多相流SPH固壁边界,同时模型中考虑了表面张力对小尺度异相界面的影响,该模型没有添加任何人工黏性、人工耗散和非物理人工处理技术,能够反应多相流真实物理黏性和物理演变状态.采用该模型首先对三种不同粒子间距离散下方形液滴震荡问题进行了数值模拟,验证了该模型在处理异相界面的正确性和模型本身的收敛性;后又通过对Rayleigh--Taylor不稳定、单气泡上浮、双气泡上浮问题进行了模拟计算,结果与文献对比吻合度高,异相界面捕捉清晰,结果表明,本文改进的多相流SPH模型能够稳定、有效的模拟大密度比和黏性比的多相流问题.      

Numerical study of the lift force influence on two-phase shock tube boundary layer characteristics

The importance of the lift force acting on the dispersed phase in the boundary layer of a laminar gas-particle dilute mixture flow generated by a shock wave is investigated numerically. The particle phase is supposed to form a continuum and is described by an Eulerian approach. The ability of the Eulerian model to simulate particle flows and the importance of the two-way coupling are proven by comparison with experimental data as well as with the numerical results from schemes based on a Lagrangian approach. The models used for the lift force are discussed through comparisons between numerical and experimental results found in the literature. Some results about the formation of a dust cloud are numerically reproduced and show the major role of the lift force. Simulations of two-dimensional two-phase shock tube flows are also performed including the lift force effects. Although the wave propagation is weakly influenced by the lift force, the force modifies substantially the dynamics of the flow near the wall. Received 17 February 2000 / Accepted 30 November 2000