基于Internet的住宅性能认定管理系统

提出了一个基于Internet的住宅性能认定管理信息系统的分析、设计和实施方案,从介绍基于Internet信息系统产生背景及其特点入手,结合住宅性能认定管理实践,分析了系统需求,设计系统功能结构和软件体系结构,最后,给出了系统的实施方案。     

Optimization of envelope and HVAC systems selection for residential buildings

In this paper, a comprehensive energy simulation environment is developed and presented to optimally select both building envelope features and heating and air conditioning system design and operation settings. The simulation environment is able to determine the building design features that minimize the life cycle costs. Three optimization algorithms are considered in the simulation environment including Genetic Algorithm, the Particle Swarm Algorithm and the Sequential Search algorithm. The robustness and the effectiveness of the three algorithms are compared to assess the performance of the simulation environment for various design applications and climatic conditions. In particular, the simulation environment has been applied to design single family homes in five US locations: Boulder, CO; Chicago, IL; Miami, FL; Phoenix, AZ; and San Francisco, CA. Optimal designs are determined to reduce life cycle costs with and without budget constraints. It is found that the optimal selection can reduce life cycle costs by 10-25% depending on the climate and type of homes.     

日本住宅的空调方式与设备

介绍了日本住宅建设的状况、住宅中空调设备与系统的主要方式及住宅用能源的消耗量和CO2的排放量。同时对近年来住宅环境设备的新动向和住宅空调设备的新技术作了介绍。     

MIP approach for designing heating systems in residential buildings and neighbourhoods

In this work, a mixed integer linear programming (MIP) approach for the optimal design of energy systems in residential buildings is presented. The optimization model considers the economic criteria of the guideline VDI 2067. The objective of the MIP is to minimize the annual costs which comprise the investment as well as demand- and operation-related costs. Conventional boilers, electrical heaters, combined heat and power (CHP) units, heat pumps (HPs), photovoltaic (PV) systems and thermal storages as well as local heating networks (HNs) are defined as options. The investigation on a building level shows that a boiler is the economically optimal solution for small buildings, followed by a HP unit. In multi-family buildings, both boilers and CHP units hold an economical advantage over HPs. For apartment buildings, CHP is identified as the economically optimal system. In the neighbourhood analysis of six buildings, the solver establishes a local HN which allows for both economical and CO₂-emission reductions.     

两种住宅建筑节能评估方法的比较

住宅的节能评估对推动建筑节能工作至关重要。本文分别探讨了建筑节能评估中常用的两种方法——节能综合指标限值法和对比评定法，并使用建筑能耗动态模拟软件DeST，计算了3种不同类型住宅建筑的全年采暖空调能耗，采用这两种节能评估方法分别分析了节能效果。结果表明．对比评定法比现有标准中的限值法更符合实际情况，更有利于住宅节能技术的推广应用。     

住宅分户计量式供暖系统的设计要点

介绍了住宅分户计量式供暖系统的几种散热器布置形式和主立管主管设置形式,分析也每种形式的优缺点,指出了热表和温度控阀的选用和设置要点。     

Wind and rainfall loss assessment for residential buildings under climate-dependent hurricane scenarios

Residential buildings in the US coastal regions face a huge risk against hurricane hazard. The damage and loss in these structures during hurricane can be attributed to two major causes – high intensity wind and rain ingress. These two modes of hurricane losses may be impacted by climate change. Thus, this study investigates in detail the two hurricane loss modes for residential buildings in Miami-Dade County to observe how each mode contributes to the loss as well as how these losses are impacted in future climate. It is found that the hurricane loss is higher in future climate compared to present. Furthermore, the loss due to rain ingress is found to be more than the loss due to wind damage, with the difference between the two becoming even higher in future climate scenarios.     

Foundations for individual residential buildings

New structural solutions and methods of foundation installation for the construction of individual residential buildings are proposed. Selection of an alternate foundation scheme is determined as a function of local construction conditions and structural solutions for the subsurface portion of the building. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 2, pp. 26–27, March–April, 1995.     

Comparative assessment of energy requirements for different types of residential buildings in India

This paper presents a comparison of the energy required for major building materials at the time of construction of single and double storey residential buildings with load bearing walls, and four storey residential buildings with reinforced concrete construction in India. For the total floor area of 50–200 sq. m, total energy consumption per unit of floor area decreases, from 5 to 4.1 GJ for single storey, from 4.2 to 3.7 for double storey, and from 4.3 to 3.1 GJ for four storey buildings.     

Control of heating systems in residential buildings: Current practice

Heating is the most important energy consumer for households in Belgium. The primary energy consumption of a heating system is determined by the net energy demand of the building, but also by the efficiency of the equipment and the way it is used by the inhabitants.

To estimate the potential primary energy savings, today's situation should be analysed first. Therefore, the results of two surveys are combined to sketch current practice in Belgium. The most common systems in Western Europe, i.e. gas boilers combined with radiators, are then simulated to test their performance in dwellings with varied insulation quality. Typical internal heat gains and set temperature profiles are included, but the influence of the inhabitant behaviour on the heating efficiency is not studied as such.

The results show that current practice does lead to important energy losses, resulting in overall efficiencies as low as 30%, but improvements are possible by using intelligent controllers. However, correct boiler sizing and a sound combination of boiler and heat emitter control are still required to ensure high heating system efficiencies, especially for better insulated buildings with a high heat balance ratio.     

住宅楼盘渗漏诊洽案例实录

从众多发生渗漏的住宅防水工程中选取几个典型案例,分析了渗漏原因,介绍了所采取的治理方案.     

Post-earthquake loss assessment based on structural component damage inspection for residential RC buildings

There is substantial evidence showing that the seismic performance of many existing buildings may be inadequate to resist another strong earthquake. The losses from a devastating earthquake are always huge. In order to prevent damage extension and to restore the damaged community as quickly as possible, immediate post-earthquake damage assessment is always conducted through site inspection on structural components within a restricted short period of time to screen buildings that are damaged to certain levels or in danger of collapse. Without detail financial loss estimation, engineers have to face the challenge to decide whether a badly damaged building is worth retrofitting for sustainability, or needs to be demolished because existing loss estimation models are not based on the post-earthquake damage rating system. Based on some post-earthquake damage data of RC residential buildings, this paper aims to link inspected component damage level, building damage state and direct financial loss in terms of repair to replacement cost ratio. Damage of structural components are quantified by a set of damage factors and finally integrated as a building damage indicator. Building repair to replacement cost ratio and storey repair to replacement cost ratio corresponding to various damage levels of RC residential buildings have been estimated. With these statistical data, relationships of building damage indicator to repair to replacement cost ratio has been built from regression analysis.     

住宅用地板辐射供冷系统的实验分析

针对夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,分别从室内温度场、湿度场、风速场以及地板换热等出发,比较了住宅用冷却地板单独供冷、风机盘管单独供冷及两者联合运行三种供冷方式。结果显示,冷却地板与风机盘管联合运行可以满足夏季供冷要求,而且克服了冷却地板易结露的缺陷,具有良好的舒适性和节能性。     

Hybrid utilization of renewable energy and fuel cells for residential energy systems

This paper describes field experiments and numerical simulations on hybrid utilization of renewable energy and fuel cells for a residential energy system. It presents results of empirical testing and evaluation of hybrid utilization involving solar energy. First, field experiments were conducted on an electric power and domestic hot water supply system that uses both solar energy and fuel cells. The system achieved a large amount of reduction in primary energy consumption compared with conventional systems. Secondly, a simulation was performed on the optimum scale and effect of introduction of the system. The simulation results proposed the optimum capacities of the solar energy utilization and fuel cells to minimize primary energy consumption of the system.     

住宅消防管理

根据近年来国内外住宅火灾频发,损失惨重的事实,分析了住宅火灾现状、特点,找出了住宅火灾频发的原因,提出了建立住宅消防管理体系的基本框架,对住宅消防管理措施进行了初步探索。     

谈居住建筑的阳台设计

结合阳台设计的发展演变,对居住建筑的阳台设计的发展及分类作了探讨,从生活阳台、服务阳台、阳台的栏板、阳台的进深、阳台设计与立面造型六个方面对阳台设计进行了分析,以指导实践。     

住宅建筑中的标准规范

居住建筑量大面广,关系到城乡亿万人民的安居乐业。近几年来,仅城镇住宅建设竣工面积每年在3亿平方米以上,1998年达到4.76亿平方米,人均居住面积从建国初期的4.5平方米提高到1998年的9.3平方米,这在世界上是少有的。如此大规模的住宅建设必须要有政府的宏观政策调控和技术上标准规范的保证,才能保住住宅建筑的质量,满足人民对居住建筑安全、卫生、方便、舒适等方面的要     

Light steel framing for residential buildings

Building systems with light steel members, gypsum plasterboards and mineral wool have a wide spread use in the US, Australia and Japan and are gaining market in some European countries. The systems have often load-bearing walls and the floors may be of lightweight steel profiles or concrete. Such systems are suited for industrial production and can contribute to a more efficient building process. Examples of components and systems are given in the paper. For low and medium rise buildings it is natural to use the walls as stabilising for horizontal loads from wind and imperfections. In Sweden and Finland this has been common practice for single-family timber houses since the 1970s. The paper describes the traditional design model for walls with single-layer gypsum plasterboards and an extension to double layers, which are needed for fire protection in multi-storey buildings.     

关于居民住宅电气设计

针对住宅电气设备选型、线路布置要求较高的现状,从多年实际工作经验出发,介绍了电气设计的原则,分析了电气设计过程中应注意的问题,指出设计人员应综合考虑节能、经济、安全、性能等方面,选用新型产品,以设计出令用户满意的方案.     

Climate model-based probabilistic assessment of wind risk for residential buildings under projected future climate

The present paper investigates the impact of the global climate change on typhoon-induced wind risk for residential buildings in Japan. It is based on (1) the output from a climate model for an assumed climate change scenario, (2) probabilistic typhoon hazard modelling, (3) reliability-based fragility modelling and (4) failure cost modelling. The objective of the present paper is to demonstrate the availability and effectiveness of a general methodology for carrying out the impact assessment. It also aims at clarifying missing information required for a more precise and reliable impact assessment. Under the employed climate model, assumed climate scenario and vulnerability model and other assumptions made in the present paper, it is found that the typhoon-induced wind risks for residential buildings in Japan are not likely to change significantly in the future.