腹腔镜胃肠手术中消化道重建方式的选择和技术难点

消化道重建是腹腔镜胃肠手术中的关键步骤．目前使用器械吻合多于手工吻合．但相比传统手术尚无明显优势。腹腔镜远端胃大部切除常用的消化道重建方法有胃十二指肠吻合（毕Ⅰ式）、胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合和胃空肠吻合（毕Ⅱ式）;腹腔镜全胃切除术的重建术式很多．但目前认为最合理且成熟的方法首推无储袋的食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合．而采用经口底钉座置入装置（OrVilTM）进行吻合更容易掌握,并能进行更高位置的吻合;腹腔镜近端胃大部切除的重建方法主要是胃食管吻合。腹腔镜直肠手术的消化道重建。特别是低位、超低位直肠癌根治术的消化道重建目前较理想的是吻合器结肠直肠吻合和手工缝合的结肠肛管吻合：绝大多数结肠手术后的肠道重建均通过取标本的辅助小切口拖出体外进行。期待更新的理念与器械的出现．以进一步简化消化道重建的手术步骤．使之更趋快捷、安全和有效。     

全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术消化道重建方式选择及技术要点

近年来,随着腹腔镜技术的发展以及胃肠外科医生手术水平的提高,全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的临床应用获得快速发展。消化道重建是腹腔镜胃癌手术的关键步骤也是难点之一。目前远端胃癌根治术常用的消化道重建方式主要包括Billroth-Ⅰ式、Billroth-Ⅱ式、胃空肠Roux-en-Y吻合以及胃空肠非离断式Roux-en-Y吻合。这些重建方式均各具特点,目前尚未达成统一的共识。     

完全腹腔镜全胃切除胃癌根治术消化道重建方式的探讨

与腹腔镜辅助的胃癌根治术相比较,完全腹腔镜胃癌根治术在全腔镜下行消化道重建,切口更小,拥有更佳的观察和操作视野,且对于病灶较大、位置较高及肥胖患者仍然适用。近期,一些学者进行了全腹腔镜下胃癌根治术消化道重建方式的尝试,但何种术式更佳尚存在诸多争议。本文综述了目前全腹腔镜全胃切除胃癌根治术腔内吻合方式的进展,着重于介绍其重建技巧及适应证。目前报道的全腹腔镜全胃切除胃癌根治术行消化道重建均是采用食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合,而实现食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合的重建技术各有利弊。术者应根据肿瘤位置、食管管径大小及个人特长等情况选择,以期患者最大获益。     

胃癌根治术后消化道重建的原则与进展

胃癌根治术后消化道重建方式种类繁多,但是消化道重建基本原则是一致的.操作简便、保证手术安全、术后功能良好和便于复查的消化道重建方式是最理想的目标.在此,本文章对胃癌根治手术后常用的重建方式做一概述.远端胃大部切除术后,毕Ⅱ式或Roux-en-Y吻合重建术适应证较广,并发症少,肿瘤复发率低.而毕Ⅰ式重建方式在有限的范围内实用也可以起到良好的效果全胃切除术后,行食管空肠Roux-en-Y重建,手术操作简便、吻合口少,并且术后并发症发生率低,同时患者的术后生活质量较满意.对进展期胃癌和病期相对较晚、预后相对较差的胃癌患者,我们推荐行食管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合;而对于早期胃癌患者,考虑到患者生存期较长,可以考虑在Roux-en-Y重建基础上加做贮袋,来提高患者术后生活质量;近端胃癌行近端胃大部切除术后的重建方式,建议采用食管残胃吻合,此法简单实用,值得推广.     

远端胃癌手术后消化道重建方法的研究进展

目的总结远端胃癌手术后BillrothⅠ(毕Ⅰ)式胃十二指肠吻合、BillrothⅡ(毕Ⅱ)式胃空肠吻合及Roux-en-Y式胃空肠吻合的研究进展。方法收集近10年有关远端胃癌根治手术后消化道重建方法的比较研究文献,归纳总结3种重建方法的优缺点和适应证。结果远端胃癌根治术后行毕Ⅰ式胃十二指肠吻合的优势显著,该手术操作简便,符合胃肠道生理,但受肿瘤病变大小和幽门受侵程度的影响,适用于幽门没有受侵的远端胃癌。毕Ⅱ式胃空肠吻合不受肿瘤大小限制,操作简便,并发症相对较多。Roux-en-Y式胃空肠吻合的适应证广,降糖和减重效果明显,但操作复杂。改良的非离断式Roux-en-Y胃空肠吻合在腹腔镜手术时相对简便易行。结论 3种重建方式各有其利弊,应根据具体情况作出选择。     

机器人胃癌根治术消化道重建的技术难点及其对策

机器人胃癌根治术中的消化道重建目前仍具有手术难度大、技术要求高等问题,本文结合福建医科大学附属协和医院胃外科的手术经验及国内外文献,围绕机器人远端胃癌根治术（Billroth Ⅰ式吻合、BillrothⅡ式吻合和Roux-en-Y式胃空肠吻合）、近端胃切除术后（双通道吻合和双肌瓣吻合）以及全胃切除术（Roux-en-Y...     

全腹腔镜全胃癌根治术食管右侧近端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合消化道重建的临床应用

目的探讨全腹腔镜全胃癌根治术食管右侧近端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合进行消化道重建手术方式的临床应用。方法中上部胃癌患者15例,均行全腹腔镜下全胃癌根治术食管右侧近端空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,观察患者术后排气时间、术后住院时间、淋巴结清扫数目和手术后相关早期并发症等。结果 15例患者均完成全腹腔镜下全胃癌根治术食管右侧近端空肠Rouxen-Y吻合,手术时间(272±22.5)分钟,消化道重建时间(47.0±14.6)分钟,出血量(63.0±20.4)ml。患者术后排气时间(2.9±0.6)天,术后住院时间(9.1±1.5)天,淋巴结清扫数目(27.6±6.3)枚,无手术相关早期并发症。结论全腹腔镜下采用全胃癌根治术后食管右侧近端空肠Roux-enY吻合的消化道重建方式安全,操作简便,术后恢复快,符合肿瘤手术无瘤原则。     

早期胃癌行腹腔镜手术消化道重建方式选择及评价

近年来，随着腹腔镜技术的发展和外科医生技术水平的不断提高，针对早期胃癌的腹腔镜胃癌根治术在国内外各大中心获得广泛开展，但是腹腔镜下消化道重建仍然是全腹腔镜手术成功实施的关键。目前，全腹腔镜下早期胃癌根治术的肿瘤学安全性已经得到初步证实。全腹腔镜下远端胃切除术后消化道重建包括BillrothⅠ式吻合，BillrothⅡ式吻合和Roux-en-Y吻合；近端胃切除术后消化道重建包括传统的食管残胃吻合及其演变而来的抗反流吻合；而全胃切除术后消化道重建包括使用管形吻合器或线形吻合器的食管空肠吻合。这些重建方式各具特点，目前未达成统一共识。在临床实践中，必须以病人为中心，因地制宜，在确保肿瘤根治性的前提下，选择合适的消化道重建方式。     

加速康复外科路径下腹腔镜全胃切除术后完全腹腔镜食管-空肠π吻合的临床疗效

背景与目的：完全腹腔镜下全胃切除食管-空肠π吻合是一种新的腹腔镜下全胃切除术后全消化道重建方式,该方法与传统腹腔镜辅助食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术在传统临床路径下的比较已有较多研究,但在加速康复外科（ERAS）路径下两者临床效果比较的研究较少,本研究比较ERAS路径中腹腔镜全胃切除术后全腹腔镜食管-空肠π吻合术与腹腔镜辅助下Roux-en-Y吻合的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析江苏大学附属医院2017年6月—2019年12月65例行胃癌手术的患者临床资料,所有患者进入ERAS路径,均行腹腔镜全胃切除术,其中30例消化道重建采用完全腹腔镜食管-空肠π吻合术（π吻合组）,35例消化道重建采用传统腹腔镜辅助下食管-空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术（Roux-en-Y吻合组）,比较两组患者的术中、术后及随访的相关指标。结果：两组患者术前资料具有可比性。π吻合组在切口长度、术后首次下床时间、肛门首次排气时间、进食时间、术后疼痛及住院时间方面均优于Roux-en-Y吻合组（均P<0.05）;手术时间、术中出血量、淋巴结清扫总数、住院总费用以及术后并发症,两组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>...     

全胃切除术后三种消化道重建术式的比较研究

目的 探讨全胃切除术后合理的消化道重建方式。方法对189例胃癌患者全胃切除术后分别采用了Orr式Roux-en-Y空肠食管吻合术、P形空肠袢空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术和Moynihan式吻合术进行消化道重建，对其手术时间、手术并发症、术后1、3年饮食状况和消化道症状及营养指标进行对比观察。结果3种术式的患者手术死亡率、术后1年和3年的饮食状况、腹泻和倾倒综合征的发生率比较，均P〉0．05；差异无统计学意义。术后1、3、5年的累计生存率比较，P〉0．05，差异也元统计学意义。Orr式空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术和P形空肠袢空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术后均能有效地防止反流性食管炎，明显优于Moynihan式吻合术（P〈0．01）。Orr式空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术较P形空肠袢空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术操作简单、手术时间短、手术并发症也较少。结论Orr式空肠食管Roux-en-Y吻合术是胃癌全胃切除后消化道重建较为合适的术式。     

完全腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术

近年来,随着腹腔镜手术技术和器械的发展,完全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术在国内逐渐开展,主要难点问题仍集中于消化道重建。完全腹腔镜远端胃癌根治术的消化道重建方式主要有B-Ⅰ式三角吻合,B-Ⅱ式吻合和Roux-en-Y吻合等。B-Ⅰ式三角吻合法操作简便,但较适合于早期胃癌患者;B-Ⅱ式操作简单,但易出现碱性反流性胃炎;Roux-en-Y吻合能有效避免反流,但术后停滞综合征发生率较高,且全腹腔镜下操作繁琐。笔者2013年9月在国内率先开展全腔镜下胃空肠Uncut Roux-en-Y吻合,该方式既保证了肠道的连续性,降低了停滞综合征的发生率,又有效阻断了胆胰液反流至胃肠吻合口,且全腔镜下实施简便、并发症少,安全有效,值得推荐。     

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??Selection and technical points of digestive tract reconstruction after total laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer XU Ze-kuan??XU Hao. Department of General Surgery??the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University??Jiangsu Province Hospital????Nanjing 210029, China
Corresponding author??XU Ze-kuan??E-mail??xuzekuan@njmu.edu.cn
Abstract The distal gastrectomy is the main approach for surgical treatment. In recent years??with the development of laparoscopic technology and improved skills of gastrointestinal surgeons??totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has been developed rapidly. And the digestive tract reconstruction is the key procedure for laparoscopic gastrectomy. At present??the most common reconstruction procedures include Billroth I??Billroth II??Roux-en-Y anastomosis and uncut Roux-en-Y anastomosis. All the procedures have their unique features??and no agreement has been established.     

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进展期胃下部癌占我国胃癌的主要部分,远端胃大部切除是主要的外科治疗方法之一。消化道重建方式是影响远端胃大部切除术后生存质量的重要因素。传统的重建方式为Billroth Ⅰ式或Billroth Ⅱ式。从保留十二指肠通路或抗胆汁反流角度,重建方式进行了多种改良,包括BillrothⅡ式+Braun吻合、Roux-en-Y吻合术、单管空肠间置、空肠贮袋间置、双通道重建。目前研究结果认为,Roux-en-Y吻合术是改善生存质量、可行性与可推广性均较理想的方式。     

The advantages and disadvantages of a Roux-en-Y reconstruction after a distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

In Japan, the Billroth I and Billroth II operations have been used for reconstruction after a distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. However, a Roux-en-Y reconstruction is increasingly performed to prevent duodenogastric reflux. We herein discuss the indications for Roux-en-Y in gastric surgery and review the literature to determine its advantages and disadvantages. Indications for Roux-en-Y reconstruction after a distal gastrectomy are: (a) When the primary lesion has directly invaded the duodenum or head of the pancreas, the Billroth I operation is likely to result in local recurrence near the anastomosis; (b) in addition, the Billroth I operation is not indicated after a subtotal gastrectomy due to an unacceptable anastomotic tension; reconstruction using a nonphysiological route is therefore preferred. The advantages of Roux-en-Y reconstruction after a distal gastrectomy include a reduction of reflux gastritis and esophagitis, a decreased probability of gastric cancer recurrence, and a reduction in the incidence of surgical complications such as ruptured suture lines. The disadvantages of Roux-en-Y reconstruction include the possible development of stomal ulcer, an increased probability of cholelithiasis, increased difficulty with an endoscopic approach to the ampulla of Vater, and the possibility of Roux stasis syndrome. The principal advantage of a Roux-en-Y reconstruction is that it is less likely than the Billroth I operation to result in duodenogastric reflux. Roux-en-Y reconstruction or Billroth I operation can only be selected after considering their respective advantages and disadvantages.     

Postoperative Body Mass Index Changes in Gastric Cancer Patients according to Reconstruction Type: Effectiveness of Long Jejunal Bypass on Weight Loss in Obese Patients after Distal Gastrectomy

The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the change of body mass index (BMI) in patients after gastrectomy for cancer according to the type of reconstruction. BMI was followed in 260 patients who had undergone curative surgery for gastric cancer from March 2003 to December 2009. The procedures were Billroth I in 63 patients, Billroth II in 52 patients, Roux-en-Y in 54 patients, long Roux-en-Y (bypassed proximal jejunum over 100 cm) in 47 patients, and total gastrectomy in 44 patients. BMI reduction was greatest in the total gastrectomy group at postoperative 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Postoperative 3-year BMI reduction was greatest in the long Roux-en-Y group. BMI reductions of the total gastrectomy and long Roux-en-Y groups were similar during the follow-up period. Among the subtotal gastrectomy groups, BMI reduction was greatest in the long Roux-en-Y group, and there was statistical significance in comparing with Billroth I and II groups, but no statistical difference with the Roux-en-Y group. Given the limitations of patient number and follow-up period, it can be concluded that obese patients with gastric cancer not requiring total gastrectomy may benefit from long Roux-en-Y reconstruction with adequate BMI reduction and accompanying health improvement.     

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??Digestive tract reconstruction and its complications after totally laparoscopic gastrectomy for gastric cancer ZANG Lu??MA Jun-jun. Department of General Surgery??Ruijin Hospital??Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine??Shanghai 200025??China
Corresponding author??ZANG Lu??E-mail??zanglu@yeah.net
Abstract The digestive tract reconstruction includes Delta anastomoses (Billroth I), Billroth II anastomoses??and gastro-jejunal Roux-en-Y anastomoses in totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG). Billroth I with Delta anastomoses has a strict indication in TLDG. Gastro-jejunal Roux-en-Y anastomoses is now more popular. Billroth II with Braun anastomoses and uncut Roux-en-Y anastomoses are technically easier to carry on in TLDG than Roux-en-Y. The digestive tract reconstruction includes anastomoses using linear stapler and circular stapler in totally laparoscopic total gastrectomy (TLTG). Linear stapler has more advantages in TLTG recently because it is a real “total laparoscopy” technique. The GI tract reconstruction in totally laparoscopic gastrectomy has a better visualization and a better working place than the reconstruction in a small incision. With the development of the technique and skill??the complication rate becomes lower recently.     

Intracorporeal Billroth 1 reconstruction by triangulating stapling technique after laparoscopic distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer

As the laparoscopic operations for gastric cancer have increased, the intracorporeal reconstruction of the digestive tract has received attention because the procedure offers a good visual field regardless of the patient's figure. We performed laparoscopic gastrectomies with regional lymph node dissection on 586 gastric cancer patients between March 1998 and June 2006: 465 distal gastrectomies, 42 proximal gastrectomies, and 79 total gastrectomies. Intracorporeal anastomosis was carried out in 303, 36, and 69 of the above cases, respectively. The intracorporeal Billroth 1 reconstruction was performed in 226 out of the 303 cases who underwent distal gastrectomy and intracorporeal anastomosis. The "triangulating stapling technique" (TST) that uses laparoscopic linear stapling devices was adopted for 196 of these 226 cases; in the remaining 30, circular stapling devices for conventional open gastrectomy (CEEA) were used. In the initial 115 cases of distal gastrectomy, hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) was used, and then we shifted to totally laparoscopic distal gastrectomy (TLDG) without HALS. In this paper, we concentrated on the techniques and results of intracorporeal Billroth 1 reconstruction by TST. Reducing postoperative wounds was possible TLDG by TST, compared with HALS and the extracorporeal anastomosis, that is, laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy. Complications from anastomosis resulted in leakage in 2 HALS-TST patients and in 1 TLDG-TST patient, and anastomotic stenosis and bleeding were observed in each 1 case of reconstruction that used CEEA. Intracorporeal Billroth 1 reconstruction by TST is a safe procedure that provides a good visual field regardless of the patient's figure and a feasible technique for reconstruction after laparoscopic distal gastrectomies.