浓度梯度法用于耐甲氧苯西林葡萄球菌的检测

目的尝试用浓度梯度法（如Etest法）对耐甲氧苯西林葡萄球菌（MRS）进行检测，并验证其精确性、连续性、稳定性。方法应用Etest法苯吃西林和甲氧苯西林试条检测58株临床分离葡萄球菌的耐药率，并对其中29林菌采用Etest法和Microscan法对青霉素、苯唑西林、万古霉素等6种抗生素进行最低抑菌浓度（MIC）结果的比较。结果58株葡萄球菌中，Etest法对MMRS的总检出率为83％。如果Etest法作为参考方法，则29株菌的MIC对比中Microscan法的判别误差为苯唑西林13．0％，庆大霉素3．4％，氯林可霉素27．6％；两种方法对青霉素和环丙氛吸酸无明显误差。尽管两法对万古霉素无判别误差，但Microscan法有较明显的低MIC值趋势。结论Etest法的精确性、连续性和稳定性使其可作为临床实验室检测MRS的常规药敏方法的重要补充。     

152株肺炎链球菌的分离鉴定与耐药性分析

目的　肺炎链球菌分离鉴定和对青霉素敏感性测定及耐药性分析 :方法　所分离鉴定的肺炎链球菌 ,其对青霉素敏感性的测定采用苯唑西林纸片扩散法作初筛 ,抑菌环直径≥ 2 0mm ,判断为对青霉素敏感 ,抑菌环直径≤ 19mm ,再进一步用Etest法检测MIC来确定是否青霉素耐药 ;结果　 15 2林肺炎链球菌中 5 0株为青霉素耐药林 ,占 32 .9% (5 0 / 15 2 ) .纸片扩散法4 4 .7% (6 8/ 15 2 )的肺炎链球菌抑菌环直径≥ 2 0mm ,判定为青霉素敏感 ,Etest法 32 .9%的肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药 .青霉素敏感菌株对头抱类抗生素普遍敏感 ,对红霉素、氯霉素有较强的耐药性 ,尚未见对万古霉素耐药的菌株 ;结论　本地区PNSP的发生率占 32 .9% ,这类菌株所致感染应避免选用青霉素类抗菌药。可首选第三代头孢 ,严重感染者可选用万古霉素其治疗效果较理想。     

105株肺炎链球菌青霉素敏感性测定及耐药性研究

目的肺炎链球茵对青霉素敏感性测定及耐药性分析；方法对青霉素敏感性的测定，采用苯唑西林纸片扩散法作初筛，抑茵环直径≥20mm，判断为对青霉素敏感，抑茵环直径≤19mm，再进一步用Etest法检测MIC来确定是否青霉素耐药；结果纸片扩散法42．9％(45／105)的肺炎链球茵抑茵环直径≥20mm，判定为青霉素敏感，Etest法35．2％(37／105)的肺炎链球茵对青霉素耐药。青霉素敏感茵株对头孢类抗茵药物普遍敏感，但对红霉素、氯霉素有较强的耐药性，尚未发现对万古霉素耐药的菌株；结论本地区PNSP的发生率占35．2％，这类菌株所致感染应避免选用青霉素类抗茵药。可首选第三代头孢，严重感染者可选用万古霉素其治疗效果较理想。     

新生儿肺炎链球菌苯唑西林耐药与pbp2B基因突变分析

目的了解新生儿肺炎链球茵（streptococcus pneumoniae，SP）青霉素耐药基因突变及体外苯唑西林耐药状况。方法对分离自新生儿呼吸道的20株肺炎链球茵用纸片扩散法（K—B法）进行青霉素耐药性试验。用套式聚合酶链反应（nPCR）扩增PbP2B基因，对PCR产物进行DNA测序。结果20株肺炎链球茵体外苯唑西林耐药，耐青霉素PbP2B基因突变为点突变，分A、B两类各占95％和5％。结论新生儿肺炎链球茵耐青霉素株pbp2B基因突变类型与DUPLESSIS等报道的不完全相同应引起高度重视。     

耐青霉素肺炎链球菌及耐药性监测

目的了解耐青霉素肺炎链球菌（PRP）在我院的感染情况及耐药特点，指导临床用药。方法对四年来我院临床标本分离培养的168株肺炎链球菌，采用K—B纸片扩散法进行青霉索及头孢唑啉等8种抗生素耐药性检测。结果PRP检出45株，检出率为26．8％，检出呈上升趋势。药敏结果表明PRP对红霉素、庆大霉素、诺氟沙星、复方新诺明交叉耐药性最高，分别达68．9％、62．2％、64．4％、71．1％。受试菌对β-酰胺类的哌拉西林、头孢噻肟、头孢唑啉抗菌活性较强，万古霉素抗菌活性最强。结论PRP对多数抗生索呈多重耐药性，合理选择抗菌药物对延缓PRP耐药性的进一步上升以及新的耐药性产生有重要意义。     

肺炎链球菌分布和耐药性分析

目的了解本院肺炎链球菌分布和耐药情况。方法对2006年7月～2009年6月从临床分离的204株肺炎链球菌采用K-B纸片扩散法检测其对青霉素等8种抗生素的敏感度,用E-test法检测对苯唑西林耐药的肺炎链球菌青霉素的MIC值。结果青霉素的耐药呈上升趋势,尤其是2008年7月～2009年6月。肺炎链球菌对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素有较高的耐药率,分别为83.3%、89.2%、90.2%;对青霉素的耐药率为52.5%,对头孢噻肟的耐药率为15.7%;对氯霉素、氧氟沙星的耐药率较低,分别为23.5%、5.4%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株。青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌（PNSSP）的E-test检测结果以中介菌株为主,PNSSP的MIC值最高达到6μg/ml。结论本院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药较为严重,耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌不断上升,有必要对其进行耐药性监测,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物。     

118株肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的：研究肺炎链球菌的耐药性。方法：118株肺炎链球菌为临床送检标本,药敏检测方法采用纸片扩散法（K-B法）。用E-test法检测青霉素对所有菌群的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）。结果：118株肺炎链球菌中16株为青霉素敏感株,中度耐药株34株,耐药株68株;肺炎链球菌对万古霉素全部敏感,未查见不敏感株;对头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星和氯霉素的耐药率较低;而对青霉素、红霉素和复方磺胺甲唑则耐药率较高;对青霉素不敏感菌株的耐药性强于青霉素敏感者,尤其是对红霉素、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松。结论：对青霉素不敏感菌株的耐药性强于青霉素敏感者,尤其是对红霉素、头孢呋辛和头孢曲松。     

98株肺炎链球菌耐药性调查

目的了解本院住院患者鼻咽部链球菌耐药性。方法对本院2008年1—12月分离的98株肺炎链球菌进行药敏试验。结果青霉素耐药率8．2％,苯唑西林耐药率77．6％,耐苯唑西林同时也耐红霉素、林可霉素。结论肺炎链球菌耐药性上升迅速,且耐药程度高。加强对肺炎链球菌耐药性监测,采取合理有效的用药措施,减小耐药株的产生,是细菌检验工作与医院感染监测工作的重要内容。     

肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率的调查

目的 调查了解北京地区肺炎链球菌对青霉素及其他１２种抗生素的耐药情况,方法 对北京儿童医院及北京医科大学第一医院儿科６个月至３岁的门诊及入院首日患儿进行咽拭子标本采集,并迅速接种于平皿中过夜孵育,分离鉴定肺炎链球菌并选用苯唑西林,氯霉素,四环素,头孢曲松及红霉素纸片作药敏试验,用琼脂扩散法作最小抑菌浓度（ＭＩＣ）试验。结果 ９８９个咽拭子标本中共分离出５１株肺炎链球菌,经用 唑西林纸片初步筛选,青     

133株肺炎链球菌耐药性分析

目的 了解本院肺炎链球菌分布和耐药情况.方法 对本院2005年1月-2007年7月从临床分离的133株肺炎链球菌采用K-B纸片扩散法检测其对青霉素等7种抗生素的敏感度,用E-test法检测对苯唑西林耐药的肺炎链球菌青霉素的MIC值.结果 青霉素的耐药呈上升趋势,尤其是2007年上半年.肺炎链球菌对四环素(TCY)、红霉素(ERY)、克林霉素(CLI),有较高的耐药率,分别为63.2%、59.4%、51.9%,对青霉素(PEN)、氯霉素(CHL)、左旋氧氟沙星(LEV)的耐药率较低,分别为15.0%、12.8%、3.0%,未检出对万古霉素耐药的菌株.青霉素不敏感肺炎链球菌(PNSSP)的E-test检测结果以中介菌株为主,PNSSP的MIC值最高达到6μg/ml.结论 本院分离的肺炎链球菌耐药较为严重,耐青霉素的肺炎链球菌不断上升,有必要对其进行耐药性监测,指导临床合理选择抗菌药物.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

APPLICATION OF LORNOXICAM TO PATIENT-CONTROLLED ANALGESIA IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING ABDOMINAL SURGERIES

FOR anesthesiologis s ,treatingpostoperativepainhas alwaysbeen a problem.Althoughopioidshave been provedtobe effective,theirsideeffectscouldnotbeignored.With thedevelopmentofscienceand pharmacology,many drugs with aspectsof satisfactoryanalgesicefficacyand couldbe welltoleratedby patientshave been developed.And lornoxicamisone of them, which isa non-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug (NSAID ), with analgesic, anti-infl-ammatory,andantipyreticproperties.Itseliminationhalf-time(3 to 5 hours) isle…     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.