膨润土对重金属离子Pb2+,Zn2+, Cr(Ⅵ),Cd2+的吸附性能

试验研究了pH值、吸附时间和吸附剂用量对膨润土吸附重金属离子Pb^2＋,Zn^2＋,Cr（VI）和Cd^2＋的影响．结果表明,在本试验的pH值、吸附时间及吸附剂用量条件下,膨润土对Pb^2＋,Zn ^2＋,Cd ^2＋的吸附效果均优于其对Cr（Ⅵ）的吸附效果;pH值是影响上述吸附的重要因素,离子交换和表面络合是上述吸附的主要形式．     

改性沸石对Cr(VI)的吸附作用研究

研究了改性沸石对Cr(VI)吸附的影响因素,即研究了溶液酸度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量和Cr(VI)的初始浓度对吸附的影响.结果表明:溶液的pH值是影响吸附的主要因素;离子交换和表面络合反应是主要吸附形式;改性沸石对Cr(VI)的吸附符合Langmiur吸附等温式,属于单分子层吸附.     

改性膨润土吸附处理含Cr（Ⅵ）废水的研究

用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTMAB）对钙基膨润土进行活化改性,并用制备的改性膨润土对含Cr（VI）模拟废水进行吸附实验,研究了改性膨润土去除模拟水样中重金属Cr（VI）的适宜条件。结果表明,用质量分数为5%的CTMAB溶液改性后的膨润土去除Cr（VI）效果较好,当改性膨润土用量为10g/L、搅拌时间30min、pH值为3～5时、有机膨润土对含Cr（VI）废水的去除率超过85%。     

改性膨润土去除水中Cr(Ⅵ)的研究

研究了膨润土的改性方法及改性膨润土对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能,结果表明,改性膨润土较原土具有更高的离子交换能力和吸附能力,溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)改性膨润土综合效果最好,水中残留的CTMAB对处理水未造成二次污染。     

羟基磷灰石对金属离子Ni~(2+)的吸附性能

采用共沉淀法和水热法制备了用于吸附金属离子Ni2+的羟基磷灰石(HA),通过XRD,TEM,FTIR和BET对其物相组成和形貌结构进行了分析,并测定了其比表面积.结果表明:共沉淀法制备的HA的结晶度低、比表面积大、表面缺陷较多;共沉淀法制备的HA对Ni2+的吸附量远大于水热法制备的HA,其饱和吸附量为60.57 mg/g,且吸附之后HA与Ni2+并没有发生各种溶解沉淀和进入晶格的化学反应,脱附容易发生,因而HA有望成为建材行业回收镍金属的高效吸附剂.     

参杂有PbO的Fe_3O_4对Pb~(2+)的吸附研究

制备、表征了参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4,研究并优化了参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4的合成条件并用于研究其对Pb2+的吸附去除。探究了该吸附随着时间推移而引起的吸附动力学变化;分析了p H值、温度以及Pb2+初始浓度等因素对吸附的综合影响,探究了不同Pb2+初始浓度下吸附的平衡特性。结果表明,Pb2+在参杂有Pb O的Fe3O4上的吸附符合准二级动力学吸附方程和Langmuir等温模式。     

Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Cd(II)在黄土上二元竞争吸附特性研究

铅、铜、镉是3种具有代表性的重金属污染物,可用于模拟多重离子复合污染情况。研究了离子浓度、土水比等因素对3种元素在黄土上二元竞争吸附特性的影响。等温吸附模型Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R模型都能在一定程度上解释Pb(II)-Cu(II)、Pb(II)-Cd(II)、Cu(II)-Cd(II)在黄土上的竞争吸附性能。黄土对Pb(II)、Cu(II)、Cd(II)的选择顺序为Pb(II)>Cu(II)>Cd(II)。相比单一吸附,黄土对每种离子的吸附容量均有不同程度的下降。溶液的初始浓度越大,3种离子在单位黄土上的最大吸附量也随之增大,吸附效率随之降低;适当增大土水比可提高离子的去除效率。试验结果为黄土作为防污屏障和污水处理材料提供了依据。     

钛柱撑膨润土对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的光催化还原

以钠基改性膨润土和酞酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶凝胶法(sol-gel)制备钛柱撑膨润土(Ti-PILC)复合材料。研究了光源、Ti-PILC加入量、Cr(Ⅵ)初始质量浓度和初始pH值对Ti-PILC复合材料光催化降解Cr(Ⅵ)的影响。结果表明:在紫外光照下,Ti-PILC对Cr(Ⅵ)具有较强的光催化降解能力,其中焙烧样品的催化活性最高;综合最优的实验条件是ρTi-PILC=15g/L,ρCr(Ⅵ)=10mg/L,溶液体系pH为3.4。研究了Cr(Ⅵ)光降解还原过程的反应机理。     

石墨烯负载零价纳米铁材料的合成及去除水中Cr(VI)的研究

以石墨粉为原料,采用改良Hummers方法合成石墨烯,然后通过液相还原法制备出石墨烯负载纳米铁材料(Graphene-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron,G-nZVI),借助扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱分析仪(FTIR)进行表征,并以G-nZVI为反应材料,研究其对水体中Cr(VI)的去除效率,结果显示:室温下,当G-nZVI投加量为0.4g/L,Cr(VI)的初始浓度为20 mg/L,初始pH值为3.0时,Cr(VI)的去除率在2h内可以达到95%以上。G-nZVI具有磁性,使用后可通过外加磁力除去,以防对水体的二次污染,具有较好的应用前景。     

Aeromonas veronii N8活性菌体对Zn~(2+)的吸附特征

以Aeromonas veronii N8菌为对象,对菌体的性质及其吸附Zn~(2+)特征进行研究。结果表明,Aeromonas veronii菌的生长周期在66h左右,并且Zn~(2+)对该菌的最低抑菌质量浓度为150mg/L;N8菌体对Zn~(2+)的吸附随时间的增加,吸附率逐渐增大,并且在90min后达到吸附平衡。菌体的吸附率随菌体质量浓度的增加而变大,并随Zn~(2+)质量浓度的增加而变小。吸附前、后扫描电镜及能谱分析(scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray,SEM-EDX)的表征结果显示,在菌体的细胞壁表面检测到Zn元素,说明Aeromonas veronii N8菌体对Zn~(2+)具有一定的吸附作用。菌体的Zn~(2+)吸附过程可采用Toth模型进行描述。     

Visible light induced photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) over polymer-sensitized TiO2 and its synergism with phenol oxidation

In this study, both Cr(VI) reduction and phenol oxidation induced by polymer-sensitized TiO₂ were investigated under visible light. Study of the reaction mechanism indicated that poly(fluorene-co-thiophene) (PFT) acted as a semiconductor and was by itself able to reduce Cr(VI) under visible light irradiation. When coupled with TiO₂, PFT served not only as the electron donor for Cr(VI) reduction, but also as a sensitizer. Upon irradiation by visible light, electrons in the sensitizing PFT polymer are excited and are transferred to the conduction band of TiO₂. PFT-catalyzed reduction of Cr(VI) was significantly promoted by the presence of phenol, and synergism between Cr(VI) reduction and phenol degradation was demonstrated both by analysis of the FT-IR spectrum of PFT/TiO₂ and by measuring the effect of repeated use of PFT/TiO₂ on its photocatalytic efficiency. The results provide a cost-effective method to remove organic and inorganic pollutants simultaneously in the complex wastewater.     

A study of Cr(VI) and NH4+adsorption using greensand (glauconite) as a low‐cost adsorbent from aqueous solutions

This paper investigates the removal of Cr(VI) and NH⁴⁺ from aqueous solutions using greensand (glauconite). The effects of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial Cr(VI) and NH⁴⁺ concentrations, and pH were investigated in batch experiments. The results show that these parameters influenced Cr(VI) and NH⁴⁺ removal using glauconite considerably. Pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were applied to explain the kinetic data, and the pseudo‐second‐order model achieved good agreement. The equilibrium isotherm data are coordinated with the Freundlich, Langmuir models, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich; the Freundlich model proved most best suitable. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and NH₄⁺ were 12.21 mg/g (54% at pH 3) and 19.24 mg/g (77.08% at pH 7). All in all, the results showed that the adsorption process on glauconite could be used as an effective method for removing Cr(VI) and NH⁴⁺ from aqueous solutions.     

Estimating the dual-enzyme kinetic parameters for Cr (VI) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 from soil column experiments

Hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) contamination of soil and groundwater is considered a major environmental concern. Bioreduction of Cr (VI) to trivalent chromium (Cr (III)) can be considered an effective technology in remediating Cr (VI) contaminated sites. Among the Cr (VI) reducing bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 (MR-1) is relatively effective. Reduction of Cr (VI) by MR-1 is defined by the dual-enzyme kinetic model. The feasibility of bioreduction of Cr (VI) is usually evaluated by performing batch experiments which may not accurately represent the subsurface environment. The objective of this paper is to present a rational approach to determine the dual-enzyme reaction kinetics of Cr (VI) reduction by MR-1 from continuous flow soil column experiments which more accurately simulate the subsurface environment. Kinetic parameters obtained from soil column data were found to be much smaller than that obtained from batch data. The stable enzyme induced reaction rate was found to be 127th and the average deactivating enzyme induced reaction rate was 117th of the corresponding values obtained from batch reactor data as reported in literature.     

Removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater using bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron

Bentonite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (B-nZVI) was synthesized using liquid-phase reduction. The orthogonal method was used to evaluate the factors impacting Cr(VI) removal and this showed that the initial concentration of Cr(VI), pH, temperature, and B-nZVI loading were all importance factors. Characterization with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) validated the hypothesis that the presence of bentonite led to a decrease in aggregation of iron nanoparticles and a corresponding increase in the specific surface area (SSA) of the iron particles. B-nZVI with a 50% bentonite mass fraction had a SSA of 39.94 m²/g, while the SSA of nZVI and bentonite was 54.04 and 6.03 m²/g, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the existence of Fe⁰ before the reaction and the presence of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Cr(III) after the reaction. Batch experiments revealed that the removal of Cr (VI) using B-nZVI was consistent with pseudo first-order reaction kinetics. Finally, B-nZVI was used to remediate electroplating wastewater with removal efficiencies for Cr, Pb and Cu > 90%. Reuse of B-nZVI after washing with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution was possible but the capacity of B-nZVI for Cr(VI) removal decreased by approximately 70%.     

Sorption and detoxification of chromium(VI) by aerobic granules functionalized with polyethylenimine

This study describes the modification of aerobic granules by grafting polyethylenimine (PEI) for simultaneous sorption and detoxification of Cr(VI). After modification, the uptake capacity of modified aerobic granules (MAG) showed about 401.5 mg/g at pH 5.5 and increased by 274% compared to the control. Adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of contact time, pH and concentration of Cr(VI). It was found that the equilibrium sorption can be attained within 3 h and the process obeys the Redlich-Peterson isotherm model. The adsorption process is a function of pH of the solution, with the greater adsorption at pH 5.2. The interaction characteristics between the Cr and MAG were elucidated by applying FTIR and XPS analyses. FTIR results showed that the -NH₂ groups in the sorbent are involved in the adsorption process. XPS results verified the presence of Cr(III) on the MAG surface in the pH range 1.5-8.5, suggesting that some Cr(VI) anions were reduced to Cr(III) during the sorption.     

Effects of pH and oxidation state of chromium on the behavior of chromium in the activated sludge process

The behavior of chromium (Cr) in the activated sludge process (ASP) was evaluated in laboratory-scale, fill-and-draw activated sludge experiments. Both pH and the oxidation state of chromium were confirmed as critical parameters in the ASP for evaluating the behavior of chromium. More than 55% of chromium was removed when trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] was introduced into the influent while less than 60% was removed when hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] was added over a pH range from 5 to 9. As pH was increased, the removal increased when Cr(III) was introduced but the reverse occurred with Cr(VI). Introduction of Cr(VI) into the influent resulted in less than 80% of chromium associated with solids; however, with Cr(III), more than 90% of chromium was bound with solids. These results suggest that the ASP is capable of controlling the transport of Cr(III) to the environment but such is not case for Cr(VI).Theoretical consideration based on thermodynamics predicted that no reduction of Cr(VI) into Cr(III) should occur and the only redox reaction should be the oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI). However, no oxidation of Cr(III) into Cr(VI) was observed; some Cr(VI) was reduced into Cr(III). Kinetic constraints may have impeded the oxidation of Cr(III). Under the conditions of this study, Cr(III) may have been removed through adsorption rather than precipitation as Cr(OH)₃. Cr(VI) might be adsorbed on the bacterial surface through specific adsorption.     

Experimental study and modelling of Cr (VI) removal from wastewater using Lemna minor

The removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater by Lemna minor was studied both at laboratory and pilot scale. Laboratory tests were conducted under different conditions of initial Cr(VI) concentration (0.5 and 2.0 mg/l) and temperature (285 and 291 K). Batch experiments were carried out during 16 days in which the chromium concentrations, both in the biomass and in wastewater were measured. Data were used to characterize the biouptake capacity of the biomass; results showed that it increases with the temperature and when the initial Cr concentration decreases. The biouptake process could be fitted by an equation, with a correlation coefficient of 0.98. The removal process was assessed using the data of the variation of chromium concentration in the wastewater with respect to time; this allowed obtaining constant parameters which were applied in a mathematical model for the assessment of duckweed systems in a pilot scale plant.     

Removal and recovery of Cr(VI) from polluted ground waters: a comparative study of ion-exchange technologies

The focus of this work has been the study of Cr(VI) removal from ground waters and the simultaneous concentration for its reuse using three different technological alternatives: anion-exchange resins, liquid-liquid extraction assisted by hollow fibre membranes and emulsion pertraction. The viability of the considered objectives, i.e., Cr(VI) separation (<0.5 g/m3) and concentration for reuse (>20,000 g/m3) has been checked and a comparative analysis of the three technologies has been performed. Although the flexibility and ease of operation of non-dispersive solvent extraction, anion-exchange resins and emulsion pertraction lead to higher velocities of chromium removal, yet still maintaining similar concentration efficiencies.     

Electrochemical treatment of effluents containing Cr(VI). Influence of pH and current on the kinetic

Compounds of Cr(VI) are very toxic and their reduction to Cr(III) is necessary to allow their further precipitation or adsorption. Chemical methods for Cr(VI) reduction are usually used for this purpose. As an alternative, electrochemical methods using three-dimensional electrodes, such as reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) and polyaniline-modified RVC, have been used successfully. Since the pH affects reaction of Cr(VI) reduction, in this work its effect on the reaction rate was studied using electrodes of RVC and RVC/PANI. While a maximum in reaction rate was found for a pH 1.5 using the RVC, the RVC/PANI showed no differences in reaction rates in the range of pH between 0 and 1. Practically, no reaction was observed for any pH greater than 3. The effect of different current densities using optimized pH was also evaluated and the RVC/PANI electrode showed the best reaction rates, current efficiencies and energy consumption as a result of the polyaniline electrocatalytic effect.