A study on the performance of a gyromonotron

A method is presented which allows to calculate the large signal beam efficiency of a gyromonotron working at the s-th harmonic of the cyclotron frequency. The results of this calculation using efficiency optimized parameters are given for different TE_mn distributions and also for a magnetic taper. It is shown that beam efficiencies, which are higher than twice the value at constant electric and magnetic fields are theoretically possible. Also the influence of the beam voltage is considered. For a given beam voltage and a given electric field distribution in the resonator power calculations are performed and it is shown what powerlevels are available for different resonator modes and for different cyclotron harmonics.     

Low-Loss High-Peak-Power Microstrip Circulators

Smalll-signal magnetic losses due to coupling of the microwave signal to the spinwave manifold in a ferrite circuit under perpendicular pumping may be suppressed by biasing it between the subsidiary and main resonances. This paper describes the realization of two microstrip circulators biased in such a way. These magnetic conditions also coincide with those required to suppress spinwave instability at large-signal level. A device, using a triangular resonator, exhibited no nonlinear loss up to 1500-W peak at which power level thermal breakdown of the circuit metalization occurred both at the impedance step of the quarter-wave transformer and at the apex of the triangular resonator. A similar device using a disk resonator exhibited no nonlinear loss up to 2200-W peak at which power level breakdown of the circuit metalization again took place. A circulator using a disk resonator with a similar material but biased at magnetic saturation displayed nonlinear loss at 80-W peak.     

新型磁耦合隔离电路设计

在电路设计中,数字信号的隔离传输电路是比较常用电路之一,一般的磁耦合隔离电路只适合于传输高频信号,对于低频或直流信号则无能为力。为了实现磁耦合隔离电路传输低频信号的功能,用一串窄脉冲代表数字信号的状态改变,以窄脉冲的磁隔离传输代替低频数字信号的磁隔离传输,以上电复位电路确定磁隔离传输电路的初始状态,在确定的初始状态和信号状态变化脉冲的共同作用下,在磁隔离电路的输出端完整恢复需要传输的数字信号,从而实现低频或直流信号的磁耦隔离传输。使用该设计可以拓展磁耦合隔离技术的应用领域,降低电路功耗。     

Generation of Microwave Power with a Spark-Gap Cavity

A theory of a lambda/4 transmission line resonator containing a spark gap is developed and parameters such as output spectrum, bandwidth, Q factor, and efficiency are derived. Equivalent circuits incorporating different spark-gap parameters are presented and used for numerical simulation of cavity output. Several fixed and variable frequency cavities are constructed and tested. Typical peak power outputs are 7.2 kW into 50-Omega line at a frequency of 2.1 GHz, and 27 kW into 50-Omega line at a frequency of 1.5 GHz. For proper operation of this device the spark resistance must fall to a value less than the characteristic impedance of the line in a time less than T where f/sub 0/= 1/2T is the required frequency.     

Microstrip Bandpass Filter with Left Transmission Zero Controlled by Parasitic Cross Coupling

A third-order microstrip filter is proposed and studied. It is characterized by a left-handed transmission zero f_z, caused by the parasitic cross-coupling between non-adjacent resonators. The filter contains a half-wave middle resonator and two quarter-wave resonators located from different sides, near the open ends of the middle resonator. The coupling between all resonators has magnetic character, and the zero of the filter transfer function f_z is located to the left of the center frequency of the passband f₀. Such filter is described by a modified coupling matrix, where one of the main coupling coefficients is artificially assigned a minus sign. In the proposed filter design, for a given value of the main coupling coefficients, it is possible to provide different values of the cross-coupling coefficient by appropriately selecting the design parameters. This allows adjusting the zero position of the transmission f_z for a given bandwidth of the filter, thereby changing the left slope of the amplitude-frequency characteristic. A sequence of steps is proposed for constructing such a filter. The measured and simulated frequency characteristics of the experimental filter are given.     

Magnetically Tunable Nonreciprocal Band-Pass Filters Using Ferrimagnetic Resonators

Possibilities of a small-bandwidth, small-insertion loss, magnetically tunable band-pass filters with nonreciprocal characteristics have been studied. the unloaded Q(Q/sub u/) for a ferrimagnetic sample has been derived, considering the fundamental definition of Q for a resonator. Theoretical analysis is given for coupling due to ferrimagnetic resonance, between two RF transmission circuits when the RF magnetic fields due to the two circuits are circularly polarized or, in general, elliptically polarized. The analysis gives the open-circuit impedance parameters for the equivalent circuit representing the ferrimagnetic coupling mechanism, from which the external-loading Q's (Q/sub e1/ and Q/sub e2/) are obtained. This analysis, applied to the case of the waveguides, shows that the behavior of the Q/sub e/ vs frequency characteristic depends upon the ellipticity of the RF magnetic field, and hence, upon the location of the off-axis position of the ferrimagnetic resonator. Also, the nonreciprocity depends upon the ellipticity of the RF magnetic field--the nonreciprocal behavior being optimum when the RF magnetic field is circularly polarized. Thus, again, for the case of waveguide circuits, the off-axis position determines the reverse-coupling-vs-frequency characteristic. The measurements on the experimental filters, tunable from 8.2 to 12.4 kMc, verify the results obtained from the theory. The forward and the reverse directions of the operation of these filters can be interchanged by reversing the dc magnetic field. Power limiting with these filters is briefly described.     

A 100 kW, 140 GHz pulsed gyrotron

The design and operation of a 100 kW, 140 GHz pulsed gyrotron are reported. To our knowledge, this is the highest frequency at which high gyrotron output power (>-100 kW) has been achieved. Results are presented for gyrotron operation in the range of magnetic field from 4 to 7 T, voltage from 23 to 80 kV and current up to 7.5 A. Near a value of magnetic field of 5.4 T, and output power of 100 kW was obtained at 140.4 GHz in single mode operation in the TE₀₃₁ resonator mode.     

Transient response of an open resonator in the time domain

In the present paper a time response of a quasi-optical open resonator when exciting it by a pulse signal with a radiofrequency filling has been investigated using an inverse Fourier transformation. The radiofrequency filling corresponds to millimeter wavelengths region. Fourier image of the time response of the resonator is calculated from a product of two frequency’s functions. One of these functions is the Fourier image of a pulse signal at the resonator input, and the second is a calculated or measured amplitude — phase characteristic of the resonator. When calculating the amplitude- phase characteristic of the resonator (a complex transfer coefficient) a plane — layered model of the resonator was used. Experimental investigation has been conducted in millimeter wavelengths with Fabry-Perot type open resonator. Amplitude- phase characteristic of the resonator were measured in “on passage“ regime in wide frequency band. It was shown that presence of weakly absorbing layer in the resonator leads to changing of the time response of the resonator. The obtained results can be used in the dielectric measurements, defectoscopy of stratiform materials, relaxometry, non-destructive control of materials and structures, etc.     

Dual-band bandpass filter based on mixed electric and magnetic coupling of the hybrid quasi-lumped resonator

A novel compact dual-band bandpass filter based on mixed coupling of the hybrid quasi-lumped resonator is proposed. The filter is composed of two independent signal paths, each can generate one passband with two identical hybrid quasi-lumped resonators. The proposal combines the mixed electric and magnetic coupling technology with this novel resonator in the filter design. Analysis of the filter has been done with the equivalent circuit method. To validate the approach, a dual-band bandpass filter operating at 2.4/5.2 GHz has been fabricated. Both passbands were realised with mixed coupling. An additional transmission zero is generated at either passband. Final fabricated filter has good band skirt, low insertion loss and good out-of-band performance. Reasonable agreement is found between the calculated, simulated and measured results. The implementation area is 0.21λ_g × 0.12λ_g.     

基于新颖调谐谐振器的低相噪VCO设计

介绍了一种采用新颖谐振器的低相位噪声窄带压控振荡器(VCO)的设计方法。该谐振器采用源与负载横向交叉耦合结构,形成一个传输零点,提高了谐振器的Q值。该谐振器通过弱耦合与变容二极管连接,从而实现电压控制滤波器通带中心频率调谐。利用该谐振器设计了一个窄带VCO,并在先进设计系统(ADS)软件里仿真验证。该VCO中心频率6.15 GHz,在调谐电压从0到15 V的范围内调谐带宽60 MHz,相位噪声在整个调谐范围内优于-132 dBc/Hz@1MHz,输出功率为8.4 dBm,功率平坦度±0.1 dBm。     

A Compact Open-Loop Filter With Mixed Electric and Magnetic Coupling

A novel cascaded microstrip open-loop resonator filter with controllable electric and magnetic mixed coupling is presented to have one or more transmission zeros. For two coupled resonators, the coupled sides with the maximum magnetic field are combined with their open gaps with the maximum electric field, creating the electric and magnetic mixed coupling. By adjusting the distances between resonators and the positions of open gaps in a mixed coupled filter, the coupling coefficients can be changed, and controllable transmission zeros can be produced in the lower stopband, upper stopband, or both. Design and fabrication of the proposed second-and fourth-order filters show the advantages: such as a smaller number of resonators, higher rejection level, as well as asymmetrical response; moreover, the location of the transmission zeros can be precisely controlled.     

Characteristics of magneto-optic fiber Bragg gratings for use in optical signal processing

The characteristics of photonic bandgaps and the transmission/reflection of guided optical waves in the magneto-optic fiber Bragg grating (MFBG) are theoretically investigated for the first time. The polarization-mode conversion resulting from the Faraday effect may change the width of the pure bandgap, or even lead to a couple of photonic semitransparent frequency band (STB) for sufficiently large magneto-optical-to-grating coupling ratio (MGR). Within the STBs, the transmittivity and reflectivity are equal and then the MFBG can serve as a 3 dB light beam splitter. Based on the sensitivity of MFBG spectral lines to the magneto-optic (MO) coupling coefficient, a novel high-resolution magnetic field sensor capable of up to 0.01 nm/(kA/m) is predicted. According to the dependency of nonlinear transmission or reflection on the MO effects, a new class of MFBG-based nonlinear optical switches under an appropriate MO bias may also be achieved with applications to flexible and controllable optical signal processing.     

Mode control of cryogenic whispering-gallery mode sapphiredielectric-ring resonators

This paper presents a technique for solving the mode purity problem that exists in cryogenic microwave frequency discriminators using X-band sapphire whispering-gallery mode resonators. The sapphire cavity resonates in a pair of quasi-degenerate modes split by a few kHz due to small geometrical imperfections. Since the nature and location of the geometrical imperfections are difficult to determine, variable coupling of the modes to a fixed output port results. Resonator applications require reproducible coupling to only one of these modes. This objective can be achieved by adding a larger dominant perturbation to the resonator. Results of tests show that a noncircularly-symmetric sapphire piece suspended above the resonator can provide controllable mode coupling and simultaneous frequency tuning     

激光二极管抽运单块高斜度效率环形腔单频固体激光器

对于单块结构非平面环形腔单频固体激光器．谐振腔尺寸和输出耦合面偏振膜反射系数的选取是其获得单频、高效率、高功率输出的关键。采用琼斯矩阵的方法讨论了单块激光器获得单频输出的工作原理。通过对谐振腔回路琼斯矩阵特征值的平方及特征值平方差的计算，提出了在品体尺寸、磁场及抽运功率一定的情况下．通过对单块非平面环形腔输出耦合面偏振膜反射系数的设计来提高激光器的单频输出功率及斜度效率的方法。实验采用光纤耦合输出激光二极管(LD)纵向抽运单块激光器，当抽运功率最高用到2．83W时。获得了最大1．20W的1064nm单频激光输出．斜度效率达47．4％。     

激光传感通信技术的智慧医疗监测系统

将激光传感通信技术应用在智慧医疗监测领域,设计高监测精度、高传输速率的智慧医疗监测系统。利用激光传感技术设计体温测量模块,模块采用F-P腔匹配滤波解调方法,泵浦源发射光产生宽带光在谐振腔生成激光,抵达光栅后原路反射到达F-P腔中心波长解调,光电探测器接收光栅反射光与F-P腔透射光的卷积,获取体温监测信号;激光跳频通信模块FPGA以串口为中介发送、接收医疗数据,模块的ASK基带编码激光调制依据调制激光循环频率随调制信号基带频率的变换的原理,计算可变基频调制信号,实现医疗数据通信传输。得到以下实验结论:体温测量模块能够提升中心波长,节约模块测量人体体温用时;激光通信模块可连续传输医疗数据,运行稳定。     

Transmission Characteristics of Hybrid Modes in Corrugated Waveguides Above the Bragg Frequency

We studied the transmission characteristics of hybrid modes in a corrugated circular waveguide above the Bragg frequency to develop a broad-band transmission line for millimeter waves. Millimeter waves at 294 GHz were transmitted into a straight waveguide. From observed power profiles in waveguide cross-sections, a high attenuation rate of 0.13 dB/m was obtained. To match a theoretical attenuation constant with the experimental one, we introduced an ad hoc coefficient of conventional surface reactance in the waveguide wall. This was necessary because the wall began to look like the surface with a decreasing anisotropic reactance owing to the frequency above the Bragg frequency. Using nonlinear optimization for mode content analysis, the observed power profiles in the waveguide cross-section were matched with theoretical profiles. There was good agreement between the calculated and observed centers of power profiles and attenuation rate along the waveguide. The theoretical analysis showed that the magnetic field at the waveguide wall increases and the substantial attenuation takes place. Above the Bragg frequency coupling to backwards propagating modes is a point of consideration. A combination of the backwards propagating EH_1,26 and the forward propagating HE₁₁ modes satisfied the Bragg condition at 294.7 GHz which was the nearest frequency of operating frequency. A strong attenuation of the incoming HE₁₁ mode by Bragg resonance was not expected due to large difference of 0.7 GHz. It becomes clear that the observed high transmission loss outside of the Bragg resonance can be explained by a decrease in anisotropic surface reactance at the wall.     

Switching characteristics of variable coupling coefficient nonlinear directional coupler

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the variable coupling coefficient nonlinear directional coupler (VCC NLDC) in detail. The self-switching transmission curves of three types of NLDC with different coupler length are compared. Their phase-controlled transmission curves are compared, and these device acting as pump-controlled switches are analyzed. It is found that the VCC NLDCs show digital characteristics with the increase of the input power. As phase-controlled devices, the response of the VCC NLDC is binarylike when the input power is high. As pump-controlled devices, the transmission curves of the signal are similar to their self-switching transmission curves, except for some specific details.     

Phase Feedback for Nonlinear MEM Resonators in Oscillator Circuits

In this paper, a phase feedback approach for using nonlinear microelectromechanical (MEM) resonators in oscillator circuits is investigated. Phase feedback makes use of the oscillation phase condition for oscillator circuits and enables fine-tuning of the frequency at which the resonator oscillates by means of setting the phase in the feedback amplifier. The principle of the approach is illustrated for a nonlinear Duffing resonator, which is representative of many types of MEM resonators. Next, the approach is applied to an electrostatically actuated nonlinear clamped–clamped beam MEM resonator, on simulation level. Phase feedback allows for operation of the resonator in its nonlinear regime. The closed-loop technique enables control of both the frequency of oscillation and the output power of the signal. Additionally, optimal operation points for oscillator circuits incorporating a nonlinear resonator can be defined. Application of phase feedback results in more robustness with respect to dynamic pull in than in open-loop case, however, at the cost of a deteriorated phase noise response.