带小翼肋条的涡轮叶尖泄漏流场的数值模拟

对叶尖吸力面带小翼肋条的某一轴流转子叶尖间隙泄漏流场进行了数值研究,分析了在不同肋条宽度下泄漏流场细节,并对涡轮效率进行了计算.结果表明:涡轮叶尖单吸力边小翼肋条总体上减小叶尖表面压差,使得吸力面后半部分泄漏流速度减小,从而减小泄漏流动损失,但会增大通道内流动损失,使涡轮转子效率下降;小翼肋条宽度有一个最佳值,小间隙下增大肋条宽度使得涡轮转子效率降低,大间隙下增大肋条宽度却使得涡轮转子效率提高;吸力边小翼肋条改变了叶尖吸力边附近的流场,对压力边附近泄漏流动结构影响不大.     

多变气热参数下大尺度槽深叶顶的流动换热特性

为了研究具有渐缩型面凹槽在不同深度下叶顶间隙的流动换热特性,针对某一级高压涡轮,在发动机五种典型工况下通过改变其凹槽深度,采用k-ω湍流模型以及自适应湍流模拟方法(SATES)分别进行定常和非定常的数值仿真分析。研究结果表明,凹槽深度是影响间隙泄漏流动和叶顶换热特性的重要因素,同时该影响趋势也受涡轮工作状态的限制。相比于深凹槽,浅凹槽方案的间隙泄漏量明显降低,对应的涡轮动叶出口总压损失系数也有所降低,这在涡轮小流量状态时尤为明显。然而,深凹槽设计在降低叶顶热负荷方面表现更好,其中槽深0.8H方案比槽深0.1H方案的叶顶平均努塞尔数降低38.3%～95.3%。定常和非定常两种计算方法主要影响了间隙内局部泄漏量和叶顶前部热负荷的预测值,并未改变流动换热特性的分布趋势。     

自发射流耦合凹槽抑制涡轮叶尖泄漏的数值研究

为了探究复合被动结构对涡轮叶栅流场特性的影响,进一步减小涡轮叶尖泄漏量,建立了自发射流耦合叶顶凹槽的数值计算模型,采用正交试验法优化了射流参数,得到最优射流参数组合为A1B1C1,即间隙高度为0.5mm、射流角为30°、射流偏转角β为0°。在此基础上,将自发射流与叶顶凹槽进行耦合,结合间隙内流线、速度及平均总压损失系数分析了耦合结构下的泄漏流场特性。结果表明:当凹槽宽度与叶高比值(w/h)较小时,自发射流与叶顶凹槽耦合时存在最佳凹槽深度,即w=5%h,凹槽深度d=1%h,耦合结构较纯自发射流的间隙内部损失更大,叶尖泄漏量更小,泄漏抑制效果更优;当w/h较大时,耦合结构的泄漏抑制效果恶化,甚至较纯自发射流差,这种效应随着d/h减小更为明显。     

向心涡轮可调导叶间隙流动的数值研究

应用数值方法对某型向心涡轮的可调导叶间隙流动结构及其涡轮性能的影响作了分析,间隙尺寸分别为1%、2%、4%叶高.计算结果表明:间隙加大,涡轮效率下降,流量增加,间隙流动所造成的流动损失是结构阻力型的.间隙对涡轮性能的影响主要来自于叶轮进口气流冲角的增加与叶轮反动度的提高.简单地修正导向叶栅的流动效率,不能反映间隙对涡轮整体性能的影响.     

叶顶开槽——小翼结构对提升轴流风机性能影响的数值研究

为了有效抑制叶顶泄漏流的发展,降低叶顶泄漏损失,针对两级动叶可调轴流风机提出在吸力面构造叶顶小翼并开设斜槽的新型叶顶改型方案。采用Fluent数值模拟了5种叶顶改型方案对风机性能和流场特征的影响,分析了不同方案下流场、叶顶静压、叶顶泄漏量和动叶区做功能力的变化。结果表明：吸力面小翼可有效降低叶顶损失,小翼上开设顺流向斜槽可进一步提高风机性能,逆流向斜槽会使性能略有降低;顺流向单斜槽为最佳改型方案,在设计流量下全压和效率分别提升166 Pa和0.942%;叶顶间隙处产生额外的涡流,叶顶泄漏流得到抑制,动叶区做功能力得以提升。     

可调涡轮叶片在变工况下的端区优化研究

为了使变几何涡轮在大子午扩张流道内可以自由转动,则需要在端壁处保持很大的间隙,但会增大间隙泄漏损失。故为了减小大子午扩张涡轮的间隙损失,需要对此可转导叶的端区进行改造。通过利用三维数值模拟的方法,本文对平面叶栅3种端区结构——叶顶开槽,叶顶迷宫密封结构和叶顶蜂窝密封蜂结构进行的流场进行计算研究,并对比分析了3种涡轮全工况性能的优劣。并在此基础上将研究的结果应用在大子午扩张变几何涡轮上。其计算结果显示:蜂窝密封结构能够有效抑制间隙泄漏流动,减小间隙泄漏损失,而在大子午扩张变几何涡轮中端区优化结构对间隙泄漏流动也具有良好的抑制作用。并且变几何涡轮端区进行蜂窝密封结构处理后,其具有较高的全工况性能。     

叶顶间隙宽度变化对离心叶轮性能和内部流场的影响

为研究不同宽度叶顶间隙对亚音速半开式离心叶轮性能与内部流场的影响,对某工业用半开式离心叶轮选用不同形式和几何参数的叶顶间隙,通过数值模拟得出结论:随叶顶间隙宽度减小,叶顶附近湍动能减少,离心叶轮通道压比和效率更高,但是失速裕度也变小;在本研究范围内,综合考虑性能和失速裕度,叶顶间隙宽度为0.4 mm时最优;叶顶间隙宽度对泄漏流和主流相互作用有一定影响;随叶顶间隙宽度减少,叶顶间隙泄漏流量减少,本文的分析结果为离心压缩机的工业设计提供了一定参考。     

燃气涡轮篦齿叶顶流动传热特性的数值研究

以GE-E3型第一级叶栅为研究对象开展数值研究,基于高压涡轮常规凹槽叶顶提出新型叶顶结构。通过求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)和标准k-ω湍流模型研究了篦齿结构和布局对叶顶流动传热特性的影响。数值预测的平叶顶的流场分布与实验数据吻合良好,验证了数值方法的可靠性。研究结果表明:篦齿叶顶可以有效降低中弦处的叶顶泄漏损失,篦齿形状对泄漏强度影响较小。此外,篦齿叶顶显著降低叶顶平均传热系数和热负荷,相比常规凹槽叶顶,前缘斜篦齿叶顶的平均传热系数降低了22.39%。在研究的新型叶顶结构中,倒梯形篦齿叶顶(I-TIP)具有最低的叶顶平均传热系数,梯形篦齿叶顶(T-TIP)具有最低的叶顶热流量,前缘斜篦齿叶顶具有最佳的气热性能。在叶顶凹槽前缘布置篦齿结构可有效降低叶顶换热系数。     

叶尖小翼安装位置对轴流风机性能的影响

采用数值模拟方法建立了在压力面和吸力面分别安装宽度为2倍叶片厚度叶尖小翼的轴流风机模型,分析了叶尖小翼安装位置对轴流风机性能的影响.结果表明:压力面和吸力面安装叶尖小翼均能减小叶顶泄漏流;压力面安装叶尖小翼使叶顶泄漏涡增大,造成的气动损失增加,导致轴流风机全压和效率下降;吸力面安装叶尖小翼能有效减小叶顶泄漏涡,同时延缓其脱落,使其向远离吸力面偏移,减少造成的气动损失,使得轴流风机全压和效率提高,该轴流风机设计体积流量点全压效率提高了0.6%.     

高速径流式涡轮叶顶间隙流动研究

针对高速径流式涡轮,利用NUMECA软件建立计算模型进行雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程(RANS)计算,采用Spalart-Allmaras湍流模型,分析了不同叶顶间隙对叶轮气动性能、间隙区域温度场、泄漏涡流及涡轮级性能的影响.结果表明:减小叶顶间隙会出现新的流动特性—逆流现象,表现为叶顶间隙通道内流体流动方向与压力梯度方向相反,即由叶片吸力面侧指向压力面侧,这一新流动特性极大地改变了间隙区域温度场;大间隙造成的气动损失不可忽视,减小叶顶间隙可抑制泄漏涡流强度,提高涡轮效率,从而改善涡轮性能.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Wind power for pumping: The development of the ITP windpump

Water pumping has been one of the main applications for wind power in the past and despite the spread of mains-electric pumps, more than a million windpumps remain in regular use. This paper reviews the general technical and economic requirements for pumping water using wind energy and by way of example gives an overview of the development of the new ITP wind-pump. It then considers the future prospects for this kind of technology.     

Methods of creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to residential roofing materials

We describe methods for creating solar-reflective nonwhite surfaces and their application to a wide variety of residential roofing materials, including metal, clay tile, concrete tile, wood, and asphalt shingle. Reflectance in the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.7–2.5 μm) is maximized by coloring a topcoat with pigments that weakly absorb and (optionally) strongly backscatter NIR radiation, and by adding an NIR-reflective basecoat (e.g., one colored with titanium dioxide rutile white) if both the topcoat and the substrate weakly reflect NIR radiation. Coated steel and glazed clay-tile roofing products achieved NIR reflectances of up to 0.50 and 0.75, respectively, using only cool topcoats. Gray-cement concrete tiles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.60 with coatings colored by NIR-scattering pigments. Such tiles could attain NIR reflectances of up to 0.85 by overlaying a white basecoat with a topcoat colored by NIR-transparent organic pigments. Granule-surfaced asphalt shingles achieved NIR reflectances as high as 0.45 when the granules were covered with a white basecoat and a cool color topcoat.     

Thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body with application to thermal energy storage

The thermal decay of an initially hot isothermal water body contained in a tank was studied. Analytical solutions (including a group-theoretic solution) were obtained for the one-dimensional heat conduction equation with heat loss from the sides of the tank. The convective heat transfer coefficient was assumed not to be constant over the surface of the tank but to vary with space and time. A very good agreement was obtained between the group-theoretic solution and a numerical solution using the Crank-Nicholson finite difference scheme. The analytical results are discussed in terms of the underlying physical mechanisms.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

秸秆燃烧中温度对钾转化与释放的影响

通过对稻秆原料进行常规特性分析和EDX元素含量分析,发现钾在稻秆无机元素中占有重要地位。参考原料化学分馏法和土壤中钾的分类与测试方法,给出了对生物质原料及其燃烧产物中钾的定性与定量简易方法。通过程序控温型固定床对稻秆先进行缓慢氧化,然后以100℃为间隔从400～900℃进行成灰,并分别测试其成灰率、有效钾和全钾的份额。结合稻秆原料及其灰中钾的份额分析,进行了稻秆灰中有效钾转化与释放的计算,发现有效钾在700～800℃之间有快速的释放和形态转变。稻秆灰的XRD分析结果表明秸秆灰中钾主要以KCl、K_2SO_4形式存在,得到了钾以盐的形式进行转化与释放的机理。该文中燃烧温度对钾转化与释放的影响规律对设计秸秆电厂时的炉型选择和燃烧参数确定有一定参考价值。