天然调味香料月桂精油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取了调味香料月桂的精油,并利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用技术和保留指数比较法分析了该精油的化学成分.从月桂的精油中鉴定了44种化合物,占精油总量的99.97％.主要成分为α-乙酸松油酯(19.52％)、肉桂醛(8.00％)、β-按叶油醇(6.18％)、β-石竹烯(5.72％)和丁香酚甲醚(5.25％).     

咖喱粉精油的抗菌作用研究及GC/MS分析

通过水蒸气蒸馏法提取咖喱粉精油，测试这种精油对几种常见细菌、霉菌、酵母菌的抑菌活性(抑菌圈直径大小)、最低抑菌浓度(MIC值)及气态防腐效果，探讨了咖喱粉精油的抗菌作用。以色谱-质谱联用法(GC/MS)共分析鉴定出咖喱粉水蒸精油中主要的17种成分，其中最主要成分为反式大茴香脑(27．55％)、α-姜烯(15．10％)、β-倍半水芹烯(14．53％)、1-苯-戊酮-1(9．65％)、β-郁金酮(6．47％)、丁香酚(6．20％)、α-郁金酮(5．66％)和反式-石竹烯(4．55％)。     

The influence of organ,season and drying method on chemical composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Juniperus phoenicea L. essential oils

BACKGROUND: Juniperus phoenicea is an important medicinal plant. In the present study, essential oils (18 samples) from leaves and berries of Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae), obtained by various drying methods and in different collection months, were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and also evaluated for in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Correlations were studied between antimicrobial activity and the chemical composition of essential oils. RESULTS: Sixty‐seven compounds were identified in essential oils, representing 97.7–100%. Essential oils were dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, which presented 35.0–93.3% and 6.7–62.0%, respectively, depending of organ, season and drying method. Antimicrobial tests showed that essential oils strongly inhibited the growth of Gram‐positive microorganisms and Mucor ramamnianus, but was inactive against Gram‐negative strains. Antioxidant activity was tested using the ABTS radical‐scavenging assay. Most samples showed good activity (the best IC₅₀ = 41.7 ± 1.5 mg L^?1). CONCLUSIONS: It could be concluded that drying of leaves of J. phoenicea in the sun and berries in oven‐drying was more suitable and was recommended for obtaining higher essential oil yield, but for a higher percentage of some special components such as α‐pinene and δ‐3‐carene shade‐drying was more suitable. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils and their mixture on quality changes of refrigerated green mussel (Perna viridis)

Effect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils (Eos) and their mixture on quality of green mussel stored at 4 °C was investigated. The mixture of 0.25% turmeric and 0.25% lemongrass Eos could lower microbiological and chemical deterioration of mussel as evidenced by the lower microbial counts, total volatile base, ammonia, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide contents and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, compared with the control (P < 0.05). It indicated that a mixture of turmeric and lemongrass Eos in mussel showed synergistic effect on the retardation of bacterial growth and lipid oxidation. However, samples treated with 0.5% lemongrass oil exhibited the higher likeness score for odour and flavour, compared with the samples treated with other Eos throughout the storage of 15 days. Samples treated with turmeric essential oil caused the changes in odour and flavour. Therefore, lemongrass treatment was shown to be the promising means to prevent the deterioration and maintain the odour and flavour attributes of mussel during prolonged refrigerated storage.     

Influence of the process, season, and origin on volatile composition and antioxidant activity of Juniperus phoenicea L. leaves essential oils

Essential oils of Juniperus phoenicea L. leaves cultivated in 3 regions, Korbos, Matmata, and Tabarka of Tunisia were obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), steam distillation (SD), and Soxhlet (SH) extraction methods. The essential oils were analyzed and quantified by capillary gas chromatography using flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The highest yield was observed in HD process (1.12%). Tabarka essential oil provided the best yield 0.79% compared to other regions. December month SD essential oil was the highest in oxygenated monoterpenes (52.7%). Nevertheless, SH essential oil showed a higher content in sesquitepenes hydrocarbons (64.5%). α-Terpinol (25.5%) was the main oxygenated component in Matmata juniper essential oil, extracted by SD. Moreover, the antioxidant activity of essential oils was evaluated using ABTS assays. The strongest antioxidant activity (IC(50) = 22.6 ± 0.7 mg/L) was obtained by the Matmata (October 2007) SD essential oil.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Amomum tsao‐ko

BACKGROUND: The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried fruits of Amomum tsao‐ko was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS). The antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against 16 micro‐organisms using agar disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. RESULTS: Seventy‐three compounds, constituting about 97.56% of the total oil, were identified. The main components were 1,8‐cineole (45.24%), ρ‐propylbenzaldehyde (6.04%), geraniol (5.11%), geranial (4.52%), α‐terpineol (3.59%) and α‐phellandrene (3.07%). The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against all the tested micro‐organisms, including Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, and fungi. The oil exerted the strongest bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus CCTCC AB91118, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of 0.20 g L^?1. CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that the Amomum tsao‐ko essential oil could be one of new medicinal resources for antibacterial and antifungal agents. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

苦水玫瑰精油提取及其成分的GC/MS分析

对苦水玫瑰精油的生产工艺进行了优化研究,探讨了影响玫瑰精油得率的主要因素,结果显示:苦水玫瑰精油提取的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1:4、蒸馏时间3h、蒸馏速率每小时馏出液为原料液体体积的10%,在最佳的提取工艺条件下苦水玫瑰精油得率达到了3.982×10-4。最佳工艺所得苦水玫瑰精油气相-质谱（GC/MS）分析显示:主要香气成分含量为香茅醇54.58%、橙花醇0.09%、香叶醇10.55%、芳樟醇2.90%。      

Tunisian Salvia officinalis L. and Schinus molle L. essential oils: their chemical compositions and their preservative effects against Salmonella inoculated in minced beef meat

The essential oils (EOs) extracted from the aerial parts of cultivated Salvia officinalis L. and the berries of Schinus molle L. were analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and 68 and 67 constituents were identified, respectively. The major constituents were 1,8-cineole (33.27%), β-thujone (18.40%), α-thujone (13.45%), borneol (7.39%) in S. officinalis oil and α-phellandrene (35.86%), β-phellandrene (29.3%), β-pinene (15.68%), p-cymene (5.43%) and α-pinene (5.22%) in S. molle oil.In its second part, the present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of both studied EOs. For this purpose, paper disc-diffusion method and broth microdilution test were used. The disc-diffusion method showed significant zone of lysis against all the pathogens studied (gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, yeast). These activities remained stable after six months, and decreased approximately by 20% after one year of storage of the EOs at 4 to 7 °C. On comparing the efficiency of both EOs, S. officinalis EO exhibited higher antibacterial activity against the majority of strains and especially against Candida albicans (two fold more active according to the inhibition zones values). The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reported between 4.5 mg/ml and 72 mg/ml on nutrient broth. The particular chemotype of each EO may be involved in its specific antimicrobial behaviour.Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of these EOs were evaluated against two foodborne pathogens belonging to Salmonella genus, experimentally inoculated (10³ CFU/g) in minced beef meat, which was mixed with different concentrations of the EO and stored at 4 to 7 °C for 15 days. Although the antibacterial activities of both EOs in minced beef meat were clearly evident, their addition had notable effects on the flavour and taste of the meat at concentrations more than 2% for S. molle and 1.5% for S. officinalis. One solution to the above-mentioned problem may be the use of combinations of different food preservation systems. In this context, each of the EOs has been used along with low water activity (addition of NaCl) in addition to low refrigeration temperatures. Results on the Salmonella growth showed that some combinations could be recommended to eliminate germs from minced raw beef. By using this method, a stable and, from a microbiological point of view, safe meat can be produced without substantial loss in sensory quality.Results obtained herein, may suggest that the EOs of S. officinalis and S. molle possess antimicrobial activity, and therefore, they can be used in biotechnological fields as natural preservative ingredients in food and/or pharmaceutical industry.     

蓬莪术干叶和鲜叶精油化学成分分析与抗氧化、抑菌活性研究

通过GC/MS技术分析了蓬莪术叶片精油的化学组成,确定了各成分在精油中的相对含量,并采用清除DPPH自由基、清除ABTS自由基、抑制亚油酸脂质过氧化和抑制卵黄脂质过氧化能力,测定了精油的抗氧化能力,以滤纸片琼脂扩散法测定抗菌活性。结果表明:蓬莪术干叶中鉴定出31种成分,鲜叶中鉴定出36种成分,分别占总峰面积的83.05%和82.29%,主要由单萜烯类和倍半萜类组成,并含有微量的醇类、醛类、酮类和烷类等物质。蓬莪术叶精油对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和沙门氏菌均有抑制作用,且随浓度的增加抑制作用增强。      

Comparative study of the essential oils of three Beilschmiedia species and their biological activities

This study was designed to examine the chemical compositions of the essential oils from three Beilschmiedia species and antioxidant, antimicrobial, antityrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and anti‐inflammatory activities. The essential oils of B. kunstleri, B. maingayi, B. penangiana gave β‐caryophyllene (10.6–12.1%), β‐eudesmol (17.5–24.1%) and δ‐cadinene (17.5–28.7%) as the most abundant components respectively. The bark oil of B. maingayi showed the highest activity in β‐carotene/linoleic acid (125.9%) and phenolic content (288.2 mg GA g^?1), while B. penangiana bark oil was found to have strong activity in DPPH (IC₅₀ 84.7 μg mL^?1) and ABTS (IC₅₀ 108.3 μg mL^?1). The essential oils of B. penangiana showed the best activity against Candida glabrata with MIC value 31.3 μg mL^?1. The bark oil of B. penangiana gave 82.5% tyrosinase inhibiton. The leaf oil of B. maingayi gave the highest inhibition in AChE (66.6%) and lipoxygenase (77.0%) assay. Our findings demonstrate that the essential oils have great potential for applications in pharmaceutical and food industries.     

孜然精油对杂拟谷盗的熏蒸效果及代谢酶活的影响

本文研究了孜然精油对杂拟谷盗（Tribolium confusum）的熏蒸效果及部分机理。T.confusum经最大剂量30μL/L孜然精油处理24 h后,死亡率达到了95%,试虫的死亡率与处理浓度和处理时间呈现出明显的正相关。T.confusum经孜然精油熏蒸处理后乙酰胆碱酯酶（Ach E）在8 h出现最高值,解毒酶系中的酸性磷酸酯酶（ACP）呈现先下降后升高的趋势;碱性磷酸酯酶（ALP）、羧酸酯酶（Car E）活性明显高于未熏蒸的对照,且这两种酶活力均呈现出升高的趋势;谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（GSTs）的酶活性被显著（p≤0.05）地抑制;保护酶系中的三种酶活性也被精油的处理诱导升高。由此表明,孜然精油对T.confusum的良好熏蒸效果是通过影响试虫体内的神经、解毒和保护酶系来实现的。      

Chemical composition,antibacterial and antioxidant activity of the essential oils of Metaplexis japonica and their antibacterial components

The aim of this research was to determine the chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils from Metaplexis japonica and isolation of antibacterial constituents from the essential oils. Results showed that 63 components were identified in essential oils. Phenylethyl alcohol (77.978%), α‐terpineol (31.810%) and docosane (21.644%) were the most abundent constituents of flower oil, leaf oil and fruit oil, respectively. Based on bioactivity‐guided fractionation, three active constituents were isolated and identified as phenylethyl alcohol, α‐terpineol and β‐linalool. Both flower oil and phenylethyl alcohol showed high antibacterial performance, with inhibition zone from 25 ± 0.5 to 11 ± 0.6 mm at highest concentration, and MIC values ranging from 0.125 to 2%. In both DPPH and ABTS assay, the oils showed moderate antioxidant activity. These results indicate potential efficacy of active constituents and essential oils of M. japonica to control food‐borne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria.     

The effects of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) essential oils on Brochothrix thermosphacta and on the shelf life of beef packaged in high-oxygen modified atmosphere

The objective of the study was to determine the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of thyme (29.4% thymol, 21.6% p-cymene) and rosemary essential oils (27.6% 1,8-cineole, 13.5% limonene, 13.0% β-pinene) against Brochothrix thermosphacta and to establish the feasibility of their use as components of modified atmosphere during beef refrigerated storage. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of thyme oil against B. thermosphacta is 0.05% and that of rosemary oil 0.5%. The MIC values are independent on strain and temperature of growth, however the bactericidal effects are strain dependent. The addition of any of oil at a concentration equal to 2MIC to the modified atmosphere (80% O₂/20% CO₂) does not significantly influence the microbial quality of meat. At the same time, such a concentration of the essential oils was considerably detrimental to the organoleptic factors.     

香橼精油的组成及香气活性成分的GC-MS-O分析

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取香橼皮精油,运用气相色谱-质谱-嗅辨仪联机技术(GC-MS-O)对其成分组成及香气活性成分进行了研究。结果显示:香橼精油中柠檬烯的含量最高,为精油的50.53%,其次为对伞花烃(16.40%),其他含量较高的成分还有γ-萜品烯(8.70%)、罗勒烯(5.03%)、β-蒎烯(3.35%),α-蒎烯(2.66%)和β-月桂烯(2.30%)。另外,检测出11种香气活性成分,其中已鉴定的9种为α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、对伞花烃、柠檬烯氧化物、里那醇、4-萜品醇、反-对-薄荷-2,8-二烯醇、丙酸松油酯、乙酸橙花酯、巴伦西亚橘烯。嗅闻结果显示,伞花烃和丙酸松油酯可能对香橼的特征香气起重要作用。     

13种植物精油和茴香脑对赤拟谷盗成虫熏蒸活性研究

在20μL/L的剂量下,测试了13种植物精油对赤拟谷盗成虫的熏蒸作用,其中以八角茴香油效果最佳,熏蒸24 h的校正死亡率达到100%,显著高于其他精油。随着熏蒸时间的延长,八角茴香油对赤拟谷盗的LC50值逐渐降低,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为13.88μL/L,熏蒸72 h时降为5.08μL/L,仅为熏蒸12 h的0.36倍。继而采用GC-MS技术对八角茴香油的主要组分进行分离鉴定,共从八角茴香油中鉴定出21种组分,其中茴香脑的相对百分含量为79.81%,为八角茴香油的主要成分。进一步测试了茴香脑对赤拟谷盗的熏蒸毒力,熏蒸12 h时LC50值为7.76μL/L,72 h时LC50值降为3.36μL/L,不同熏蒸时段茴香脑的LC50值均低于相应时段八角茴香油的LC50值,与八角茴香油相比,茴香脑对赤拟谷盗具有更强的熏蒸作用。