信息技术在景观设计课堂教学中的应用探析

作为现代设计艺术领域的重要组成部分,景观设计专业受到越来越多的重视,随着市场对相关人才需求量的不断增加,越来越多的高校开设了景观设计课程。近年来,教育者对景观设计课程教学模式和教学方法进行了一系列改革,使这门课程的课堂教学水平较以往有了很大程度的提高。信息技术是课程改革中不可避免要涉及的一环。信息技术在众多领域都发挥着极为重要的作用,在景观设计课程教学中的应用在很大程度上提高了课程的教学质量。进一步探析信息技术在景观设计课堂教学中的应用,并针对存在的问题进行进一步的有效改革,是相关教育者应当探讨的重要课题之一。     

刍议环境艺术中的景观设计策略

景观设计设计众多方面,包括人文景观、自然景观和与之有关的其他领域知识,这都是环境艺术中相当重要的内容。因此,要想真正实现景观设计并得到落实,就一定要切实做好景观设计,立足环境艺术的角度出发,对环境艺术的特点及内涵进行深入的探究,最终真正做好景观设计的工作。本文主要对环境艺术的内涵及景观设计的影响因素进行阐述,提出有效性的建议措施。     

儒家文化思想与中国建筑景观设计的融合

儒家文化是我国的主流传统文化,在我国历史上发挥了不可磨灭的作用,对现代社会产生了广泛而深刻的影响。当前我国的社会经济生活绝大部分文化现象都是基于儒家文化思想产生的,建筑景观设计领域就是其中的典型。随着我国社会经济的快速发展,我国的经济发展模式开始向资源节约型、环境友好型方向转变,建筑景观设计领域也开始追求对环境的融合与自然的和谐,这与儒家文化思想不谋而合,可以预见的是,在未来儒家文化必将是我国建筑景观设计的重要指导思想。因此本文从建筑景观设计的角度出发,结合儒家文化思想的实际,对儒家文化思想与中国建筑景观设计的融合进行简要分析。     

高校景观设计中“小景观”设计的文化意味研究

随着时代的进步和发展,景观设计所涵盖的领域越来越宽广,景观设计不仅具有美化修饰环境的作用,而且具有表情达意的功能。对于高校而言,景观设计更是高校不可或缺的一部分,各种小景观设计总是于细微处传递出丰富的文化意味。由此可见,高校景观设计中的小景观设计体现了高校的景观设计文化,饱含了深刻的文化意味,对于提高高校校园文化氛围起到一定的作用。为此,本文主要分析和研究高校景观设计中"小景观"设计的文化意味,探讨小景观设计所带来的与众不同设计风格。     

绿色街道景观设计浅析

绿色街道是绿色基础设施的一部分,也是城市可持续雨洪管理的重要措施。利用绿色街道进行城市可持续雨洪管理已然成为景观设计领域的热点内容。文章通过对国外经典绿色街道景观设计案例进行剖析,总结并归纳其设计的核心内涵,得出对我国绿色街道景观设计的启发。     

景观设计与可拓学方法

通过对物元可拓、物元变换等可拓学方法在景观设计、景观设计理论、景观设计教育等方面应用的分析,探讨可拓学方法引入景观设计领域的应用价值和形成“景观可拓设计方法”,实现景观设计创新的意义。     

景观协调——Janet Rosenberg访谈

Janet Rosenberg是JRA公司的创始人和总裁,总部位于多伦多。25年来,Janet伴随着加拿大景观设计领域的发展而不断成长。如今．加拿大的多伦多已成为举世闻名的创意之都．Janet也已成为一位具有丰富经验和影响力的设计师,在景观设计领域举足轻重。多年来,她一直将景观设计与建筑结合在一起,将景观设计这一行业推向前沿．     

中国景观设计西化的社会学探析

自20世纪90年代开始,随着中国和西方国家在经济、贸易和文化领域的交流日益频繁,中国的景观设计也深受影响并出现西化的趋势。该文从社会学角度分析了中国景观设计西化的原因,并且提出应该在立足于中国城市实际需求的基础上,在更深层面探索中西方景观设计的融合,从而构筑中国景观设计的美好未来。     

尊重场地性格的环境设计——以东阿县污水处理厂庭院环境设计为例

滨水区的开发与再开发是当前城市规划和风景园林领域研究的热点之一,水体作为重要的景观设计要素之一,而被广泛应用,但受各方面因素的制约,水景工程往往不能实现预期的景观效果.笔者以聊城市东阿县污水处理厂庭院环境设计为例,提出了因地制宜,尊重场地的环境特质,充分利用再处理水进行景观设计的实践.     

20世纪西方工业废弃地景观改造的思想

工业废弃地改造是随着环境问题的日益严重和传统工业的逐渐衰落而出现的,20世纪在西方国家已经成功实践。改造中体现的景观设计思想,拓展了景观设计的内涵,革新了人们对景观的认识,成为景观设计界关注和实践的前沿性领域,它们对于我国的工业废弃地景观改造有着借鉴作用。     

开孔板连接件相对滑移机理试验研究

为研究组合结构桥梁中开孔板连接件的相对滑移机理,以开孔板厚度、孔中钢筋直径、开孔板孔径为变化参数,进行了21个开孔板连接件抗剪性能模型试验。通过理论分析与试验结果比较,揭示了开孔板连接件相对滑移量主要由孔中钢筋剪切变形量、孔中混凝土压缩变形量和剪切变形量三部分组成,以及抗剪承载力对应相对滑移量随板厚增加而减小,随孔径、孔中钢筋直径增加而增大的滑移机理。     

Development of a shrouded wind turbine with a flanged diffuser

We have developed a wind turbine system that consists of a diffuser shroud with a broad-ring flange at the exit periphery and a wind turbine inside it. The flanged-diffuser shroud plays a role of a device for collecting and accelerating the approaching wind. Emphasis is placed on positioning the flange at the exit of a diffuser shroud. Namely, the flange generates a low-pressure region in the exit neighborhood of the diffuser by vortex formation and draws more mass flow to the wind turbine inside the diffuser shroud. To obtain a higher power output of the shrouded wind turbine, we have examined the optimal form of the flanged diffuser, such as the diffuser open angle, flange height, hub ratio, centerbody length, inlet shroud shape and so on. As a result, a shrouded wind turbine equipped with a flanged diffuser has been developed, and demonstrated power augmentation for a given turbine diameter and wind speed by a factor of about 4-5 compared to a standard (bare) wind turbine. In a field experiment using a prototype wind turbine with a flanged diffuser shroud, the output performance was as expected and equalled that of the wind tunnel experiment.     

Robot-based construction automation: An application to steel beam assembly (Part I)

The construction industry has not traditionally been a favorable field for the application of robotic technologies. However, various motivations such as the shrinking labor population, the aging of skilled workers, and the safety issue of ironworkers have promoted the development of robotic construction systems. In this research, one of those trials, a project entitled “Robot-based construction automation system for high-rise building” is presented. Among diverse construction works, this project focused on a robotic automation of the steel beam assembly. The project is a cooperative effort between a robot research group and a construction automation group in South Korea. The main objective of this paper is to an introduction for the development of a robotic beam assembly system administered by the robot research group. The robotic beam assembly system consists of a robotic bolting device that performs the main function for the beam assembly work and a robotic transport mechanism that transports the robotic bolting device to target bolting positions around a building under construction. This paper presents the specific functions, structures, and mechanisms of the robotic bolting device and accounts for the application of the visual servo control technique to a bolting control system which is a software component. The robotic transport mechanism part is discussed in a companion paper [14]. The real prototype of the proposed system was manufactured and intensive field tests were conducted in a test bed. Moreover, this system was applied to a section of a real building, the Robot Convergence Building of Korea University, South Korea, which has one story below and seven above the ground, and obtained a feasibility of an application of the robotic beam assembly system to actual construction sites. The suggested system is expected to be a promising alternative to ironworkers in the steel beam assembly in terms of safety and time-efficiency.     

Re-optimization strategy for truck crane lift-path planning

When a truck crane lifts a load, the most important considerations are the safety and efficiency of the lift path; therefore, the objectives in planning a lift path should be the minimization of both the path length and number of operations. Most proposed methods for lift-path planning simply focused on the optimization of the path length. As a result, a planned path may include a large number of operations that makes the path complicated and degrades the safety and efficiency of the lift process. This paper presents a method to optimize the number of operations for a lift path with an optimized length for a truck crane by making the most efficient use of the crane characteristics. First, a conventional search algorithm is used to optimize the length of a lift path. Thereafter, a new operating-path optimization method is presented to reduce the number of points on the planned path based on construction of simple spaces and fundamental operating paths. Simulations produced satisfactory results, demonstrating that this method reduces the number of operations on a short lift path, thereby improving the safety and efficiency.     

Hybrid Progressive Damage Prediction Model for Loaded Marine Sandwich Composite Structures Subjected to a Fire

The risk of fire, and of fire-related structural degradation, represents an ever present challenge to the safe design of marine sandwich composite structures. Current state-of-the-art fire analysis and damage assessment tool has ignored the coexistence of discrete (delamination) and continuum damage in a sandwich composite structure after a fire exposure. To capture the synergistic interaction between the discrete and continuum damage and their compounding effects to the final failure, a fire damage assessment tool for a marine composite sandwich structure was developed by integrating the 1D fire model of a composite sandwich panel with a hybrid progressive damage prediction module within the LS-DYNA3D computational framework. The 1D fire model for a combustible skin and decomposable core was employed to characterize the temperature and mass dependent heat conduction, energy consumption resulting from the decomposition, and the energy transfer associated with vaporous migration. For a given thermal and mechanical damage of a sandwich composite system, a multi-scale solution framework was formulated to determine the material response and failure at the structural level from the damage progression at its constituent, ply, and laminated plate level. The delamination failure along an interface was characterized by a cohesive element approach with a user-defined cohesive law while the diffuse damage resulting from the fiber/tow/matrix failure in the sandwich composite was characterized using a continuum damage model. A loaded sandwich beam with and without a fire was considered to demonstrate the effects of fire damage on the ultimate strength of the sandwich structure.     

浅谈坡地别墅区的规划与建筑设计

坡地别墅融合了自然景观与别墅的优点,给居住者带来了美的享受,但是坡地别墅区的规划与建筑设计对设计师和施工方有着较高的要求。本文以长泰翠溪山庄为例,详细分析了坡地别墅区的规划与建筑设计的要点。     

On the fire resistance of structural steel elements derived from standard fire tests or by calculation

Due to high costs, a fire resistance test of a load-bearing structural element is usually limited to one test specimen — in a few countries, to two test specimens. Accordingly, there are no possibilities of evaluating the test results statistically.For a single test specimen, the actual quality of the structural material represents a random sample from a wide variety. This applies also to the initial imperfections of the structural elements. In consequence of this, a standard fire resistance test is generally carried out on a test specimen with a load-bearing capacity which is greater — most often significantly greater — than the load-bearing capacity related to the characteristic values of the mechanical material strength and of the imperfections of the structural member. In current practice, no corrections of the test results with respect to this are made.In a conventional analytical design, a determination of the load-bearing capacity of a structure at room temperature conditions is based on the characteristics values of the strength and imperfections. Extended to a structural fire engineering design, this procedure will give an analytically determined fire resistance of a load-bearing structural element which is lower — normally essentially lower — than the corresponding value derived from a standard fire resistance test.Available methods for a simplified calculation of the temperature of fire exposed steel structures are, as a rule, based on the assumption of a uniformly distributed temperature structure at each time of fire exposure. The ECCS Recommendations for an analytical design of steel structures exposed to a standard fire follow this kind of approach. For certain types of steel structures, for example, beams with a slab on the upper flange, a considerable temperature variation arises over the cross section as well as in the longitudinal direction during a fire resistance test. A simplified, analytical method, which neglects this influence, gives a further underestimation of the fire resistance in relation to the corresponding result obtained in a standard fire resistance test.The described discrepancies between an analytical and an experimental determination of the fire resistance are further discussed and analysed in Sections 2 and 3, with particular reference to different types of steel structures. The discussion is focussed on the loading and restraint conditions, the scatter of material properties and geometrical imperfections, and the temperature variation over the structure or structural element. The discussion is summarized in Section 4 and alternative methods of correction are outlined briefly for obtaining an improved consistency between the analytical and the experimental approaches.In Section 5, one of these methods is further developed to a design basis which can be applied easily in practice. Principally, the method is characterized by a correction of the analytically determined load-bearing capacity, based on the characteristic value of the structural material properties, the characteristic value of the imperfections of the structure, and a uniformly distributed steel temperature across and along the structure. Two different sequences of the design procedure are dealt with, defined according to Figs. 10 and 11. The resultant correction factors, ? and κ, belonging to the respective sequences, are given by Figs. 8 and 12 for columns, isostatic beams, and hyperstatic beams. The straight line curves in Figs. 9 and 13 show corresponding, simplified relationships for the ? and κ factors.The derived method of correction must be characterized as an approximate approach. This is in consequence of the present state of knowledge, which does not allow a solution of high accuracy. The task to develop a correction procedure which leads to improved consistency between an analytically and an experimentally determined fire resistance, should also be seen in the context of the inadequate reproducibility of the standard fire resistance test.     

Data collection and analysis of the building stock and its energy performance—An example for Hellenic buildings

The process of building labeling and certification in accordance to the provisions of the European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) constitutes a unique opportunity for collecting information on the characteristics of the building stock and its energy performance on a national and European level. Thus, there is a need to handle data from a large stock of buildings and to be able to analyse information and extract practical trends and benchmarks. Stakeholders and technical managers who oversee a number of buildings experience similar needs in order to collect, organize and monitor the energy performance of a large pool of buildings. To facilitate these efforts, a common evaluation database and complimentary software for its exploitation have been developed in the frame of a European project.This paper presents an overview of the database and its available tools, and the main results from a case study on Hellenic buildings that reveals relevant characteristics. The Hellenic database included a sample of 250 buildings from different regions in Greece, with a breakdown that is representative of the national building stock. The main results focus on the buildings’ energy performance, thermal envelope characteristics and the exploitation of solar thermal energy.     

An analytical solution for transient flow of Bingham viscoplastic materials in rock fractures

We present below an analytical solution to model the one-dimensional transient flow of a Bingham viscoplastic material in a fracture with parallel walls (smooth or rough) that is subjected to an applied pressure gradient. The solution models the acceleration and the deceleration of the material as the pressure gradient changes with time. Two cases are considered: a pressure gradient applied over a finite time interval and an applied pressure gradient that is constant over time. The solution is expressed in dimensionless form and can therefore be used for a wide range of Bingham viscoplastic materials. The solution is also capable of capturing the transition that takes place in a fracture between viscoplastic flow and rigid plug flow. Also, it shows the development of a rigid central layer in fractures, the extent of which depends on the fluid properties (viscosity and yield stress), the magnitude of the pressure gradient, and the fracture aperture and surface roughness. Finally, it is shown that when a pressure gradient is applied and kept constant, the solution for the fracture flow rate converges over time to a steady-state solution that can be defined as a modified cubic law. In this case, the fracture transmissivity is found to be a non-linear function of the head gradient. This solution provides a tool for a better understanding of the flow of Bingham materials in rock fractures, interfaces, and cracks.     

Time to build options in construction processes

Time to build is a very important factor in a real estate development venture. Delay in completion of a project not only affects the financing costs and the rental revenue but also it may, on a more strategic note, determine the success or failure of a project. A time to build option model consisting of a stochastic rate of completion and a stochastic net project payoff is applied to the sequential construction process of a large scale construction project. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that the optimal payoff value, that triggers the exercise of the option to invest at a maximum rate, increases positively with the increases in cash flow volatility, input cost uncertainty, excess asset return per unit risk and maximum rate of investment. However, it has a negative relationship with the rental yield. In a case study involving a commercial project, the premium for hedging the payoff risks by pre-leasing a project was estimated at 11.29%, whereas the additional cost incurred for shielding a project against input cost risks in a design and build contract was estimated at 7.80%, where each is given as a percentage of the total construction costs.